The 1 Yar Illustrated, 7th July, 1917.

llcyd. as a Newspaper <0 for Canadian Magazine rost.

rtsalss TIheir Sanity and. Morality

No. 151

VOl. 6 [l3X— 158.]

The New Order in Athens: Greece at Last With the Allies

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The ir<7r Illustrated, 1th July, 191?.

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lxxxii

OUR OBSERVATION POST

A LESSON FROM THE OLD NURSE

n ViTAXY wise men have asserted that A life must be reckoned by the

keenness of one’s experiences and not by the nuniber of one’s years. He has lived most, they contend, though not existed longest, who in the course of his earthly career has had the largest number of vivid, poignant, and agreeable sensations. If the proposition is sound, then these younger men who are thronging the battlefields to-day have the advantage over us seniors who are nursing constitu¬ tionally defective systems at home in such security as German aeroplanes and Zeppelins now leave us.

THE younger men themselves would 4 assent to the proposition, I am confident, and would not demur to the inclusion in the list of things substantiating their claim to advantage over us of those ’’ agreeable ’’ sensations which I have been honest enough not to omit from my statement, made from memory, of the philosopher’s thesis. Vivid sensations, and poignant, they must be experiencing every minute of the twenty-four hours. The agreeable ones are not so easily imagined — not, at any rate, until we look back over our own uneventful lives and perceive how contrast operated on us, enabling us to estimate values with approximate correctness. Then we are likely to discover merit in platitudes, such, for example, as that release from pain acutely felt is necessary to conscious enjoyment of freedom from pain ; or, stated in still more commonplace terms, that hunger is the best sauce. Contrast, compensation, and other things which I am not philosopher enough to discuss, are all part of the wonderful rhythm of the universe. I recall lines written by Sir Lewis Morris which bear upon the point :

We are hut discords playing In the great music ; but the harmonies Are sweeter for them, and the wild spheres ring In one accordant hymn.

YA/AR must be more terrible to the " imaginative mind than to the unimaginative, but the beneficent law of compensation must also give greater relief by contrast to the former than to the latter. I have, indeed, before me at this minute evidence that it does, in a letter written home by an officer now in France, and quoted in the "Times.” Here is one passage, pertinent to the point, and also of extraordinary interest as a sidelight on the psychology of the New British- Army :

I remember some while ago sitting in a shell-hole ; it was the place I had chosen for my work, and I was some days and nights there. The “ show,” during which the earth seemed little more than a chaos of flame and bursting shells, was over — that is to say, the strafing had become no more than the’usual continuous but intermittent booming. I was resting, feeling very done up with excitement and fatigue. Presently I heard a small sound, and saw a little spot of earth being pushed up from beneath. I watched, and a little field- mouse appeared, his tiny, beady eyes looking at me alertly. I kept still, and he hopped out and played about, and presently' the little beggar was frisking about at the bottom of the shell-hole, doubtless intent on stealing my rations. When he found that he was not interfered with he grew quite tame, helped

himself to odds and ends of food, and crawled round the collar of a man who was asleep, much to the amusement of the others .who were with me. I blessed that little field- mouse ; I think he made every one feel cheerful, playing about in the early morning alter our hard night’s work.

THERE you have a man of the imagina- five type to whom war must be hateful ; there is no complaint, but there is infinite weariness, in that resigned explanation that the end of the “ show ” did not mean, cessation of the “ usual continuous, but intermittent booming ” ; but there, too, you have a man of the only type that could get real pleasure from the sight of a field-mouse frisking about in a shell-hole. “ Very done up with excitement and fatigue ” ; I have read of the things seen, done, and suffered by the disciplined, strong men who are reduced to that state, but I cannot visualise them ; I can visualise this tired soldier resting in his shell-hole, his only shelter for “ some days and nights,” and being restored to “ cheerfulness ” by the smallest creature that moves on four legs.

2X MAN with a seeing eye, this officer. 1 *• He has watched the animal and vegetable life ever since he has been at the front, and in the winter he wondered that anything in the earth was left alive, so tremendous was the effect of the intense bombardment. Now spring is here and, behold, practically everything in the old mother earth is as vigorously alive as ever. Swallows are skimming overhead, magpies are flitting from broken tree to ruined shanty', larks are getting up just outside his shell-hole, partridges whir past him and “ startle ” him. Partridges, please — not shells. “ Man’s work goes to

Oxford Spares

THE following poem, “ Tile Spires of Oxford x Seen from the Train," by Miss W. M. Letts, author of "Songs from Leinster” and several novels, is claimed by Mr. Xorreys Jcphson O’Conor in "The Poetry Review,” as "the most dis¬ tinguished war-poem by an Irish pen.” Its simplicity and restrained emotion are in keeping with its theme.

I SAW the spires of Oxford As 1 was passing by.

The grey spires of Oxford Against a pearl-grey sky.

My heart was with the Oxford men Who went abroad to die.

The years go fast in Oxford, i he golden years and gay.

The hoary colleges look down On careless boys at play.

But when the bugles sounded war They put their games away.

They left the peaceful river.

The cricket-field, the quad.

The shaven lawns of Oxford,

To seek a bloody sod —

They gave their merry youth away For country and for God.

God rest you, happy gentlemen, Who laid your good lives down. Who look the khaki and the gun Instead of cap and gown.

God bring you to a fairer place Than even Oxford town.

pieces, but even the most intense shelling is but a mere scratch on the surface of the earth.”

Everywhere the green grass is shooting up through the earth ; even trees which seem to have been stripped to mere bare poles are now sending out twigs ancl leaves. Mine-craters and huge shell-holes are full of tiny plant life ; over buildings, now mere heaps of stone, one can see the ivy and other creepers sprouting afresh and gradually covering the ruined heap. So the normal life of natural things goes on, practically normally, in spite of high explosive and poisoned gas and other devilish inventions. ... I think that this big fact is one of the things that keep men sane under trying conditions— the fact that the face of Nature hasn’t altered.

[M OT any more than the man who wrote 1 ' that passage am I under delusion that it presents a discovery never before made by human being. No urchin who has set fire to a common in summer’s height has failed to observe how soon the grass grows again, and how much more green for the scorching ; most men make the discovery, but it is an event in the life of each when he makes it. For that first realisation of the invin¬ cible energy of life that streams from Nature is almost convincing of will behind it. The resurgent life, more beautiful for the ashes through which it has passed, bears silent witness to the truth of the idea that life will conquer death and goodness outlast evil.

MEVER before can the idea have been 1 ' presented so forcibly to the human mind as it is being presented to-day in the battlefield. For never before has the earth, over an area hundreds of miles in extent, been so stripped and tortured, so saturated and stained by poisonous chemicals, so pitted by shells, and so bruised and swollen by mine explosions. And yet, already, while the roaring guns advance so slowly that their progress in weeks is measured only by yards, the soft grass is coming up behind them, and flowers are lifting shy faces to the sky, directing man’s thoughts from hell to heaven. Impartial Nature refuses to ally herself with destructive man, and keeping, indomitably, indefatigably on her quiet way, she tells him that his destructive work is vain ; the lesson of all time, put before man every day by the “ old nurse,” who would fain still take him like a child upon her knee and show him her picture-book, is that ill-will and evil and hatred accomplish nothing that endures, whereas benevolence and goodness and love can never be eradicated from the world.

THIS soldier man is right ; realisation x of big facts it is that keeps men sane under trying conditions, perception of the spiritual through the material, of the eternal behind the temporal. Living in the valley of the shadow of death as these soldiers are doing, they stand as it were midway between the things of time and those of eternity and, quite uncon¬ sciously, speak to us with the authority of prophets — of forth- tellers of truth, that is, not foretellers of the future. And the truth they have forth-told most convincingly is -this : That it is life that wins, not death. m. ^

g"C"C"C'C:' . - : - - : . . . . . ' " - — — 1 _ : . .. — - . r 7—

A PICTURE-RECORD of Everits by Land, Sea and Air. Edited by J. A. HAMMERTON

A LIGHT BY THE WAY. — British cavalry passing through a French village. A pfeasant episode of the wayside, where a French damsel, having given one of the troopers a cigarette, is herself applying the light to it. Countless small courtesies such as this have helped to turn the armed Franco-British alliance into a veritable union of hearts.

7th July. 1917.

The IT’or Illustrated, 1th July, 1917. Pago 438

REPRISALS: THEIR SANITY AND MORALITY

Unanswerable Arguments

for Air-Raids on German Towns

1WISH some competent psychologist would begin to tackle the job of lifnding out what really is the matter with us. For there is a moral kink in us somewhere— or perhaps I should say a moral squint, which sees everything from the wrong angle. No other country in the world has anything like our own brand of pacifists, and no other country in the world is as indulgent to those they have. No other State in the world has allowed the “ conscientious objector ” to contract himself out of his citizen’s liability to defend his own country — and in no other country would such invertebrates have parliamentary champions. And no other country in the world contains so many people who moralise about the wickedness of reprisals. And these three frames of mind are, I think I could show, all trace¬ able to the same root — a Pharisaical pretence of superior righteousness. That is the moral kink.

But, in alliance with it, is a certain effeteness of spirit which is the sign, if of anything, of a hyper-civilised decadence. For there is such a thing as being too civilised. The natural man is not only combative but savage. Now,- civilisa¬ tion has (except an the case of the Hun) so far conquered the natural man as practically to subdue his savage instincts. But civilisation has simply overshot the mark when it has tamed the natural man to such an excessive degree that he will no longer fight in his own defence. That is what is the matter with the pacifist, and obviously with the “ conscientious objector.” But, and only in a lesser degree, it is also what is the matter with the man who says, ‘‘No reprisals ! We will fight the foe with clean hands ! ”

Demanded by Justice

Here we are, at almost the end of the third year of the most horrible war that has ever soaked the earth with blood, still discussing the ethics of reprisals. Well, the ethics of reprisals are very simple indeed. You are morally entitled to do to your aggressor exactly what he does to you. If he brings a new arm into use, and slays civilians from the midnight blackness or the noonday blue, you have just as much a moral right to strike at him with the same kind of warfare as you have to reply to his 16 in. gun with your own 1 6 in. gun, or with your 160 in. gun — if you can get it. In other words, the law of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is a perfectly moral law, for the ridicul¬ ously simple reason that it expresses an elementary idea of justice — the idea of justice of the man who lias already lost an eye and a tooth. And justice, of course, is the basis of all morality. Re¬ prisals, therefore, not only need no defence — what stands in need of defence is the abstention from them.

And now the anti-reprisals Pharisee rushes in and thinks he has " got you.” “ You say, sir — and he wags his moral forefinger at you — “ you say, sir, that because the Germans murder our women and babes, we should murder their women and babes — or, at least, risk doing so. Now, sir, would you then also say that because the Germans have committed, even the most unmentionable atrocities

By HAROLD OWEN

we should therefore go and do the same, and so start a competition in sheer savagery ? ”

Well, the answer is just as simple as the question is stupid. By the mere fact of the commission of any atrocity whatever against others, Germans have justified the commission against themselves of the same atrocity. But we are not even logically obliged to imitate Germany in all her beastliness ; and because there are some things she has done which would turn our stomachs sick to do, it does not at all follow that we should refrain from imitating her in anything she has done. For, obviously, if we allowed our moral compunctions to limit our aggressive actions to that extent, we should merely be giving a huge advantage to the savage ; so that the higher and scrupulous civilisa¬ tion would positively put itself at the mercy of the lower and unscrupulous Power.

Military Effect

And that, I need hardly say, would be the negation' of morality ; for the simple reason that it would be the negation of reason, which is the foundation of practical morality — though some people seem to think morality merely means the applica¬ tion of a text or maxim to circumstances never contemplated by the moralist who gave them forth.

Let us suppose — what is not highly improbable — that the rapid development of the air weapon within twelve months enabled Germany to play such havoc with our cities that the war became un¬ endurable and a cry for peace went up. We should then, of course, be too late for reprisals to have any effect ; but we should be just in time to see exactly what had happened — that that moral com¬ punction on which the savage foe had relied to deter us from retributive action had. at length, not raised him to our civilised level, but subdued the world to him and his savagery. The Higher Morality, therefore — if ordinary morality and human reason are not enough — • positively enjoins reprisals in any measures taken by the enemy that have a military effect. He has starved, flogged, tortured and shot his prisoners. Are we, there¬ fore, to starve, flog, torture and shoot our prisoners ? Yes — if it made all the difference between the Hun prevailing or the civilised races (taking up the weapon forced into their hands) prevail¬ ing. But No — because the torturing of prisoners has no military effect whatever, but simply satisfies the passion of savages for savagery.

Our Will-to-Live

The case, then, for reprisals is briefly this : They are in any case morally per¬ mitted and justified, but they are obli¬ gatory when they operate as a military counter-measure. The case against re¬ prisals of torture and wanton barbarism is that, though justified as against the Germans who began and commit them, they are useless as a military measure, and therefore the fact of employing them in retaliation would do no more than satisfy our natural and savage instincts for mere revenge. But just because we are too civilised to repay in kind all their

worst barbarities, we must also be civilised enough to see that, when the day and opportunity conic, those responsible for these crimes shall be punished without mercy, in order that the standard of civilisation we have respected shall be vindicated and maintained. For if such crimes are not punished without mercy — this being a case in which mercy would be treason to justice — then the standard of civilisation is permanently lowered, and justice has lost its retributive mean¬ ing for many a day to come.

One last word about the " un-English ” objection. If there is any definite characteristic of the Englishman, it is that he is slow to anger (that is, a civilised being keeping a strict watch on the natural- man in him), but a hard hitter when his mind is made up and his moral sense tells him it is time to give the natural man a chance. But it is not an English characteristic, and could not be the characteristic of any virile race, to stand and receive punishment without returning it. The last instinct to go in a nation, as in an individual, is the will- to-live. By not striking back at German towns from the air we are merely showing that our civilised compunctions have got the better of our will-to-live.

But, of course, we shall strike back, and strike hard ; for the will-to-live of the Englishman is just as strong as ever it was, although it is apparently sicklied o’er with the pale cast of an effete “ morality," which is bad morality, simply because it cannot be justified to the Reason.

Germany's “ Will-to-War ”

That is where all these " New ” and “ Higher ” moralists go wrong. They think of morality as something absolute, unconditioned and unrelated to cir¬ cumstances. Actually, morality is the highest expression of human reason — which is why man is both a moral and a reflective being, and a beast is simply non-moral and unreflective. Absolute morality would and does say, “ War is wrong — therefore if the wrongdoers wish to prevail over you, and go to war with you, let them ! ” But rational¬ ised morality — that is, the morality, that is not divorced from human intelligence, but arises from it — says, " War may be wrong, but it is not the only or the greatest evil. The greatest evil would be that wrongdoing should have its own way unchecked.” And the moral justi¬ fication for air reprisals is precisely that of the British Army facing the German Army and trying to kill as many Germans as it can. If the German Army were not. there, the British Army would not be there either. And if Germans had not extended their warfare to civil com¬ munities, the German cities would also remain unmolested by us. But to leave them unmolested any longer, if we have the means to molest them, is not good morality at all — it is the practical ad¬ mission that we would rather the Germans killed us in our own streets and homes than that we lolled them in their streets and homes. And to admit that is simply to allow what the Germans call their “ will-to-war ” to triumph over even our natural will-to-live.

Pago 439

'l'hc War Illustrated, HU July., 1917.

Full Steam Ahead on the New Ways in the West

British Official Photographs

Bringing rails to ground just captured from the enemy for continu¬ ing the railway that will ensure the capture of further ground.

Unloading rails for a new line. The laying of the rails, it may be mentioned, keeps close up with the building of the track.

At this point three lines were being laid to ensure that rapidty of Another view of the three-track railway which a small army communications which is one of the secrets of modern warfare. behind the Army was laying through reconquered territory.

On all fronts this railway laying has proved of prime importance. These lines were laid by our forces in German East Africa.

Light railway in Champagne, reconstructed on the day the Germans had been driven from the village through which it passes.

The IT'or Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Heirs of U.S. Millionaires

i •

Page 440

Enlist for War Work

: Edward Morris son of the g*eat meat packer, driving a tractor plough . Centre left : Louis Swift, son of another famous “ packer.” on duty at Fort Sheridan. Right : J. E. P. Morgan, son of the millionaire banker, who is chief gunner on a submarine chaser.

Member of the second American Contingent at Blackpool, with his knife for cuttina trees to make emergency splints. Right: Signor Marconi (descending) in America.

Pae0 441 The T Yar Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Under Five Flags in the Far-Flung Fields of War

Great mine-crater near Baausejour, Champagne. The depth and Belgian “ Tube ” near Nieuport. Miles of such tunnels have been

extent of it are well indicated by the soldiers standing in it. built for the taking of supplies in safety to men in the front line.

French Alpinists and British cavalrymen fraternising on the Quiet corner near a Russian camp behind the lines of the allied Somme, where both have bravely borne their parts. forces operating in Macedonia.

View of Prizrend, a cathedral city in Serbia, close to the Albanian frontier, and eighty-eight miles north-west of Monastir.

French infantry, with their flag flying over their piled arms, enjoying a brief rest preparatory to going up to the front line.

Page 44»

Beauty from Basra to Bagdad

Photographs by Mr. A. B. W. Holland

1th July, 1917.

River

Arab notables of Basra gathered together to look on at a review of troops belonging to the Mesopotamian force. Above : The East Cate of Bagdad, one of the old gates of the city which was (eft standing when the ramparts were demolished bv Midhat Pasha.

One of the beauty spots of Basra. A glimpse of the Abu Kasib Creek, on which some of the best of the European houses are situated. It is navigable by the bellums, or native boats, at all states of the tide. Right : The Asshar, or main creek of Basra.

TC" ROM these, further beautiful pictures that Mr. Holland has taken readers of The War Illustrated will be able to get some fresh and agreeable impressions of the great Mesopotamian rivers— the Tigris and the Euphrates — where, as the Shat-cl-Arab, they flow together past Basra to mingle their waters with those of the Persian Gulf.

The creek views of Basra — with their reeds and palms — con¬ trast strikingly with that of the bare banks of the Tigris where the old East Gateway stands across the moat that encircles the ancient city of Arabian romance. This moat is filled with water in the springtime as a result of the “ nazeez ” or oozing of the water through the subsoil when the river is high.

Basra, which is surrounded by a wall ten miles in circumference, is a large {centre of transit trade between Mesopotamia and Persia and India. A British Consul has been there since 1898.

Bits of

Bit of an ancient wall of Basra left by an old governor because it supported a gun, the removal of which he thought too expensive.

Pago 443 The War Illustrated, 7th July, i917.

Making an End of Turkish Misrule in Mesopotamia

British Official Photograph «

Commanders of the armies, British and Russian (operating in Persia), who ara driving the Turks out of Mesopotamia. Back row (left to right): General Hopwood, Lieut. -Col. Rowlandson, General Beach. Front row (left to right): General Sir Arthur Money,

Col. Rajhanow, General Sir Stanley Maude, Captain Tenakov.

First official photograph of an event of far-reaching importance. Formal entry of British troops into Bagdad after its capture on March 11th, 1917, when Sir Stanley Maude vindicated British prestige and hoisted the British flag over the old capital of the Caliphate.

Thi TTor Illustrated, Itli July, 1917.

Ml' CORNERS OF ARMAGEDDON.— IE.

Page -444

STORY OF THE FAMOUS MONS DESPATCHES

By Hamilton Fyfe

The Brilliant War Correspondent of the “ Daily Mail ”

WE did not leave Amiens, for Dieppe without much debate. We knew for certain now that an event of the greatest gravity had happened. Our first duty was to communicate what we knew to our newspapers. We did not supppse they would be allowed to publish what we communicated, but that was not our business. Clearly it was necessary to get our despatches to the coast as quickly as possible.

But then arose the question : Should we take them ourselves or send them ? The difficulty of finding any trustworthy messenger was great. So was the risk of something very interesting happening while we were gone. However, “ a bird in the hand — - — ” You know the rest. We had important messages in our pockets — messages which would tell the British people and the French people, if they were published, that they were living in a fool’s paradise, that the enemy they supposed to be hammering at the gates was already inside the house.

Moved Off the Map

The character of the catastrophe we learned from officers we met in Amiens, from one in particular' a lieutenant- colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was an oldish man, grey hair, grey moustache. He was exhausted in body and in mind. He had lost touch with the Staff to which he belonged, the Staff of a division. It had been obliged to move rapidly. No sooner did it halt and try to snatch a few hours' rest, o: to plan a reorganisation of its scattered regiments, than German shells began to fall about it. It had to pack up and push on.

This officer was searching pathetically for a place through which his division had been instructed to retreat. He could not find it on his map. The truth was the retreat had been so hurried that he had moved off his map. We pointed this out delicately. Tears came into his • eyes. I hated to see his legs tremble with weariness and his lip twitch at the thought of defeat.

Conflict of Testimony

I recall another officer, a young one, whose nerve had suffered badly. Small wonder. He had not eaten since Tuesday. This w-as Friday night. He could not talk coherently. We also came across an American wdio had been to inquire of the French general commanding at Amiens which road would be the safest for Paris.

“ Any road, my dear sir,” the general told him. " There is no danger.”

At that moment entered an officer of Cuirassiers who had just ridden in.

" Make no mistake ! ” he cried. " All Toads are dangerous. They are spreading over the country like a flood.”

Clearly, I repeat, we were bound — Moore and I — to let our newspapers have word cf what had happened as speedily as could be. For this purpose it was urgent that we should go to Dieppe and put our despatches on board a boat ourselves.

Correspondents in war, you must re, collect, are judged not only by what they write. There is another and a more exigent test of their value to the news¬ papers that employ them. They are

AJOTHIXG in the history of the world’s * ’ Press, before or since their appearance, has made a deeper impression on the public mind than the despatches published in the special edition of the " Times ” on Sunday, August 30th, 1014. In the vividly-written article an this page Mr. Hamilton Fyfe for the first time describes the circumstances m which the despatches were written, ho;u they reached London, the Chief Censor’s action in regard to them, and how they were published. In recalling the splendid manner in which the British public took the bad news, and rallied as never before to the recruiting offices, surely justified a more liberal-minded policy towards the news¬ papers than that still extended to them in all t natters affecting the war. ■

judged by their resource in sending home their messages by the surest and speediest means. Here is the chief difficulty of their calling.

Problems of a Correspondent

Thousands of men, and of women too, could write acceptably about the incidents of war. Anybody can describe with a certain pictorial quality events that pass before their eyes. Read the letters from the front, written by soldiers educated in elementary schools, or even by officers who, through being sent to Eton or some other public school, have not been educated at all. Most of them are admirably vivid.

But the war correspondent must not only write so as to interest his readers. He must arrange for the swift despatch of his copy. ” Ay, there’s the rub.”

I have in mind now, I should say here, the work of correspondents who are thrown upon their own resources, as we were in France at that early stage of the war, and as we were later during the Russian and Rumanian retreats. For the most part correspondents now have then- way made smooth and simple for them. They are given comfortable quarters, they are amply fed, transport is provided for them, information is handed out to them, a special wire is put at their service.

What to Do Next

r Very different the task of the corre¬ spondent who has to find his own horse or motor-car, live as best he can, pick up his news, and send it away by means of his own devising.

He must leave nothing to chance, nor to the ordinary modes of conveyance. He must be wary as to whom he can trust. He must know by instinct when to bribe and when to appeal to that kindly help¬ fulness which resides in the breasts of most of us, though often overlaid. He must bear in mind always that some¬ thing short and hasty that can be printed on Saturday morning is worth infinitely more than a long, elaborate article which only arrives in time for Monday’s sheet.

To Dieppe, therefore, Moore and I returned. We were off just after day¬ break. The sentries on the road out of the town looked at our passes suspiciously, but beamed when they understood that we were English. As we travelled

'swiftly to the coast wc discussed what we should do next.

I was inclined to return to Amiens at once and see the Germans enter. I had almost bargained to remain as a waiter, speaking French with a southern accent. I thought at first I might pass as a peasant in a blue blouse and tall peaked cap. But my hands would have betrayed me. We felt pretty confident, though , that something could be arranged. We both spoke French well enough to pass for Frenchmen — among Germans. We were both ready to take a small risk.

Unfortunately, like those of the ship¬ wrecked clerks on the desert island in the Bab Ballad, “ all our plans were shattered in a moment when we found ” that the boat advertised to leave Dieppe at ten that Saturday morning had not come in, and therefore could not go out. As we ran down the hill into the town we looked anxiously at the harbour lying below us. Never a mail packet could we see.

Arrival of the Despatch

We knew that there was a boat leaving Boulogne, some seventy-five miles away, at two o’clock in the afternoon. But here arose another difficulty. Our car was in need of some slight repair. What it was I cannot say. All I know about machinery is that it usually breaks down when you have direst need of it. This was certain. It could not get to Boulogne by mid-day. Our only expedient was to hire another car. We inquired, and were told we could have one “ at a war price.”

” What price ? "

“ Six hundred francs.” (£24.)

Twenty-four pounds for a hundred and fifty miles ! We> protested, but had no remedy. No other car could be hired. The war price had to be paid.

The despatches reached London that evening. They were printed next morn¬ ing, Sunday, and they made a stir, for they gave the first news of the reverse at Mons and the Germans’ rapid advance. At the time Moore and I were accused of exaggeration, but every word we wrote was soon afterwards proved to be pain¬ fully exact.

Effect of Bad News

Here is another tribulation of the war- correspondent. ” Though it be honest, it is never good to bring bad news.” So Cleopatra told her slave, and the official world thinks with. Cleopatra aU the time.

Although the Chief Censor, Mr. (now Sir) F. E. Smith, had passed the messages, and written a note saying he considered they ought to be published, Mr. Asquith accused us of ’‘unpatriotic” conduct, and Lord Kitchener told a friend of mine that he would like to have me shot. Nothing about having F. E. Smith shot !

The Chief Censor's object, like our own. was to show people that there was need for a vigorous effort. That object was attained. The next few days saw the recruiting offices fuUer than they had been at any time before. Writing to the " Times ” some months later, Sir Bampfylde Fuller said that our .despatches, ” condemned at the time as almost treasonable, were admitted afterwards to have been the force which swelled so satisfactorily the tide of recruiting,”

Pago 445

The War Illustrated, 1th- July, 1917.

Mingled Memories of Macedonia’s Many Camps

With Serbia's Army on the Macedonian front. The Serbian Crown Prince engaged in conversation with an Italian liaison officer.

General view of a British camp on a good road and on both sides of a stream in Eastern Macedonia.

French cemetery at Brod, on the north side of the Cherna, in the famous Cherna bend.

Ooe-timo T uritish mosquoon the borders <5f Macedonia and Serbia. Though the main building was shattered, the minaret remained.

Austrian deserters brought in by French soldiers in Macedonia. Above : Bridge built by the British near a Macedonian camp.

Allied police-station in the Macedonian Neutral Zone; ail passers- by- are interrogated before being permitted to proceed-

The ir«>‘ Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Page 446

Where Briton and Teuton Met Hand to Hand—

At close quarters in Heudicourt. At the storming of this village on March 31st the British troops found themselves confronted by hastily constructed but formidable entrenchments across the streets, and severe hand-to-hand fighting took place before the remnant of the enemy was finally driven out, having to leave behind him several machine-guns concealed in the badly battered houses.

Episode in the capture of Bullecourt, when our men found themselves held up by a “fortified house bristling with machine-guns” — seen in the background in the middle of the picture. This was defended by a party of “ Potsdam Giants” of the Prussian Guard. Tho British brought up a small trench-mortar — seen firing in the left corner — and finally stormed the ruins of the fortified building.

Tagc 447

The War Illustrated , 1th July, 1917.

\

>

Stubborn contest for the possession of Qavrelle Windmill, one of the many heroic episodes of the fighting along the Scarpe. Mr. Philip Gibbs, in his vivid account of the final capture of the mill by the British, says that again and again “the old windmill beyond the village changed hands. Eight times the Germans who had dislodged our men were cut to pieces or thrust out,” and then our men finally held it.

Thrilling Episodes in the Great Advance

British soldiers, nearing home on leave from the western front, raise a cheer as they approach the shores of that “ Blighty ** which they have been heroically defending while fighting the Hun invader in France and Flanders. Home leave is looked forward to with ardent longing, and the men who have so magnificently earned it as heroes hail the island home like exuberant boys.

The War Illustrated, 7 th Juhl, 1917.

Page 44S

Ivor iXE-«3(T«iew> * ___ __ ^ TT

NEW TIES BETWEEN KING AND PEOPLE

THE NEW ENGLAND :

A SOCIAL REI'OLUTION — II-

AX adventurer making Iris tour of the New England might begin, with credit to himself and inspiration, at Buckingham Palace, and. bowing low at the Board of Green Cloth, present his credentials to the King and Queen.

He would find the pomp and circum¬ stance of Monarchy, the glitter of cere¬ monial and all its attendant vanities clean vanished— for the duration of the war : in their place, a homely, hard- working household, business-like, brisk, and economic. Long before most of us were troubling about tilings, King George and Queen Mary wisely and carefully put their house in order, setting the pace with dignity and quiet resolution, lo-day Democracy" reigns' at the Palace Democracy and domesticity hand-in- hand.

Our Frank, Fraternal King

The King is no mere figurehead in cloth of gold for the throng to make i bcisancc to and cry “ Hail ! ” He is one with us alt— a sturdy volunteer m National Service— as hard and zealous i worker as any of us (and more so than most), plaving the man and brother with .■rent resolve, and all the more surely and effectively because he is making no fuss about it. He . does not blow the great bassoon, like his cousin the Kaiser, whose performances as first soloist in that noisy German band of which he is virtuoso- in-chief, crack the ear-drums of the Central Powers once or twice a week ; nor does he ' act as interpreter and entrepreneur to the Almighty upon every conceivable * occasion. He neither rides the whirl- wind nor directs the storm, as the All- 1 lighest imagines he does, tricked in his panoply of Jove, and brandishing pinch¬ beck lightning athwart the trembling stars. Our King, thank. God, is not of that kind '. He is frankly and fraternally one of us, sharing our sober joys and taking his burden of our sorrows.

Visit to Vulcan’s Cave

These are days of plain, direct thinking, hard hitting, and hard work, with all tinsel and flummery cast aside, and with one clear; steep road ahead. \\ e are riding that road to-day, all in one great, dust-smothered cavalcade ; and the King and all the King's horses and all the King’s men are of the throng, journey ing shoulder to shoulder. W e are going to win, hands down ; we are not going to surrender, hands up. The clouds of Ked Revolution may threaten, as they have threatened; old Vulcan, fretting and sweating over his blistering forge, may growl, as he has growled, at a task compared with which the everlasting job of Sisyphus was bagatelle; but we shall shake ourselves free of that dilemma, and of others as they inevitably arise.

I have watched, with a certain amount of wonder, the very remarkable effect of the Iving's friendly call upon Vulcan, frowning and muttering and cursing at the forked lightning he is hammering out and the thunderbolts he is casting while they hiss and splutter at him. This was far away, up in the roaring North, where man is fashioned well-nigh as grim and hard as the stuff he, in his turn, spends his days and his nights in fashioning. Never a king had entered this gnomes' cavern before ; it was a palace fit only

By Harold Ashton

for a demon — for King Ogre and his black-a vised Court to hoot and ravage in.

At the time of King George’s call some¬ thing particularly and privately devilish was being materialised in a hot and hellish corner of the works. His Majesty stood by Vulcan, watching him at his work, marvel¬ ling at his Wonderful management of the great Nasmvth hammer crushing the thing, into shape," first with savage, shattering blows upon the glowing mass, then with a lighter touch (as a dairymaid pats her freshly-churned butter), and finally round¬ ing the business olf with a caress tendei as a kiss. The thing was finished ; the King and his Atlas-shouldered subject, innocent as a babe of the identity of his companion, bent over it and discussed in detail its possibilities, just as two experts-, bound up in their job, would talk. ,

Presently his Majesty moved off, and Bill the Dredger came along and handed Vulcan a great can of frothing drink.

- ’ gee that bloke. Bill ? ’ said V idea a , pointing with his hairy fist to the slim, bearded figure in khaki disappearing in the gloom. “ I wonder who e is, and what might be 'is business ? ”

Gretna's New Industry

“ Oh.” replied Bill the Dredger off¬ handedly, ” it's only King George, havin’ a little ramp round, Alf 1 ”

Only who ? ” cried Vulcan, dropping his can and looking really frightened for the first time in his life.

'■ The King 1 ” said Bill, with a grin.

“ Well,” quietly remarked Vulcan-, “ I am damned 1 Him the King ? W hy, he seemed to know all about it ! "

And so it was that Vulcan, whose other name is Alf, and Bill the Dredger, and twenty thousand of their Clydeside mates discovered that the monarch who ruled them was a very human person indeed, with no swank or swagger about him, but with a keen and lively and generous interest in them and what they arc

pleased to call their ” - • graft. The

crirls, too — thousands and thousands, and still more thousands, of them— discovered the same thing when the King and the Queen came among them, and saw their quick, slim fingers guiding the humming lathes, filling the shell-cases with swift and sudden death, making fuses — and a hundred and one other things which the gentle British maiden would have shud¬ dered at the whisper of half -a decade ago. ^

“ You are winning, the war for, us ! said the King to a bevy of Gretna’s best and brightest, after an exhilarating tour of theix Wonderland.

" May it please your Majesty, an¬ swered the pretty young overseer, with a neat little curtsey.

” Indeed, it does 1 " replied the King.

Let me whirl you back to London Town — in Queen Mary’s train this time.

On a certain warm and sunny afternoon the Queen drove down into the East End. Her visit was not trammelled in any way by stiff formalities ; it was a simple and altogether charming adventure among cheering children aifd radiant mothers in the Five Fighting Streets of South Hackney. The women of this valiant district are proud of their men — and no wonder, for South Hackney’s contribu¬ tion to the war has been splendid. It is here that the first Roll of Honour was

established. It is copied now in almost every district in London. Nine streets possess a Roll, and each Roll is kept garlanded with flowers by the children.

The joy of this particular adventure was that nobody was expected to know anything about it until the very last minute. It was all to be quite private. But before the sun was properlt' up a little hird had fluttered eastward with a hint, and at dawn extraordinary tilings ' began to happen. The Five Fighting Streets were cleaned up until they looked like five highways iu Fairyland. The most wonderful decorations appeared as if by magic ; even the Palace Road Cats (their name is legion) had vivid new ribbons round tlieir skinny necks. All the children (and they are more numerous than the cats) wore May Queen dresses, bright sashes, and flowers in their hair. It was the prettiest picture and the merriest scene imaginable 1

Queen Mary and the Children

Into this fairyland, illuminated by the radiant beams of the sun, the Queen came in a great green motor-car, with one mounted policeman leading the way. Hamelin Town never saw a richer sight. The Queen’s car was mobbed by hundreds of jubilant youngsters instantly. The whole district rang with their welcome.

■* Drive slower 1 ” commanded the Queen, who was enjoying it all just as much as the children were. In Palace Road — the “ Pussy-cats’ Parade ” — the Queen stopped her car, walked out among the crowd,, talked to the children, shook hands with the mothers, and “ with her own Royal hand, God bless her 1 ” (to use the phrase of one amazed and trembling old lady) pinned a posy to each Roll of Honour in turn.

The conversations were delicious.

“ You’re a mother yourself, Queen Mary,” said one handsome, black-haired woman, “ and you've sent boys to the war. So you know how mothers feel . , ,. . and X suppose that’s why you’re here.”

” I know," replied the Queen, smiling, ” and that is why I am here. How^many sons have you got out at the war ? ”

“ Five, your Majesty.”

" Keep a brave heart,” said the Queen. “It will be all the easier after this, your Majesty,” said the black-haired woman as the two mothers shook hands.

Mothers Royal and Loyal

So the Queen passed among these poor people, talking to them, not as a high and mighty lady, but as a simple mother, with the plain words mothers use.

“ May I kiss your hand, your blessed Majesty' ? ” asked an old lady, smitten with a palsy, whose daughter had pushed her along to the street corner in her bath- chair “ to see the show.” South Hackney stood on trembling tiptoe of anticipation.

“ Of course you may,” replied ti e Queen. And she did. ^

That evening the storyjwas told from house to house throughout the Five Fighting Streets how old, paralysed Mrs. Perry had kissed the Queen’s hand.

” And the beautiful thing was,” re¬ marked an awestruck neighbour to the thunderstruck oilshop lady at the corner of the road, "-that her Majesty went and took off her Royal glove ! "

Page 449

The War Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Recognition of

Teeming

Tyneside Toil

Widow of the late Captain Roy Duirford, North- The Duke of Connaught watching women workers handling shells as they arrive in umberland Fus., receiving D.S.O. from King. the stencilling shed at munition works where thousands of hands are employed.

Commander Tabuteau explaining armament matters to the King in one of the great Tyneside yards, where the Royal visit aroused enormous enthusiasm.

Widow and son of the late Sergt. George Jacobs, R.A.M.C., receiving his D.C.M. from the King at the open-air investiture at Newcastle. Right: The Royal party watching the repair of the hull of a torpedoed ship. Inset above : John Cassidy, rivet-catcher, catching the King’s attention by his stature— 3 ft. 6 in. — had a cheery chat with his Majesty.

Page 45®

The War Illustrated , 7th July, 1917.

CAMERA CORRESPONDENTS

By Basil Clarke

MEN OF THE GREEN BRASSARD. — / //.

Special Correspondent nt the Front

Capt. Ivor Castle With the Canadians

TO be a war photographer you need a hardihood of a speci- ally tough and " extra - d u r a bl e ” sort, for shells and fighting and catac¬ lysms arc your daily- bread — and butter. It is from these things that your best pictures come. There is no shirking them.

The war correspon¬ dent can at least rush for shelter, jump into a trench, or “ lie doggo ” in a dug-out

when things become especially hot and embarrassing. To eliminate risks in this way is, in fact, his duty. His “ copy is but little better for his being able to say that a shell exploded ten yards front hint that day-. It is probably- worse — indif¬ ferently composed through the writer having undergone shell-shock. Nor is he the better off for being actually- present in an attack. From farther back lie can get a better perspective of things and see more clearly- what is happening.

With the war photographer all this is changed. He must be “ in ” at things. There is no sheltering in trenches or dug- outs for him. He wants “ live ” pictures of fighting. He must be part and parcel of that fight, taking almost a bigger risk than the soldiers themselves, in that he must stand up straight and steady? and defenceless to be shot at while he himself sights his instrument and touches off a harmless trigger.

War photography either creates or attracts to itself an especial breed of men — men who are either so engrossed in their craft, or so constituted mentally and physically that the riskiness of their work has very little effect on them — and is certainly no deterrent. Shells may be falling and bullets whistling past, and y?et the "great idea in their mind" is the photograph they are " to get in a minute.”

I have seen a man crawling along an open space with a camera towards a spot that was being shelled, with a view to getting 2. shell picture at close quarters. Had the shells been exactly localised it would not have been so dangerous. But they- were not. No one could say within a hundred yards where the next would fall. He got liis picture, lying on the ground at about twenty-five yards range. The shock must have half stunned him, but his only- concern after he had crawled back was that he “ Hoped it hadn't shaken his plate and given him a ' fuzzy-graph.’ "

A Man with No Nerves

Of this ty-pe of camera man a good example is Lieutenant Brooks, a former ” Mirror ” photographer, now holding commissioned rank as Official Photo¬ grapher with the British Army in France. Brooks has no nerves at all. Ruddy- cheeked, and with twinkling, boyish eyes, he seems to go through his work with as little concern as a boy. He has generally an example Of the latest thing

in German hand-grenades in his pocket, which he shows and handles with most disquieting sang-froid, and day after day- lie goes poking his camera’s nose into places which any? normal man, left free to roam in the war zone as Brooks is, would shun by as many- miles as possible.

The King and the Camera Man

Brooks owes much of his success as a photographer to the King and the Royal Family. He lived as a boy- on the Windsor estate, and when at an early? age he began “ playing with a camera,” as he himself puts it, the King used good-naturedly to allow himself to be photographed. Brooks soon became very- skilled in this work, and eventually he became “ group-photographer ” to the Rqyal Family, accompanying them on their tours. He has photographed almost all the leading Royalties of Europe. Early- in the war he acted as _

photographer in the Navy.

One curious story- is told of Brooks during the King’s visit -to the British Forces in France. A general, seeing him approaching the neigh¬ bourhood of the King with a camera, ordered him

IVlr. Baldwin, the Australian official representative, work¬ ing the camera on the field. Left: Lieut. J. W. Brooke. Above : Lieut. E. Brooks.

rather sharply to “ clear out of the way.” He was not a little surprised to see his Majesty, who turned at that moment, walk forward and shake Brooks warmly by the hand. There was no more opposition from the general.

Lieutenant Brooks’ colleague on the British front in France is Lieutenant Brooke. The names are often confused, and it is one of the little jokes in the war zone to name each of the two official photo¬ graphers “ Brooks-or-Brooke.” Brooke is quite a different type of man from Brooks. There is less of the bubbling merriment of boyhood about him, less wealth of joke and cheery- anecdote, but he is a clever photographer and a sterling man.

At the outbreak of the war Lieutenant Brooke gave up his work as a Press photographer and joined King Edward's Horse as a trooper. He won quick promotion, and was decorated with the Military- Cross for conspicuous gallantry in the field. Brooke was “ invalided out ” before he accepted an offer to take up

photographic work again as official Army photographer. His work now is no less risky than before.

Another very capable and successful war photographer is Captain Ivor Castle, formerly of the “ Mirror,” now with the Canadian Forces in France. Castle is another excellent instance of - ” photo¬ graphic nerves.” When aviation was in its infancy in England (and a highly dangerous business, seeing that almost every- aviator came to grief), Castle was photographing from the air with utmost unconcerh. He took the first air photo¬ graphs in this country?. He has been almost all over the world.

I have reason to believe it was Captain Ivor Castle who photographed so exclusive a thing as the funeral of the Empress of China. It was done through a hole in the scenic decorations on the route of the funeral procession. His pictures from Flanders in the early part of the war, and especially of Ypres during the bom¬ bardment, when 1 chanced to be in his company, were among the best photo¬ graphs sent home. And Castle managed to stay in the prohibited war zone for a longer period than any- other war- photographer.

No inventory of war photo¬ graphy? or of Press photography would be complete' without mention of the three brothers Grant. This unique family have been called the " Clreeryble Brothers ” of the Press, no less WmJ for their genial good-heartedness than for their warm attachment to one another, as well as bearers of the patronymic of Dickens' originals. Brother “ Tommy ” is with the British Forces in Salonika. The neighbourhood is not new to him.

He took part in the last Balkan cam¬ paign, as did also his brothers, though on different sides. Brother Bernard secured many fine war pictures before getting a commission in the R.N.A.S., where he still has scope for his wonderful skill with the camera. One brother alone, Horace Grant, remains to maintain the family traditions in Fleet Street.

Baldwin's Chance on the Somme

The Australian Forces’ official photo¬ grapher in France, Mr. Baldwin, is a London newspaper man, as are also the •official British cinema men, Messrs. Mallins, McDow, and Tong. Mallins, who “ took ” the famous film of the Somme offensive, shared quarters with me once in the early days of the war in Flanders, when we were both ” dodging the police.” He used to say- then : “ Oh, for a decent chance to get a battle picture ! ” He got his chance on the Somme — and took it. His film of that stirring advance is known, the world over.

IVIr. B. Grant In the R.N.A.S.

Mr. T. E. Grant At Salonika

Page 451

The War Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Seven Thousand Teutons Taken at Messines

German prisoners being examined near Messines. Seven thousand were captured on this historic occasion, and all spoke with awe of the preliminary British explosion of mines on the ridge and the terrific bombardment which attended the assault.

Issuing rations to the Germans captured at Messines. Despite German official attempts to minimise the importance of the victory won by the British Second Army on June 7th, the prisoners said enough to show that the German Army realised its magnitude.

The War Illustrated, 1th July . 1917.

Pago 45»

Cavalry Come into Their Own in Open Campaign

French Lancers at the front. The French and the British cavalry were much greater adepts with the lance than the Germans, who deteriorated greatly after the early actions in the war, holding their lances awkwardly and seeming to rely chiefly upon the revolver.

Algerian Light Cavalry on the march in Champagne. “ Spahis” is the name universally applied to this famous body of mounted troops of the French Army. They are superb horsemen and magnificent fighting men, and are, moreover, inalienably loyal to the French.

French Lancers moving forward. When the German retreat began Uhlans and mounted Jaegers covered the retirement, and with these the Allies' cavalry patrols came into frequent contact. The Germans, however, were generally anxious to avoid encounters.

Page 453 _ The War Illustrated , 1th July , 1917.

Formidable French ‘Artillery of Assault’

m

A fleet of French landships, officially termed “ artillery of assault,” ready mobilised. On April 20th General Nivelle, in an Order of the Day, particularly congratulated the “ tanks ” on their determining share in the capture of J uvincourt, and said the new arm had won glory on its very first appearance in the field. Above : IVIore ” tanks *» moving up to the assault.

French “ tanks ” advancing into action under cover of a wood. The crews of these new French monsters won “ a place of honour ” in the Army by their courage and zeal.

Waddling over the enemy trenches. On April 16th the French “ tanks ** went right through the first and second German lines before Juvincourt.

The War Illustrated , 7 th July* 1917.

Pago 454

Capt. A. MARTIN LEAKE, V.C.

Admiral LACAZE, French Min. of Marine.

Rt. Hon. A. BONAR LAW, M.P,

Gen. LEMAN. Hero of Liege.

Gen. LESH, Russian Commander.

Dr. KARL LIEBKNECHT.

Who’s Who in

Kuropatkin, General. — Famous Russian general wh • figured largely in Russo-Japanese War. He came into prominence in the Great War as Commandcr-in-Chief of the armies on the northern front, to which he was ap¬ pointed February, 1916. In August of that year he was appointed Governor-General of Turkestan. . .

Lacaze, Admiral M. J. L. — French Minister of Marine since March, 1917, a post to which he had previously been appointed, October, 3915. During a period of 1916 he was Acting War Minister.

Lake, Lt.-Gen. Sir Percy H. N., K.G.B., K.C.M.G.— Commanded Mesopotamian Forces, 1016. Born 1S55. Served Sudan, 1SS5, Suakin ; Quartermaster-Geneial, Canadian Militia, 1S93-9S ; Assistant Q.M.G., Army Headquarters. 1899-1904 ; Inspector-General Canadian Militia, 1908-10; Chief of Staff, India, 1012-15.

Lambton, Mai. -Gen. Hon. W., C.M.G.,

C.v.O. — Assistant Military Secretary, War Office. Born 1S63 ; son of second l'.arl of Durham. Served Egypt, South Africa. Military Secretary to Lord Milner, 1000-4.

Landon, Maj.-Gen. F. W. B., C.B. — Chief Inspector of Q.M.G. Services since 19 10. Director of Transport and Movements at War Office, 1913-16. Bom i860. Served Benin Expedition, 1897; South Africa. Assist. -Dir. Supplies and Transport, 1908-9.

Lansing, Robert. — Secretary of State,l'.S.A., since Tune, 1915, when he succeeded Mr. W . J. Bryan. Born 1865. Practised as lawyer, and became Associate Counsel in Behring Sea Arbitration. Appeared successfully in various State arbitrations ; appointed Adviser to U.S.A. Government on International Law. Counsellor to Department of State until June, 1015.

Law, Rt. Hon. Andrew Bonar, M.P., P.C.—

Distinguished statesman who ‘became Chan¬ cellor of the Exchequer in National Govern¬ ment, December, 1916. Entered the Coalition Government, May, 1915? as Colonial Secretary. Co-operated magnanimously with the Govern¬ ment when war broke out, and proved tower of strength in finance and counsel. Born 1838. Formerly. in business in Glasgow, he entered Parliament in 1900, and quickly established brilliant reputation. Parliamentary Secretary to Board oi Trade, .1902-5. Succeeded Mr. Balfour as Leader of Unionist Party, 1911.

Lawley, Hon. Sir Arthur.— British Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, 1917- ^ as

Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal, 1902-5. Formerly ' Governor of Western Australia, Administrator of Matabeleland, and Governor of Madras.

Leake, Capt. A. Martin, V.C.— Enjoys rare distinction of twice receiving the \ .C. hirst won the cross at Ylakfontein in South African War. An officer of the R.A.M.C., he saw service with Serbian Army in Balkan- \\ ar ; t hen returned to India, where he had previously worked as a doctor. Gained the clasp* to his V.C. for a series of heroic feats during a period from October 29th to November 8th, 19141 near Zonnebekc, when he showed most con¬ spicuous bravery and devotion to duty in rescuing, while exposed to constant fire, a large number of wounded who were lying close to the enemv’s trenches.

Lechitsky, General P. A. — Prominent Russian general who was able lieutenant of General Brussiloff in his great offensive of 1916, when he commanded the victorious Ninth Army in the Bukovina, and captured Koloinea, June 29th. Succeeded General Evert as commander on Russian western front March, 1917. Later reported he had continued in command on southern front.

Lee, Colonel Sir Arthur, K.C.B., M.P. — Director-General of Food Production. Entered Artillery in 1888 ; was Professor of Strategy and Tactics at the Canadian R.M.C., and served as British Military Attache with American Army during war with Spain. Returned to England and elected to Parliament, and filled post of Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1903-5. -On outbreak of war rejoined Army as colonel on the Staff, and served in France and Flanders.

the Great War

Leman, General. — The gallant defender of the forts of Liege, August, 1914. Taken prisoner and severely wounded, he was allowed to retain his sword. A brilliant officer of the Belgian Engineer Corps, he was formerly professor and examiner in mathematics in the military school, where he had risen to post of Director of Studies.

Lesh, General. — One of famous Russian commanders. He fought in Russo-Japanese War, where he won distinction. Was com¬ mander of forces opposed to Maekonsen on Lublin-Cholm line, August, 1915. In summer of 1016 he was brilliant co-operator with Brussiloff, commanding the Third Army, north of Pripet Marshes.

Lichnowsky, Prince Charles Max. — German Ambassador in London, 1912- 14.

Liebknecht, Dr. Karl. — German Socialist leader, who represented Royal borough of Potsdam in the Imperial Parliament. De- nounced the war and its German authors, for which Government put him to work as soldier in Army Service Corps. Returned to Berlin periodically to take his place in Reichstag. Arrested on charge of inciting to public dis¬ turbance, May 1st. 1916, tried and convicted of treason. Would have been shot except that feeling in country was running high ; instead, sentenced to four and a half years' hard labour.

Linsingen, General von. — Distinguished German commander who was sent to Car¬ pathians to assist Austrians, May, 1915- He was in command of Volhvnia front during great Russian offensive, July, 1016. Driven over the Styr, July 21st, he fought a series of big battles, but had to retire with heavy losses, losing Brody to General Sakharoff.

Lissauer, Ernst. — German Jew, author ot the notorious “Hymn of Hate.”

Lloyd, Lt.-Gen. Sir Francis, K.C.B., D.S.O. — General Officer Commanding London Dis¬ trict since 1913. Bom 1853. Served Sudan, South Africa. Commanded Welsh Division (T.F.), 1909-13 : lieutenant-general, Jan., 1917.

Lloyd George, Rk Hon. David, M.P. — Prime Minister since December, 1916. One of most outstanding figures in the war, he was Chancellor of Exchequer when war broke out, and. added to his reputation by his financial measures. In Coalition Ministry undertook the new office of Minister of Munitions, which • he made a huge, success. On death' of Lord Kitchener he became Secretary for War, June, 1916. A strong advocate of swift and efficient conduct of war, he showed amazifig energy and courage, and made many great speeches defining Britain’s position. Born 1863, son of late William George, Liverpool. Admitted solicitor, 1884 ; M.P. for Carnarvon 1890, a constituency he has represented ever since. President of Board of Trade,. 1905-S, when lie succeeded Mr. Asquith as Chancellor.

Locker - Lampson, Commander 0. — Com¬ manded British Armoured Car Section in Russia, which had, one of most adventurous expeditions of any 'unit engaged in the war. Held up during winter of 1915-16 in ice of White Sea, it broke through to port, and pro¬ ceeded across Russia to the Caucasian theatre.

Long, Rt. Hon. Walter H., M.P. — Appointed Secretary of State for Colonies, December, 1916. President of Local Government Board in Coalition Ministry, May, 1915- Rendered many useful war services in and out of Parliament-, chief of which was introducing and piloting through House of Commons of National Register Bill. His eldest sen, Brigadier-General W. Long, D.S.O., killed in action, January, 1917.

Loxley, Captain Arthur Noel. — Hero of the Formidable, torpedoed in the Channel, January, 1915, to which ship he was appointed September 2nd, 1914. Entered Navy in 1S88 ; served on punitive naval expedition against King of Benin, in which action was awarded the general African Medal and the Benin clasp.

Ludendorff, General von — Appointed Chief Ouartermaster-General to Hindenburg when latter succeeded Falkenhavn as Chief of Staff, ^ August, 1916. Regarded as the brain that conceived military plans and Hiudenburg’s the hand that executed them.

Continued from page 434

Portrait# by Bassano, Sw.i'.ne, Lafayette, Va.idy/c.

Lieut. -Gen. Sir FRANCIS LLOYD.

Rt. Hon. D. LLOYD GEORGE, M.P.

Commander

LOCKER-LAMPSON.

Rt. Hon. W. H. LONG, M.P. t

Capt. LOXLEY, H.M.S. Formidable.

Gen. von LUDENDORFF.

Continued on pagz 474

Seaplanes convoy ships proceeding to allied ports with food supplies, and in clear weather they are able to detect submarines lying in wait for victims at a considerable depth below the surface. They are an important aid in mastering the submarine trouble.

Page 455

The Il'ar Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

Seaplane Safeguard Against Enemy Submarines

'X

Maj. A. L. McHUGH, Can. Railway Troops.

Maj. V. FLEMING, M.P., Yeomanry.

Maj. F. R. GREGSON, Att. Australian Div. Art.

Maj. J. B. T. LEIGHTON, M.C., Scots Guards and R.F.C.

, Capt. H. E. R. HAMILTON, Can. Railway Troops.

Capt. R. T. PATEY, M.C., King’s (Liverpool Regtj.

Capt. B. R. HEAPE, R.F.A.

Lieut. H. F. PICKER, M.C., R.E.

Capt. J. K. BOAL, Royal Irish Fusiliers.

Lieut. C. C. WATSON, North Midland Brigade,

Sec.-Lt. S. T. COLLINS, Lancashire Fusiliers.

Paco 450

The War Illustrated, tlh July , 1917.

The Empire’s Roll of Honour

MAJOR VALENTINE FLEMING. Yeomanry. Unionist Member for South Oxfordshire since 1010, killed in action, had been serving since the early days of the war and won mention in despatches. Born in 1882, he was educated at Eton, whore he rowed in the College Eight, and at Magdalene College, Oxford, where he also rowed for his .College at Oxford and Henley and in the University Trial Eights. He was called to the Bar but did not practise.

Major Francis R. Grcgson, died on active service, was a well-known Aberdeen¬ shire laird and a member of the King’s Bodyguard, Royal Scottish Archers. He served in the Sudan, 1SS4. in the Nile Expedition (Medal with three clasps and Khedive's decoration), and in the Sudan. 1898 (British Medal and Khedive’s Medal with clasp). In the South African War he served with the Gordon Highlanders and, later, on the Headquarters Staff of the Cavalry Division (Queen’s Medal, five clasps, and King's- Medal, one clasp). In 1914 lie went to France with the British Expeditionary Force, and at the time of his death was attached to the Australian Divisional Artillery. In previous years he was a captain in the Highland Light Infantry and, later, major in the City of London Imperial Yeomanry.

Major John Burgh Talbot- Leighton. M.C.. Scots Guards and Royal Flying Corps, was son and heir of Sir Bryan Leighton, Bart. Educated at Eton and

Sandhurst, he was gazetted into the Scots Guards in 1912, and in 1914 was seconded to the R.F.C. In November, 1914, he Hew .to France, where lie remained for nine months, and later was sent to Egypt, where he gained the Military Cross. He returned to England to take command of a squadron, and returned to the front last year.

See.-Lieutenant Harold Hughes, R.F.A., killed in action, son of the Rcv.W. Hughes, of Hawnby Rectory, Holmsley, was educated at Christ’s Hospital and Archbishop Holgafce's Grammar School, York. In 1913 he went to St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, with a view to taking Holy Orders. An all¬ round athlete, he rowed for his College in the May Races of 1914 and at- Henley. A member of the Cambridge O.T.C., he received his commission in December, 1914. He was at Loos and, later, was invalided home, but returned to the front in 1910.

See.-Lieutenant Stanley T. Collins. Lancashire Fusiliers, was elder son of Air. and Mrs. Thomas Collins, of Hastings. He enlisted in the Artists Rifles in January, 191 ">, and in December of that year was given a commission in the Manchester Regiment. In July, 1910, he was transferred to the Lancashire Fusiliers, left for France i:i February, 1917, ’and on April 27th, while on patrol duty, received wounds of which he died.

Sec.-Lt. J. C. TREDGOLD Royal Scots.

Lieut. D. S. BARCLAY, Scots Guards.

Sec.-Lt. A. C. VIGORS. Dub. Fus., att. R. Munster Fus.

Sec.-Lt. H. HUGHES, R.F.A.

Sec.-Lt. H. ANSTEY, Rifle Brigade.

Sec.-Lt. F. RENSHAW, Sherwood Foresters.

Sec.-Lt. J. R. McCRINDLE, M.C., R.F.C.

Portraits by Lafayette , W. II. Rome, and Brooke Ilnghes.

Lieut. C. H. TURNER, Sec.-Lt. J. LOWRY,

Australian Pioneers. Shropshire L.I.

Ixxxm The War Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

K-c-c-cr-g-es. -

| TWO MAPS THAT MEAN VICTORY OR DEFEAT

r A Lesson in War Geography that Every Man Should Learn

By MAJOR HALDANE MACFALL

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WHEN a war breaks out the strategic officer opens his map ; and that map tells him what means victory and what means defeat. If the design of the enemy on that map holds, then the enemy has won his war — if it breaks, then the enemy has lost his war. There is no other victory or defeat in war.

The German has gone to war to make his map. A people always goes to war to change the map. Whatever other reasons, the changing of the map is the constant factor.

Upon the making of one or other of the two maps shown on this page depends the whole of civilisation. This is the age of triumphing democracy. If democracy is to be a reality, the man in the street must govern. It is vital that the man in the street shall not allow his governors to con¬ clude peace except under his conditions. To decide those conditions, he must make himself master of the situation. To make himself master of the situation, he must first realise it. To realise it, he must do a very simple thing — he must master these two maps.

German Dream of World-Power

The Germans posted ail over their land, about the February of 1916, the Pan-German map, which is the arrogant avowal of the Empire for which they made their war. Firmly established thereon, they were to proceed to the domination of the world. It will be seen that Serbia blocked the way which a supine Austria and a treacherous Bul¬ garia, with a traitorous Turkey and a disloyal King of Greece, by betraying his people, had made almost complete. It makes clear the intention of the German strategic to conquer the heroic Serbs at all costs. The fall of Serbia made the Pan-German dream a reality. The map was complete. Civilisation was blackened. No matter what sacrifice Germany

makes in the west, no matter what humiliations Germany eats, if the German hoodwinks a world weary of war into a peace which leaves him his Pan-German map, he has rvon his war. The hideous sacrifice of the Allies has been in vain. Britain and America, his ultimate and

supreme objects of conquest, lie open to his mercy ; France is under his eternal threat ; Italy is his footstool. Peace will have left the earth.

It is an essential act of peace — an act without which peace is a farce — that the peoples of Europe should be made free. The high moral incentive that has guided the world to wage this war rests, by a

fortunate coincidence, on the strategic' necessity of the war — the annihilation of Germany’s highway to Pan-Germanism, the destruction of Germany's high road to German domination of the world, by taking that iron highway from him. This can only be done by giving freedom and

self-government to the races of Europe. And what more noble motive could have inspired the world to so vast a sacrifice ?

It will be seen at a glance that Poland free bars his Russian road — Bohemia free shuts his gates on Germany where Ger¬ many ceases, and is a dagger at the Prussian's heart — Rumania free blocks- his way to world-dominion if Greater Serbia be also made free. The Bulgar has been the spoiled child of fortune, and foully he has betrayed that fortune. The Greek has struck against his traitorous King, and deserves a democracy. The Turk has betrayed the peoples that have , for generations bled for him — he must j leave Europe for ever. Give back j Schleswig to the Danes. Give back Palestine to the Jews — one of the most wonderful races of the earth. Give back Arabia to the Arab — Armenia to the Armenians. And, in the doing, not only will this mighty tragedy have helped to achieve a gigantic stride in the wayfaring of the soul of man, but it will have sent the hideous nightmare of the Hun tyranny into eternal negation.

The right and proper place for the German is in Germany. God show the right, and keep our wills firm to do the right without flinching, without weari¬ ness, and without slovenly thinking !

The rose of a mighty dawn flushes afar over the earth ; it rests with the peoples 0 to bring forth the wondrous day. Why u allow this stupendous sacrifice to splutter V away into little futilities in the twilight (jf of ignorance when the dcrnocracics have buUto put forth their strong right arm If to make the world free ? jjj

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Copyright

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PRUSSI AN ISM VICTORIOUS. — The making of this map would mean that Germany had won her war, that the whole world would be under the heel of the Hun, and that peace would have left the earth.

Copyright The War llliotro

PRUSSI ANISIV3 DEFEATED. — The making of this map — giving freedom to Poland, Bohemia, Rumania, Serbia, and Greece, Schleswig to the Danes, and thrusting the Turk from Europe — is essential to the suppression of German militarism.

W

The War Illustrated, 1th July, 1917.

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Ixxxiv

Sd/tOP'S

ustrated Out look

THE instalment of Mr. Hamilton Fyfe’s 1 fascinating series " My Comers of, Armageddon,” which appears in this week’s issue of The War Illustrated, concerns one of the most dramatically memorable episodes of the early days of the' war. Not in the. history of our present generation — -indeed, it would be difficult to find in British annals any real parallel — has the whole nation been plunged into depression so profound as it suffered that " Black Sunday,” when the first news of the Retreat from Mpns was given to the public in the despatches sent from France by Mr. Hamilton F.yfe and his colleague of the “ Times,” Mr. Arthur Moore. Everybody had been going along with the comfortable expectation that the war would be short, and that, caught be¬ tween the Russian ” steam-roller” on the east and the gallant French Army and in¬ vincible British Navy on the west, Germany would soon be in a strangle-hold from which she would har e no escape. But the grave news contained in these famous despatches came as a sudden and necessary corrective to this dangerous mood of ignorant optimism.

Wholesoaieaess of Truth

AT ORE than any individual writings published since the outbreak of the war, Mr. Hamilton Fyfe and his fellow- correspondent can claim that these famous despatches tended to brace the country t'O greater effort and, while for the moment causing a feeling of dismay, abolished for the remainder of the Avar the danger of treating the enemy with levity. There was a great outcry against these war correspondents who told the simple truth in a plain way at a time when the simple truth was abhorrent to. those who chanced to be the leaders of the nation in its hour of peril. But soon the people came to realise that they, had learned the truth, and their leaders that the British people were capable of being told the truth, so that to-day, when that episode has receded sufficiently, to assume . a full historic perspective, Mr. Hamilton Fyfe and the ” Times ” correspondent can look back without any tinge of regret at having performed their duty though the official heavens should fall.

Where Food is Wasted

THE Director of Food Economy, my 1 friend Mr. Kennedy Jones, probably resembles the late Sir Boyle Roche in his inability to emulate’ the Irishman’s bird — hccannot be in'two places at once. I am. sure he is doing his . very best in a somewhat difficult position at'home, and his tireless " efforts must achieve some measure of success ; though from what I hear as to waste of food in certain branches . of the SerVices, I feel that the Director of U Food Economy could find a field of u infinitely greater opportunity in the Army V and Navy. But of course that is quite JJ unthinkable — that the public official • whose duty it is to tell us by every means w in his power and at every moment of the y passing day how, in order to win the war,

iVcbCbCbOCb— - -

we must #eat less bread, should be per¬ mitted to suggest 'economies in the method of feeding the nien who are in arms !

Bread Thrown .Overboard

THERE are, , I suppose, reasons why * official catering cannot be carried out so economically as private catering. I question if a single official undertaking since the first day of the war has been conducted with any approach to the economical efficiency of any private undertaking other than those that wind up in the Bankruptcy Court. In this way the folly of State Socialism has been brought home even to" its former ad¬ vocates, such as Mr. Ben Tillett. Yet it does seem a crime, of- officialism that the precious bread we are urged to use only by the ounce should be thrown away in hundredweights by official regulation.

A FRIEND of mine who has recently *• arrived in London from a long voyage on board a transport, having been absent for some two years from England on foreign service, and curiously out of touch with affairs here, told me that each soldier on board the boat was allowed one pound of bread par day, and that hardly anyone ate so much. An immense amount of the day’s baking was unused, and no effort was made to turn it into bread-puddings, or put it to any use for human food. It was daily thrown overboard in large quantities. The food oil the whole was poor, but this bread ration was fixed by the regulations and the men were forced to receive it daily, whether they wished it or not. The amount of waste in a long voyage with two or three thousand men aboard entitled to one pound allowance per day must be enormous. It seems to me that a Director of Food Economy for the military and naval Services would have a much better chance of pointing to savings effected than Mr. Kennedy Jones can have in counselling the owners of lean larders to still greater economies.

Open-Air Markets *■

VAJHEN all round London, and indeed '' all over the country, the waste lands of yesteryear are the fruitful allot¬ ments of_ to-day, it is pleasant to- find a district council1 taking an interest in the disposal of the things grown as well as in' the securing of the ground on which they were to be cultivated. I learn that the Hampton District Council has discussed the .question of the disposal of superfluous vegetables grown by its allotment holders, and has resolved that on two days a week for such “ alloters there shall be held on an open space in the old Thames-side village an open-air market in which people with too many vegetables can dispose of their superfluous crops to their neighbours. It may be hoped that other district councils will immediately follow the wise lead of the Hamptonians.

“ Group ” Limit!

TWO extremes of the receipt of " calling- * up ” notices are the more amusing in that they were recorded at the same time. In "the ’first" instance, I find that

calling-up papers were served on a five months’ baby boy at Hull. The mother duly took the child to the recruiting office and satisfied the military autho¬ rities that an error had been made. Her husband is a discharged soldier, but the papers were not intended for him or for anyone else in the household. Presumably the juvenile received about seventeen and a half years’ exemption. Then I see that the Sheffield recruiting authorities, having been asked by the Wal¬ thamstow recruiting officer to inquire the whereabouts of a man alleged to be evading service, discovered that, had this person been alive to-day, he would have been 103 years of age. He died in 1881 at the age of 67 I

News from Austria

pXTREMELY interesting is a letter, ■*— which has reached Paris from Prague, throwing light on the internal conditions of Austria at the end of April. It is written front the Czech — that is to say, anti-German — point of view, and says incidentally that the attempts to force Germanism on the ’ Bohemians go on unceasingly. One of the latest attempts in this direction is the ’’ mobilising ” of one hundred authors under the Ministry of. War to write “ Pan-Germanist fiction ’’ concerning the present war, and, in par¬ ticular, to make their. writings favourable to the Kaiser, his dynasty, and the Germans in general. Presumably these . “ Pan-Germanist fiction ” writers will have to draw upon their imagination for their facts.

WHEN a young subaltern had just been posted to a battalion stationed in one of the more famous camps, it was with no small delight that he showed an elderly aunt round the sights. Suddenly a bugle . was sounded. “ What docs that stand for ? ” inquired the lady. ' “ Oh, that’s for tattoo,” was the reply. “ Is it really ? I’ve often seen it on soldiers’ arms, but I didn’t know they had a special time for doing it 1 "

Mobilising U.S. Millions

COME recent figures from across the ^ broad Atlantic give an effective answer to those people who are impatient of events. It was in April that President Wilson announced that America was in with the Allies and out to prove to the Hun that his methods of barbarism and piracy must be cleared out of the system of civilisation. Before the end of June money, men, and munitions were being arranged for on an astonishing scale. In one day’s cables came the following tentative totals, which served to indicate the weight behind President Wilson’s momentous decision :

Men between 2 1 — 30 enrolled for

service . . . 9,649,938

Subscriptions to Liberty Loan

over . £600,000,000

One week’s contributions to the

Red Cross . £20,000,000

Printed and published0by the Amalgamated Prfss, Limited, The Ilcetway House, Farringdon Street, Lr.ntff.n E.C. . — Australia and New Zealand ; by The Central News Agrney, Ltd., in South Africa : and The Imperial News Co., To

Inland, 21 d. per copy, post free. Abroad, 3d. per copy, post freo.

j. a. m.

•loos-soa-a*::

13

4. Published by Gordon & Gotch in Toronto and Montreal in Canada. _

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• The War Illustrated, 1 Mh Ju -/t 191"7.

lhyd.as a Xewspuper <!• for Canadian Mayazinc Vost.

X all the best official photographs ^

lxxxvi

rtc TT’di- Illustrated, 14M July, 1917.

g-er-crctct- _ -■ —

OCR OBSERVATION l-OSST

DREAMS OF P E A C 15

SOMETIMES I wonder’ in half peniten¬ tial mood, whether the kind of philosophic temper with which 1 seem to myself to be endowed is particularly exasperating to the patient people who honour me with their company either at home or abroad. I am immensely in¬ terested in everyone and everything, and listen to the talk of all men with whom 1 may happen to be at any moment, with an obviously sincere desire to learn and understand their opinion that pleases them, -and engages their really friendly regard. And then the trouble begins.

COOX or late, they always draw me .front my modest listening corner into the conversation, plainly expecting my acquiescence and support, and ninety- nine tinies out of a hundred they don't get it. Without having any conscious inclination to chop logic or lay down dogma, 1 find my philosophic temper, which is quite untrained, compelling ntc to reduce all they have said to first principles, to carry - their theories down to " the bed rock of human nature,” and, in the last resort, to shake a doubtful head in token of my inability to agree with their conclusions, although equally unable to controvert the arguments from which they have drawn them. Whereupon they generally shake themselves free and walk oil in dudgeon, leaving me in no doubt that they have changed their first kind estimate of my intelligence.

VH IO likely they are right in doing that. A man of my age ought to lee able to give reasons her his attitude, and vote, and it is very seldom that I can. And yet 1 know it is rather philosophic temper than emotion that determines me in my general steadiness of outlook upon a world full of particularly hard facts and. at the present time, a’ cockpit where primitive passions are at death grips. So many excellent people, tired of the war, as I am, and hating it all, as I do, insist that it can be ended by getting the nations to ‘'listen to. reason,” and adopting an eirenicon which these same excellent people have got all ready cut and. dried. And 1, though finding no logical flaw in their eirenicon, can do no more than point to “ the bed rock of human, nature,” and. suggest, with the philosophic temper that seems to. be so exasperating, that the nations had better be left to fight it out to a finish.

T ATEl.Y I have met a little group of *— men, of undeniable intellectual quality- and quite unmistakable sincerity, who believe most firmly in the possibility of a real brotherhood of nations which shall discard the sword as settlement of dispute, shall throw down the burden of the military machine, shall shake off the fetters riveted on them by their rulers, shall refuse to pay the blood tax, and shall say “ We do not want to kill — we will not kill ” to those true enemies of theirs who, for their own glory, say to them Thou shalt kill,” These men are ” against war.” With tongue and pen they are working for the realisation of their ideal, and they have my . unfeigned respect. But they cannot convince my judgment of the practicability of their plan. Always I have that " stop in my mind ” ; to fight is human, as human it is. to err ; perhaps

•e-c T-cr.cr.er.-

the two arc identical : perhaps both have their compensating justification ; how¬ ever that may be, so long as human nature endures, so long 1 cannot but believe there will be war.

YE1 these men rest happy in their fond ideal. It is not a new one. They will find it admirably stated in a good novel written by another friend of mine, in Francis Cribble's ” Dream of Peace,” written more than a dozen years ago, and envisaging a universal peace that lies beyond this universal war. Not without his reason, I fancy, did that author ^ choose the title ” A Dream of Peace,” presenting his eirenicon as the vision of one who would not live to see it with his eyes. And the mind from which that book proceeded is of an order very different from mine, tempered and sharpened by the processes implied by a “ double first ” at Oxford. Of these several friends of mine it is the novelist to whose reasoned argument I am most ready to defef.

A YD he, of course, is not the latest.

, There is President Wilson, who, again, will assuredly not be the last to present his eirenicon to the world, only to find that human nature — and the principles by which it ought to allow itself to be guided — gainsays the practica¬ bility of his plan. How long ago is it that Woodrow Wilson published his proposal for a League of Xations to a world in a temper to listen to it respectfully ? And already ten millions of the people whose chosen- head- he-Js are coming into the lists to range themselves with us who claim to_t>e fighting for the things without

n

ft

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THE lipcs. are taken from a poem

Vi ■ ■ , , ” l1"' Kaiser's birge." contained in mi- william W atson - tew volume, "TJieMan Who saw. The dignity and restraint uf the invocation invest it with the solemnity of inexorable judgment passed by u»n and God upon the Emperor who has blighted the world.

CPECTRES of woe.

His victims all —

Slow slow—

Follow the pall

Childhood, that wast In slumber slain,

Fol’ow the vast Funereal train.

Youth defiled —

Widowhood wan — • -

Follow the wild Cortege on.

Thundering drums.

Tell it afar !

In peace he comes

Who was Lord of War.

Piercing fife

And clamorous brass—

Call to all life To see him pass.

. . . . Borne to his bed

With escort due —

A million dead For Ills retinae.

which life is not worth living. The signifi¬ cance of that fact is increased quite infinitely by the time of its occurring. For the days have long gone by when young lads flocked to the Colours from sheer desire for adventure, and older men disputed for priority of admission into the Foreign Legion. Three times at least has the Foreign Legion been destroyed, to rise again from its ashes, and of’ the gallant boys who marched so gaily from the quay at Boulogne, and up the yellow road, and beyond the old town, and past the green fields that stretch away from the hill-top towards the broad breast of France, singing "Tipperary" as their haunting swan-song, it cannot surely be said that a single one lives to-day.

THESE arc not forgotten by the ten million Americans now buckling on the sword. On the contrary, it is inspired by the example of their self-sacrifice, and by determination to bring it to fruition, that this vast new host is entering the field. They have counted the cost in blood, and paid earnest money already in gold ; hundreds of millions sterling have been put already into the Allies' common purse, a score of millions sterling has been given to Red Cross service, thousands of merchant ships are being built to bring needed foodstuffs to our shores, and American battleships and American regi¬ ments are carrying Old Glory forward, to new glory both on sea and land. And all because the great American Republic has realised that only by waging the war to a finish can peace be restored.

1 HE particular Socialists whom I have in mind are visionaries who begin their crusade in the wrong theatre of the war when they present to us and onr allies a principle upon which we are agreed already, instead of preaching it to the heathen enemy who still remain to be converted. They reply to this with counsel of perfection, bidding us- set the example of right living by putting the principle into practice, whereupon they assure us the benighted foe will straight- . way emulate our moral conduct, convert their swords into ploughshares, and ' return to the land which henceforward will be held in common by all. By de¬ clining.. to act on their injunction we acknowledge our most improper incon¬ sistency, but equally certainly exhibit a - very proper caution. We' have only their assurance that the enemy as a whole is , in a mood to desist from killing, and they , should not expect to lie accepted as representatives of a large body of foreign opinion unless they produce much better credentials than that.

I WISH they could be persuaded to desist' from their crusade. For they are fritter¬ ing energy that might be usefully em¬ ployed, and also, it seems to me, thev arc discrediting in enemy eyes the noblest army of martyrs to truth and righteous¬ ness that ever gathered round banner blazoned with the cross. We do not greatly care that they may lie mistaken by the enemy for representatives of ourselves. That will be corrected in due time. We do care passionately for the full md universal honouring of our dead.

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14th July. 1017.

A PICTURE-RECORD of Events by Land, Sea and Air. Edited by J, A. HAMMER I ON

W°Ua1»kTrrnl3^i U ^he^care^oWrl^n The^n^junled^^ni^or th^i'^a^irrnls'i^a^con^picmni^featu^re'^orttir'Brit^h Army^0^*^1* ^

THE MUDDLE OF MESOPOTAMIA

A Dispassionate Review of the Damning Facts

By LOVAT FRASER

The Eminent Writer on Indin and the East

MY personal view, which I have steadily pressed, is that the Mesopotamia Expedition should never have advanced up the Tigris at all. The present theory apparently is that after the war Mesopotamia can be placed under Arab rule. I have studied the internal politics of Arabia for twenty years, and I do not concur. The new Arab kingdom of the Hedjaz may survive, but the Arabs are not united enough to hold Mesopotamia permanently unless backed by British forces on the spot. We shall be extending our commitments to a spacious and difficult region which has no natural frontiers.

The real reason why we sent an expedi¬ tion to Mesopotamia was to protect the Admiralty oil-pipe line which has been constructed to the oil-wells of Western Persia. The oil-pipe line might well have been temporarily abandoned. But another, and more valid, reason was that it was desirable to cut off the Turks from access to the Persian Gulf, and to seize the prospective terminus of the Bagdad Railway at the Turkish seaport of Basra, seventy miles from the sea. A single division took Basra on November 22nd, 1914. In the following January we ad¬ vanced another fifty miles to Kurna, at the junction of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. "

Lured into the Wilderness

Had we stopped at Kurna, most of the subsequent troubles would never have arisen. The waterway is navigable for sea-going vessels of moderate draught as far as Kurna, and thus transport presents no serious difficulties. But it is an almost invariable experience that such little expeditions tend imperceptibly to grow into big ones, and so it was on the Tigris. The Turks collected afresh and menaced Basra, and we responded by sending reinforcements and a new general of higher rank. Sir John Nixon, a thrust¬ ing cavalryman, of whom it was said that he “ revelled in responsibility.” From that moment the character of the expedi¬ tion changed. Instead of being a force to occupy the delta, it began to invade the country far and wide ; but no ade¬ quate provision of transport or of medical units, or even of food and munitions, was ever made to meet its expanded objects. To Simla and London the enterprise still seemed a little “ side-show.”

The Turks near Basra were quickly defeated again, and well within three months of General Nixon's arrival our forces were scattered in three widely separate directions. One portion was on the Persian border guarding the pipe-line, another had gone up the river Euphrates, while the central body, under General Tchvnshend, had pushed up the Tigris and seized the town of Amara. Then Sir John Nixon reported that the Turks were strongly entrenched before Kut-el- Amara, 150 miles farther on, and 360 miles from the sea. He declared that the capture of Kut was a strategic necessity, but added that if he got Kut he would not want to go any farther. Thus, step by step, we were lured into the wilderness.

lownshc-nd advanced, and won a bril¬ liant victory near Kut on September

zSth, and he chased the flying Turks to Azizich, half-way between Kut and Bagdad. Five days later Sir John Nixon was enthusiastically telegraphing to the Secretary of State that he " considered he was strong enough to open the road to Bagdad.” There was never the slightest justification for this confident assump¬ tion. Townshend then had only eighteen field-guns and a horse battery, and a tired and depleted mixed British and Indian division of 11,000 men, of whom he wrote that " their tails are not up, but slightly down.” He protested against % being asked to advance without strong rein¬ forcements ; but Sir John Nixon, who was eager and impetuous, took no notice, and Townshend’s representations do not seem to have reached either Simla or London.

Bagdad and the Dardanelles

Air . Austen Chamberlain, the Secretary of State for India, aj once telegraphed ordering Sir John Nixon not to advance; but the Cabinet became aware of Sir John Nixon’s views, and ultimately reversed Mr. Chamberlain’s order. At that time the Home Government were secretly faced with the necessity of telling the country that the Dardanelles Expedition must be abandoned, and there can be no doubt that they jumped at the chance of being able ’to proclaim the capture of Bagdad as a set-off. The Cabinet sought to fortify themselves by consulting various committees ®f “ experts ” in London, although they had at their command a combination b£ two unrivalled experts on this particular issue in Lord Kitchener and Lord Curzon. The committees favoured an advance, but they made the extra¬ ordinary omission of never inquiring into the question of river transport, which was gravely deficient.

\ Lord Hardinge (the Viceroy of India), and Sir Beauchamp Duff (the Commander- in-Chief in India) telegraphed on different dates such widely varying views that it is difficult to arrive at their precise state of mind. It is clear that ultimately they approved of the advance, though .they stipulated for early reinforcements.

The Threat of the Autumn

Townshend marched on Bagdad, and to his ruin. On November 22nd he fought and defeated the Turks at Ctesi- phon, eighteen miles from the city of the Khalifs, but on the following days the enemy produced strong, fresh reinforce¬ ments. Townshend lost 35 per cent, of his force, and had to retreat to Kut, where he was besieged, after receiving some additional troops.

Fresh British and Indian forces were hurried to Mesopotamia, and for the first four months of 1916 Sir Percy Lake, who had replaced Nixon, made unavailing attempts to succour Kut. . At one time vfe had 12,000 men at Basra who could not be moved up the river owing to lack of steamers. On March 8th columns directed by General Aylmer along the right bank of the Tigris actually got so far that they could see the flash of Town- shend’s guns ; but, from causes which still lack satisfactory explanation, the efforts to raise the siege failed.

- Kut capitulated on April 29th, 1916, and 2,750 British and 6,500 Indian soldiers surrendered. The relief expedi¬ tion had 23,000 casualties. General Maude succeeded General Lake, and after eight months’ preparations he, this year, smashed the Turkish army of Mesopo¬ tamia, captured Bagdad, and drove back the shattered remnants of the enemy to the upper reaches of the Tigris. My own view is that he may be heavily attacked by the Turks this autumn, but he now has railways at his back.

The Mesopotamia Commission has since investigated the conduct of the expedi¬ tion down to the fall of Kut, and its report contains the gravest charges of mal¬ administration ever submitted to Parlia¬ ment- The War Committee of the first Coalition Government is blamed for mis¬ takes of policy,, and particularly for its share, in the decision to advance to Bagdad. The Viceroy and Sir Beau¬ champ Duff are held partly to blame. for this decision, but they are more specially charged with direct mismanagement and neglect of the expedition. " The weight¬ iest share of responsibility,” we are told,

lies. with Sir John Nixon, whose confl- dent optimism was the main cause of the decision to advance.”

Responsibilities of the Politicians

It is quite clear that the Home Govern¬ ment practically forced 'the advance for political reasons, but public attention has very naturally been concentrated upon the more concrete shortcomings of the Government of India. Chief among these is the neglect of the wounded and the appalling sufferings they had to endure. The medical arrangements completely broke down, largely because Army Head¬ quarters at Simla never grasped the new character of the expedition after the ad¬ vance from Kurna. Noticing in Russell’s revelations from the Crimea in 1855 equals the horror of the story of the condition of the wounded from Ctesiphon, related by Major Carter, the medical officer who indignantly exposed the scandal, and was threatened with professional ruin in consequence. Sir Beauchamp Duff stub¬ bornly' refused to listen to complaints and neglected to investigate the defects until he was forced to do so by Lord Hardinge. Surgeon-General Babtie is severely blamed for sending out the medical units insufficiently equipped ; and Surgeon-General Hathaway, who was in medical charge in Mesopotamia, is scathingly condemned for transmitting misleading reports about the wounded.

Sir William Meyer/ the Finance Minister of India, would not" provide the money to build a light strategic railway because he thought it would not show a profit.

The Commission will assuredly be fol¬ lowed by disciplinary action against some of the accused, and it ought to lead to reforms in the Indian Administration. The Government of India sit for a great part of the year on a spur of the Hima¬ layas, and lead the life of hermits. They are remote from the world, the echoes of the strife of the war reached them faintly, and the system will never be improved until government from the hilltops be¬ comes only a ridiculous memory.

Page 459

The War Illustrated, 14//* July, 1917.

Emaciated victims of the campaign who recouped at Basra. The camera reveals the state of suffering to wh.ch they were educed - the youth being taken to hospital pickaback; the Indian supported by two of his comrades; and their compatriot too weak to walk unaided along the gangway from the hospital ship. Similar evidence appeared in our issue for June Z4, laib.

Plucky Medical Officer Who Exposed the Scandal

Lieut.-Col. Robert Carter, o? the Indian Medical Service, who in- lignantly exposed the ccandalous medical shortcomings of the Meso¬ potamian Expedition, and who was threatened with professional ruin n consequence. The Mesopotamia Commission found his gravest charges fully proved.

Tf,t War Illustrated , 14fA July, 1917.

Page -400

Heroes AH from Among the Allied Hosts

Lieut. Dorme, of the French Air Service, who ha twenty-two Hun machines to his credit. (Frenc official photograph.)

is company the names of soldiers whose brave deeds have won for them special mention in the Orders of the Day.

Mr. John Paxton, awarded the Stanhope Gold Medal for the year*s bravest deed.

T T 1' R K are a few heroes from various fronts whose deeds are representative of . the countless acts of extraordinary bravery that are being performed daily, though not all are recorded.

Mr. John Paxton, who has been given the Stanhope Gold Medal of the Royal Humane Society, is a marine fireman whose vessel was sunk by a German submarine in the Mediter¬ ranean. He and three other men, none of whom could swim, were left on the sinking ship. J limping overboard, he called- to one of the. others to follow, and then swam with him to the nearest boat. Twice he swam back to the ship, and successively saved the others in the same way, despite a rough sea.

The French infantryman, Grouver, has re¬ ceived the high distinction of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour for killing six hundred Germans with a machine-gun.

Sergeant Ischibenko, who has four times been awarded the Russian Cross of St. George," received it on the last occasion for overcoming single-handed thirty-seven Germans — thirteen of whom he shot or sabred, and the rest of whom he brought in as prisoners.

Sergt. Ivan Ischibenko, 5th Siberian Regt., has won four Russian Crosses of St. George.

Grouver, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. (French official.)

Thirteen-year-old soldier with the

-- - - - ....... Mra Russian

troops in France. He has been twice wounded.

Page 461

The War Illustrated , 14 th July, 1917.

Newfoundlanders Gather More Laurels at Monchy

British Official Photograph t

Officers of the Newfoundland Regiment in billets. Right : The regiment marching back from Monchy, where for three days they resisted savage counter-attacks.

Drawing rations, and (right) eating an alfresco dinner. At Monchy the Newfound¬ landers added laurels to those they gathered at Qommecourt in July, 1916.

The Newfoundlanders' transport, and (right) another view of their march back from Monchy. General Allenby paid special tribute to their great work in this action. “ Their casualties were high, but they showed splendid staunchness and fought like heroes.”

The War illustrated, 14 th July, 1917.

Page 462

Our Sailor Monarch Visits His Sailor Men:

fated ite command^" TT*? T b°ard ” M S; - ' His Ma*s‘V a visit to the Grand Fleet, and congratu¬

lated ,ts commander on the h.gh standard of preparedness I found on coming among you.” Right : The King knighting Sir William C.

Pakenham, K.C.B., M.V.O., during his visit to the Battle Cruiser Fleet, which followed upon that to the Grand Fleet.

on board the hospital ship.

The liar Illustrated, 14 th July, 1?17.

Pago 463

| King George Goes Aboard a Submarine

ispected during his visit totheQrand Fleet was one of the largest and latest submarines veritable grand hotel among submarines,” with cabins as commodious as in many sur

The King active servi

distincti

, havinq visited the submarine, climbs a long ladder on to the tall flagship, reminding him no doubt of the days of his own vice afloat. It is, by the way, interesting to note that during his naval visit Ins Majesty passed the only vessel that has the inction of having been commanded by him. This was the Crescent, of which he was captain on the West Indian Station.

The Mar Illustrated, 14th July . 1917. „

Pago 4<>4

NORWAY AT THE CROSS-ROADS

How German “ Frightfulness ” May Help the Allies’ Cause

DURING the last two or three weeks the sands of Norway's patience have shown ominous sighs of running out ; and to those who have followed at all closely the treatment to which that nation has been subjected by Germany, the wonder must surely be that they should have lasted as long as they have. For nearly three years Germany has been making war at sea upon Nor¬ wegian shipping with almost as great a freedom from restraint as upon the ship¬ ping of Great Britain and her Allies. In two years and three months of a war in w hich Norway was strictly and impartially neutral, no fewer than one hundred and -ixty-eight of her ships, representing an aggregate of 212,314 tons, were sunk by German warships, mostly submarines ; and although it need not lie doubted that a number of these were carrying contra¬ band, it is a fact that in the vast majority of cases the Germans, in defiance of ail law, never troubled to ascertain the nature or destination of the cargo, but contented themselves with peremptorily ordering the crew into the boats and proceeding to sink the ship out of hand.

Teuton War on a Neutral

Germany has had two motives in pursuing this policy. The first was so - o terrorise Norwegian shipowners and seafarers that they would never venture into trade with British ports ; .and the second was gradually to sap the strength of the Norwegian mercantile marine so that at the conclusion of the war it should no longer hold its relative import¬ ance among the merchant fleets, so leaving a more open field for the carefully pre¬ served shipping of Germany. It will naturally be for the victorious Allies to decide what is to be done with that ship¬ ping after the war ; but that consideration never seems to have affected Germany. In the single month of May, 1917, she had so greatly intensified "her warfare upon this neutral Power that no fewer than forty-nine ships fell victims to her U boats, with a total tonnage of 75,397.

Needless to say, the safety of the neutral, peaceful, and defenceless Nor- wegian seamen was never in any circum- stances allowed to acf as a deterrent to the German submarine commanders. Earlv in 1917, the submarine UC39 was de¬ stroyed in the North Sea, and this is the statement sworn to by . the survivors :

On the morning of February 8th, UC39 sighted the Norwegian steamer Ida and opened fire on her at 5,000 to 6,000 yards range. Two warning shots were fired, and the third was intended to hit. The Ida stopped immediately, but the sub¬ marine nevertheless continued firing. The gunlayer, realising that the ship had stopped, and that he had already obtained several hits, asked permission to stop firing. He was, however, told to continue •‘■id did so until about twenty-five rounds had been fired. When they finally ceased fire, one of the Ida's boats came along¬ side and reported that two of the 'crew who had been wounded had been left on board. An officer and three men were sent from the submarine, who found the mate and • a • steward lying dead on the

By PERCIVAL A. HISLAM

The Well-known Nava! Expert

deck, having been killed while in the act of lowering a boat. The Ida was then suiik by means of bombs.”

Following upon nearly three years of this warfare upon a neutral nation came the exposure of Germany’s plot to sink Norwegian ships by means of bombs secretly placed on board before they left their home ports.

Latest Dastardly Outrage

A score or more of Norway’s vessels had already been mysteriously destroyed before this despicable conspiracy was unravelled, and then it was discovered that an agent of the German Government, one Baron Rautenfels, had actually been bringing the explosives ready prepared", into Norway in baggage that was labelled and scaled with the insignia of the Imperial German Government. No more dastardly outrage, carried out under the cegis of the rulers of a great country, has ever been brought to light, and it is no wonder that Norway’s endurance was strained to the uttermost and her indignation further stimulated by the cool German demand that an apology should be given for the opening of the brigand-baron’s luggage.

The Allies have never for a moment forgotten the principles in defence of which they went to war, and they have never brought any pressure to bear upon a neutral unless and until that neutral — as in the sase of Greece — has shown obvious signs of abandoning her neutrality in favour of the enemy. As in the ease of the United States, we are content that Norway should act as she thinks best for the preservation and advancement of her own interests ; but there is no doubt that if she did come into the war she would be of immense assistance to the Allies in pro¬ secuting the war at sea.

The Norwegian Navy is not itself of very great consequence as we reckon fleets nowadays. It lias been designed solely for coast defence purposes, and its four "battleships" — all British-built, by the way — do not approach the size of an average British light cruiser. ' The older pair are the Harald Haarfagre and Tordenskjold, launched in 1S97 and dis¬ placing 3,900 tons, which have for their main armament two 8.2 in. and six 4.7 in. guns, and the others arc the Norge and Eidsvold. launched in 1900, displacing 4,200 tons, and armed with two S.z in. and six 6 in. guns.

U Boat's North Sea Outlet

There are no cruisers of any sort in the fleet, and its light craft comprise fifteen old (mostly very old) gunboats, thirty torpedo-boats (of which only ten displace as much as one hundred tons), and four or five small submarines. The permanent strength of the personnel is small, but, thanks to the size of the mercantile fleet and the system of universal service, the resources in this direction are well-nigh inexhaustible.

However, it is not from the strength of the Norwegian Fleet that the Allies would profit most in the event of this new Ally coming in from the north. Indeed, although Norway declared as long ago as October 13th, 1916, that no belligerent submarines would be allowed to enter her

territorial waters save under stress of weather, there is reason to believe that German submarines still creep out of the North Sea mainly through the channel r>( neutral water fringing the Norwegian coast.

England, with her studied and possibly overdone respect for neutral rights, rigorously refrains from trespassing on the territorial waters of a neutral Power, with the result that the U boats are able to use this means of egress and ingress confident of non-interference, except at the hands of a Norwegian Fleet that is altogether inadequate for the task thus thrown upon it, and voluntarily shouldered under the decree of last October. If Norway were at war the Allies’ grip on the northern outlet' from the North Sea would be consolidated as completely as it is in the south — from side to side and from land to land — although, for obvious reasons, it would be impossible to enclose the northern end as we have the southern, since the former (from the Orkneys to Bergen) is some three hundred miles wide, and the latter a trifle over twenty.

Strategic Value of Norwegian Coast

In other respects, too, the throwing open of Norway’s coasts and ports to the warships of the Allies would be of enor¬ mous value. The serrated three thou¬ sand mile stretch of the Norwegian coast, with its myriad screening islands and in¬ numerable fiords, offers countless oppor¬ tunities for the establishment of secret bases for submarines, and it is too much to believe tliat Germany lias not been making every use of them in her power. It needs but a glance at a map to show what risks a submarine would escape by being able to call at some secluded spot off the Norwegian coast for her supplies, instead of coming through the North Sea to Wilhelmshaven or down to Kiel ; and bv the same token it is evident what splendid bases of operations we should have in this region for defending against submarine attack the ever-increasing volume of shipping that voyages to and from Archangel and the new Russian port of Kola, and which now has to be de¬ fended by ships based upon the Scottish ports, or upon Kildin — a new Russian naval base near Kola, and, like it, ice- free throughout the year.

These are benefits enough to derive from the mere use of a coastline. But it is by no means certain that those arising in the wider stiT.tegical sphere are not even greater. A glance at the sketch map given on another page will show that if a powerful allied battle fleet were based upon Bergen, it would be a continuous menace to the Baltic, such as our present • Grand Fleet away off the north of Scotland can never be. Whether, if Norway came in, the splendid battle fleet of the United States Navy would ever find itself " paral¬ leled” with our own Grand Fleet, on the other side of the North Sea, is one of those things on which we can only speculate; but it is at least certain that if circum¬ stances forced Norway to join us our sea-grip on Germany woukl be intensified to a degree altogether disproportionate to the armed strength that Norway ccr.'.ld bring' tobear.

The War Illustrated , 14 th July, 1917;

Page 4^5

Unfurling of ‘ Old Glory ’ in Glorious France

American troops in France during the disembarkation. The veteran general with them said : “ 1 am happy to be the commander of the first troops who will fight shoulder to shoulder with the heroes of the Marne and Verdun In circle: Preparing for debarkation.

Pago 466

Hot corner in Oppy Wood. A British soldier on the left flings captured German bombs from a raided dug-out, in front of which a comrade throws his own bombs, while a 11 Lewis ” gunner on the right is bringing up his weapon to fire through the gap.

New Zealand troops practising a smoke attack. Smoke is one of the many new agents pressed into active service during the Great War, clouds of it being generated by various means for the purpose of maskina an intended attack or as cover for advancina troops.

Tht War WuslraUd 1 4th July, 1917

Step by Step on the Road from Arras to Douai

:

The War illustrated, 14th Jain, 1917.

Page *<<7

Cheshire and Australian Mettle at Messines

Cheshire men were in the centre of the advance at Messines. At one point they met a well-garrisoned German trench concealed in a dip and protected by uncut wire. They went anyhow over the wire, and when the fight]was over three hundred German dead lined the trench.

Australian corps formed the pivot of the attack on the extreme right of the line. They plunged through ths enemy barrage, flung duck- board bridges over the Douve river, and crossed to the German support line under raking fire from a ruined position called Grey Farm.

The War Illustrated , lMh July, 1917.

MV CORNERS OF ARMAGEDDON— V.

Pago <68

FLEEING BEFORE THE FLOOD OF INVASION

When the Germans Occupied Amiens and Paris was Threatened

By HAMILTON FYFE

The Brilliant War Correspondent of the “Daily Mail”

THE cuirassier captain had said in Amiens : “ The Germans are every¬ where. They are spreading over the country like a flood.” Moore and I soon discovered how quickly.

We could not get back into Amiens. We left Dieppe again early on Sunday morning, August 30th, and drove round the villages lving to south and west of the city. But the. Germans were then very near. Already the mayor of Amiens had placarded the walls with a notice begging the inhabitants to be civil and kind to German wounded.

“ If the tide of battle turns against us, and they come again as they did in 1870, remember that any act of hostility may be terribly punished.”

By nine o'clock next morning the German troops were in the city. We were not sorry to be out of it, though it would have been vastly interesting to stay.

Even now the official bulletins kept up the mystification in which they had shrouded the events following the Battle of Mons. They never admitted the fall of Amiens. It became known/of course, but the first official intimation that the French and British nations had of it was the statement on September 10th that the Germans had withdrawn.

To conceal any longer the threat to Paris had now, however, become impos¬ sible. Qn that last Sunday of August I saw groups in every little town and village discussing, in gloomy whispers, the news that the inhabitants of the zone in front of the Paris fortifications had been ordered to leave their homes at once. Flight of the “ Froussards ”

- The shock was painful. Up to this time, remember, everyone had supposed the Germans to be still in Belgium, or only a few miles across the frontier. Most people were at first dazed, unable to grasp the dread possibilities.

“ How can it have happened ? ” we were asked a hundred times a day. “ Is it to be 1870 over again ? Will there be another Siege of Paris ? Why was it said so confidently that the French Army could beat the Germans ? Surely, surely it must be able to stop them. If not, nous sommes foulus — we axe done.”

Panic spread among certain classes of the population like a forest fire. As usual, the rich and easeful cut the poorest figure. Every day now Dieppe was filled by a fresh crowd of well-to-do fugitives seeking safety in England. The place had been empty. A melancholy silence wrapped the Casino and the beach, which at this season were wont to be gay and Thronged by holiday-makers. On the froat wandered a chance fisherman or two. The hotels were either closed or merely pretending to keep open.

Suddenly they filled up. In the last week of August you could have your pick of the best rooms at low prices. In the first week of September it was difficult to get a bed. The deserted dining-rooms were once more loud with chatter, every table taken.

The trains from Paris brought thousands of refugees, who stayed one night before taking ship to Folkestone. In one week

over a million people left Paris. A " siege census " showed the population left in the city to be i,Sc>9,ooo. Before the exodus the figure had stood at 2,850,000.

On the road between Dieppe and Paris ours was the only car going south, towards the capital. We met hundreds carrying frottssards, as they were called, people who had given way to the shiver of fear, la frousse, all bound for the coast : we saw every kind of vehicle, from the millionaire’s thousand-guinea limousine down to humble taxi-cabs — “ coffee-mills thev were derisively styled by the drivers of more luxurious machines.

Courage of the Mass

Piled high with baggage most of them. Beds and birdcages, and hastily-packed trunks gaping open. White, scared faces peeping round valises or bundles, peering over pyramids of portmanteaux, wishing their cars would make better spaed, as if the Germans were close behind them '. They looked at us pityingly, as if we were mad to risk meeting the enemy.

It was only a few, reckoned against the mass of the nation, who were overcome by panic. The mass behaved with courage and good sense, though the rapid advance of the Germans filled everyone with the most painful fore- ' bodings. The nation had not been pre¬ pared for it. Its unexpectedness turned their hearts sick and cold with fear. The enemy, whom they had hoped to defeat on the frontier, seemed irresistible. The flood swallowed up more and more of the country every- day.

The method of the advance was in this wise. -The Germans sent on first, ahead of their cavalry, armed motor-cars carrying Maxim guns. These dashed about, discovering whether the Army was likely to meet with any opposition in force, and terrorising the population. Cavalry patrols followed, spreading out, fan-shape, in all directions. Close on their heels came horse gunners. Under cover of their batteries the infantry pushed forward with their Maxims.

Beauvais Barred

Thus they surged forward with a speed which, for a few days, stupefied the French people. Their rush on Paris was certainly one of the most skilfully-planned and brilliantly-executed feats in the whole history of the war.

" If there is another siege,” I said, " I am going to be. in it.” That was why we travelled southward. I sent my wife an exhortation not to be anxious if she heard nothing from me. It seemed hardly possible that the flood could be turned back or even held up.

One day they' were in Amiens, the next at Compiegne, the next at Chantilly, the French Newmarket, close to Paris, _ where the race-horses are trained. We' came across one trainer who had heard firing near at hand, had packed his family at once into a motor-car, and had driven off within five minutes.

We made first for Beauvais, Moore and I, after we left Rouen on Monday-, August -31st. We no longer had our Rolls-Royce. (Eric Loder had fallen sick.)

In place of it we secured (never mind how !) a car that had been hired by a rival newspaper correspondent who was going home.

That same evening we fell in with another correspondent of the rival journal who had expected the car to be his. Fortunately, he did not recognise it in the darkness. We were waiting outside a barrier placed across the road leading into the town of Beauvais. The town was closed for the night. '1 he whole country-side was in fear of the Uhlan patrols who were prowling about. The woods were full of them.

Moore and I inquired of the sentries for an officer, and were allowed to walk to a second barrier made of farm-carts and trunks of trees about a hundred yards farther on. At first the captain in com¬ mand here was inclined to let us walk to an hotel, carrying our bagj. We went back to fetch them from the car, and there at the first barrier found some peasauts ar guing with the sentries. They wanted to get into the town, too.

As soon as they heard we had been given permission they raised an outcry. Why should foreigners be favoured ? The officer came along to see what tin- noise was about, and in the end he refused to let any of us pass through. We had then to decide whether we should sleep in the car, without supper, or hark back and try to find a wayside inn. Hunger settled the -question. We harked back.

In Quest of an Inn

Four or five miles along the road we came to an inn, crowded with fugitives, country people who had been obliged to leave their farms or cottages. All the afternoon we had been passing caravans after caravans of them. Imagine the state of decent, thrifty folk compelled suddenly to leave their homes, pack what they' could into farm-carts or perambu¬ lators or wheelbarrows, start off they knew not whither.

In this inn there were many of them, listless and exhausted, but the greater number chattered and laughed over their scraps of food and their heel-taps of red wine, as French folk laugh and chatter whatever their misfortunes may be. Dear, cheerful souls, I would have loved to stay and chatter with them, but there was no food left. Landlord and landlady begged us to accept their apologies, directed us to another little auberge a mile or so off the main road.

We came to this. It was dark and shuttered. We knocked and called stoutly about us. From a house near by appeared a frightened woman with two children clinging about her skirts. Yes, she owned the inn, but in these times— —

” Had we seen the Bodies ? Were we Germans ? " she asked in terror.

“ Ah, ces messieurs sont anglais ! ” She was relieved, so much relieved that she agreed at once to cook us a supper and find us somewhere to sleep. An excellent ham omelette she gave us, large and juicy, with a pot of home-made raspberry preserve, and red wine, and coffee. We supped and slept like kings.

Page 469

The War Illustrated, 1 4th July , 1917.

Canadians Keeping Cool in Hot Corners

British and Canadian Official Photographs

British soldier (in a captured Hun helmet — and little Canadian soldier in summery deshabille takes the opportunity of a brief rest more) bringing up shells to the guns. to write home from somewhere near the fighting line on the western front.

A close shave in the front line as a means In an improvised bath a Canadian on the western Another form of bath in which a Canadian

to keep the head cool. front gets a cooling splash. kept cool despite the sun and the Hun.

Smiling sunburnt soldiers from Canada put in that “ stitch in time ” Canadian soldier on the western front mends his shirt and enjoys a which will make “ Sister Susie’s” handiwork last a little longer. sun and air bath while performing his evidently diverting task.

The ITar Illustrated, Wh July, 1917. 1 "8° 47

BRITONS WHO PROFIT BY U-BOAT PIRACY

I. — How We are Plundered by Food Profiteers

An Inquiry by our Special Commissioner

HAS there been profiteering in food ?

I set out on this subject of in¬ vestigation at the request of the Editor of The War Illustrated, and researches and tests made in many dif¬ ferent quarters bring me to a definite conclusion : Profiteering in food has been going on since the war began, and, except so far as it has been limited by recent Government action, it has been a gradually increasing evil.

First, for clearness' sake, let us have a definition of "profiteering’'; for all modern commerce rests on a basis of profit-taking, which no one sqve the idealist condemns. Exchange in kind . died with the coming of money and the “ value token,” whether that token were gold or paper. “ Fair exchange,” the ideal system of trade economically, probably never existed, for even in" the days of cave-dwellers there was probably one man stronger or cleverer or more craft}" than another. By “ profiteering ” we mean, for the purposes of this article, the undue taking of profits — profits over and above the normal profits on the article yielding profits — and also the taking of profits by people who have done nothing by way of producing or improving or distributing the commodity on which they take a profit.

Morality and Business

The question of patriotism or taste or morality in taking these higher profits (the full price people are willing to pay) is a nice point, and one for every man’s own conscience. I can see the point of view, for instance, though I cannot sympathise with it, of the prominent Cardiff coal - owner who said publicly, not long ago, that if he could get 40s. a ton for coal from Sweden or Norway, he was not going to sell it for less to the people of London. (And they were short of coal at the time.) It was the Govern¬ ment's duty, he added, to get the money back from him in taxes, if they liked. “ Does patriotism come in ? ” he was asked. He answered " No ! ”

This point of view — get as much profit as you can — has clearly held sway in the question of food, and logically it is hard to see where one is to draw the line and say where wrong and extortion begin.

The first line of inquiry that suggested itself was this : Has the general industry of food production and distribution yielded bigger profits since the war began ? It has. Whether one considers the cattle-breeders of America, or the dairy farmers of Holland and Denmark, or the crop growers of England itself, one finds, on an investigation of facts, figures, and balance-sheets, that virtually all well organised concerns of these kinds have yielded greatly increased profits, due mainly to the increased demand for their products which led to a general willingness on the part of the public to pay more for them.

Let me give an actual example of this kind of extra profit-taking, chosen simply because it shows in one place and in one money item, without obscuration by such considerations as freightage, etc., the profits of producing food overseas and selling it on these shores. The British and Argentine Meat Company, a concern which undertakes the handling of meat

THE article on this page is the firs! of * three specially written for The War Ili.ustra.ted by a distinguished journalist zt’ho has made. ike most searching inquiries into the subject of food profiteering. Our contributor deals specifically with the sccindal as it affects the meat, grocery, fish, and milk trades. He formulates an indictment of a sufficiently grave nature. At the same time his articles possess a quality of more than immediate interest and value. He touches acutely on the waste inherent in our systems of supply. This waste is particularly serious in connection with milk distribution, but our correspondent's suggestions are capable of wider applica¬ tion. Meanwhile, the authorities are faced bv the definite suggestion of the chairman, of a Food Campaign Committee that if the people are robbed- of their food they will refuse to go on fighting.

right from the stock-yards of America to its sale in England, made in the year 1914. a profit of £67,000. Their profit upon last }-ear’s trading was £411,009. But this was after paying the excess profits duty, which amounts to 50 per cent. Therefore the difference between £67,000 and £411,000, which is £344,000, represents but 50 per cent., or half, the extra profit made. In other words their total profit for 1916 was more than £700,000. £67,000 to £700,000 !

This sort of figure makes one jump. But in actual fact it is not exceptional. If one adds the profits of shippers to the profits of other meat producers and handlers overseas, one finds that the total works out at this rate of increase, or even more, for thf company in question, as large suppliers to the Government, “ toed the line” to some extent in their prices ; meat producers and shippers less trammelled and able to supply a more open market made profits on a greater scale. Till laws are made limiting these profits it is hard to say that the profiteers are morally wrong. We should probably all have done the same thing had we been in that line of business.

Rigging the Markets

But one comes now to adjuncts of the great meat puzzle and scandal, about which there .can be no two minds. The meat' market was rigged from time to time. The irregularity of shipping, the uncertainty as to whether a ship would arrive or be sunk, the uncertainty as to what port it would be sent to by the naval authorities, the uncertainty as to the exact condition of its cargo when it did arrive, the uncertainty as to price, due to extra profit-taking “ on the water ” and on the “ other side,” and lastly the priority of Government buyers’ claims on that cargo — all these things led to an uncertainty as to the supplies of meat that would be available for public con¬ sumption, and also to a general shortage, broken by periods of glut. Here was the market riggers’ chance. By subtle “ banking ” of meat in cold storage, by subtle high bidding at time of plenty, and for such small outside supplies as were not' in their, control, the riggers managed on a market already short to push up the price of meat to the very limits that a hungry public would pay.

The game was so profitable that all sorts of people on the fringe. of the meat' trade (some of whom were ordinarily users of cold storage with space to spare) joined in and bought their quota of meat for speculative purposes. Big lots were split up and changed hands in Smaller and smaller lots, each time at a profit. Market salesmen were to be found who had their three or four carcases of mutton or sides of beef in cold storage — some¬ times in their employer’s name and with his approval — waiting for the right moment to unload at a profit. Game dealers dealt in beef ; fishmongers dealt in beef. The non-arrival of a meat boat was their opportunity. The shortage increased : prices moved up again. Germany’s dirty work was the foils et origo oi theirs.

Another instance of market rigging. A new meat supply, some arrivals of very fair quality beef from South Africa, rather upset the big American people, who by their huge dealings both here and at home were able virtually to control the British markets, and whose tight control incidentally enabled smaller British gamblers to make their profit, too. • ‘ ■ .

South Africa Disturbs America

The South African arrivals took them by surprise. The Government nipped in and bought big quantities of the new meat at the favourable prices at which it was offered. Just how the market was set to rights again from the American point of view 1 could not find out, but it is a remarkable coincidence that., as soon as" South African meat began to compete with American, vastly higher prices for cattle began to he offered by mysterious buyers in South Africa, till the prices made gave them little or no pull over the American. Is this business or robbery ?

Some of us have been grumbling hard at our retail butchers. Big retailers who have been able to buy with the big people and to work cold storage successfully have undoubtedly made enormous profits. A retailer who could sell to an hotel at 1 1 Jd. a lb. meat for which he was charging in his shop on the same day is. 8d. (an actual case), seemed to be working to. a pretty wide margin, and it is only human to suppose that he was not selling to the hotel at a serious loss, if at a' loss at all. But the ordinary retail butcher has had to pay up to the hilt for all the meat he has bought. What with extra charges to pay for labour, cartage, and delivery, the increased rate of gross profit which retailers have earned is ' not un¬ reasonable. I was amazed, for instance, to find that a butcher must now pay his errand-boy of fifteen something like a pound a week, and his carter fifty shillings.

Nor has there been grossly undue profit- snatching by meat dealers on home-fed cattle. I gathered that out farmers have been “ making a bit ” there. Though I listened sympathetically to their tales about' the increased cost of oil-cake, labour difficulties and the rest, I cam ■ to the conclusion, as I stood in Islington Market one morning, that farmers were as much surprised and pleased as anyone at the prices their cattle: were fetching ; £60 for an ordinary £22 bullock leaves room for higher costs of production and higher profits, too.

I ’age 47*

The TTar Illustrated, 14 Hi July. 1917.

Vice Versa : Sailors Ashore and Soldiers Afloat

A Jutland hero chatting to patients at Treloar’s Cripples’ Homo on the occasion of the dedication of the naval memorial wards.

Wounded boarding a Thames steamer for one of the trips organised by the Port of London Authority and the Red Cross Society.

Besides sending troops to France, Portugal — England’s oldest ally — is now sending expert foresters to fell trees and trim trench- props in the New Forest. Portuguese woodmen are shown here on arrival in London, and (right) starting off to see the town.

A party of Russian sailors visiting Glasgow greatly enjoyed the music provided for them in beautiful Rouken Glen.

Two trips are made daily, one up'and one down the river. They area source of great pleasure and benefit to the men.

r

Camels loaded with materials for the T urkish troops fighting on the Macedonian front. All this country was in Ottoman possession until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Right : Germans carrying a severely wounded comrade to a field-ambulance in the Arras Battle.

The TT’ar Illustrated , 14//t July, 1917.

With the Enemy Fighting Forces East and West :

Captain Richtofen’s quarters decorated with num¬ ber-plates of aircraft he had brought down. Note converted engine as chandelier.

A German fighting aeroplane with machine-gun on the western front between Arras and Laon.

Turkish cavalry operating on mountain terrain in the neighbourhood of the Salonika front— difficult but familiar ground to the fighting men of Turkey ever since the Ottoman invasion of Europe in the fifteenth century.

Rumanian artillery retreating through heavy fire during the Battle of the Argesul. This began on December 1st, 1916, and after intense fighting ended in the evacuation of BukaresL (The photographs on this and the facing page are from enemy sources.)

Page 473

The War Must ratal, 14 th Juh/, 1S17.

War’s Wide Span from the Somme to the Argesu!

German cavalry near St. Quentin ‘ waiting to push forward Left : Austro-Hungarians masked against gas attack.

The TFar Illustrated, 14/7/ July, 1917.

Page 474

Who’s Who in the Great War

Brig.-Gen. LUKIN, South African Forces.

.Lieut. McCUBBIN, British airman.

Field-Marshal von MACKENSEN.

Sir JOSEPH MACLAY, Shipping Controller.

Admiral MADDEN. Sec. in Com. Grand Fleet.

Lieut. MARCHAL, Flew over Berlin.

Continued from page 454

Lukhomsky, General.— Appointed Chief of Russian General Staff, June, i pi 7-

Lukin, Brig.-Gen. H. T„ C.M.G., D.S.O. *

Appointed to command South African Forces, Egypt, ipifi. Born i860. Served South Africa, 1870. when wounded at Ulundi. In command 1st Colonial Division, Cape Colony, 1901 : Com. -General, Cape Colonial Forces, 1904-12 ; Inspector-General, Permanent Force of South Africa, 1912. .

Lvoff. Prince George. — Premier and Minister of Interior, in new Russian National Cabinet, March, 1917.

Lyautey, General Herbert. — Appointed French War Minister, December, 1916 ; resigned March, 1917. Appointed Resident Commissioner of French Republic in Morocco, April, 1917.

McAdoo, W. G. — Secretary of U.S.A. Treasury, who introduced first War Budget, 1917.

McCubbin, Sec.-Lieut. George R., D.S.G. — Noted British airman who brought down Immelmahn, the- Fokkcr “star," in air fight on western front. June, 1916. McCubbin was only eighteen and a half years of age at time, and was awarded D.S.O. , July, 1916.

McKenna, Rt. Hon. Reginald, P.C., M.P.— Became Chancellor of Exchequer in Coalition Ministry, May, 1915. Resigned December, 1916, on formation of National Ministry. Previously Home Secretary and First Lord of Admiralty. Elected director of London City and Midland Bank, May, 1917.

Mackensen, Field Marshal August von. — Famous German general. Born 1849. Served Franco-Prussian War. Worked for fourteen years as Staff officer, and awarded a hereditary title for his skill as organiser. Regarded, as greatest of Germany's fighting commanders, especially distinguishing himself when, in command of enemy forces, he made his great drive bv which Russians were swept out of Galicia in summer of 1915. Commanded army group invading Serbia, October, 1915. Com¬ manded army invading Rumania from the Dobruja in autumn of 1916.

Maclay, Sir Joseph Paton, Barf. — Appointed Shipping Controller, December, 1916. Born 1857. Is a well-known shipowner, who has been prominently identified with public and philanthropic life of Glasgow. •

Macready, Lt.-Gen. Sir C. F. Nevil, K.C.M.G. — Adjutant-General of Forces since 1914,. in which capacity rendered splendid service. Born 1862. Saw active service in Egypt and South Africa.- Frequently mentioned in despatches in present war.

Madden, Admiral Sir Charles E„ K.C.B;, K.C.M.G. — Second in command of Grand Fleet, 1917. Had been Chief of the Staff since 1914. Entered Navy 1S75, and promoted to flag rank, April, 1911. Was Fourth Sea Lord from 1910 to 1912. Is brother-in-law of Admiral Sir John' Jellicoe. *

Mahon, Lt.-Gen. Sir Bryan, K.C.V.O., D.S.O. — Succeeded General Sir. John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland, November, 1916. A native of Galway, he had dis¬ tinguished military career in Egypt,. India, South Africa. In last mentioned'led Mafeking Relief Column. Served with success on western front, ..being transferred from command of Serbian Expeditionary Force at Salonika, to which lie had been appointed, Octoher, - 1915.

Mangin, General. — Associated with General Nivelle in: brilliant • counter-stroke by which Germans lost their ground at Verdun, October, 1916. Regarded as one of France’s greatest generals, he, saiv much service in French colonics, playing important part in pacification of Morocco. ■

Manoury, General. — Famous French general in'carly stage of war. Commanded new Sixth Army to protect Paris, September, I914. Fell on right flank of retreating Germans on the Oureq, and for three days poundc-d enemy. Latter received reinforcements, and Manoury sent to Gallieni for assistance, and received the famous Tunis division newly arrived in Paris.

Portraits hy Vaniylc.

Marchai, Lieut.— Famous French airman who, starting from Nancy, flew over Berlin on night of June 20th, 1916, dropping, not bombs, but leaflets. Latter consisted of Proclamation which was prefaced : “ \\ v

might have bombed t lie open town of Berlin, and thus killed women and innocent children, but we contented ourselves with- throwing the following proclamation.” Forced to land at Cholm, in Poland, when only sixty- three miles from the Russian trenches. Interned at Salzerbach. In his amazing llight travelled Si 1 miles, mostly in night flying.-

Marconi, Capt. Guglielmo, G.C.V.O., LL.D. — World-famous as developer of wireless telegraphy, which played supremely important part in war. Born 1874 at Bologna, lus mother an Irishwoman. Was appointed .a Senator bv King of Italv, January, 1915, and spoke in Senate on Anglo-Italian achieve¬ ments. Intensely enthusiastic in allied cause, he. did much to assist Allies. Appointed temporary captain in British Navy, J uly, 1916.

Marix, Squad. -Com. R. L. C., D.S.O.— Dis¬ tinguished airman who made raid on Zeppelin sheds at Dusseldorf, October 9th, 1014, for which awarded D.S.O. Served Dardanelles. Formerly an officer of R.N.V.R.

Massey, Rt. Hon. W. F.— Prime Minister of New Zealand. Born 1S56. An Irishman by birth, he went to that colony when thirteen rears of age. Began farming, and entered Parliament 1894, becoming Leader of Oppo¬ sition 1903, Prime Minister 1912. Worked whole-heartedly for Empire in war. Arrived in London, October, 1916, at invitation of Imperial Government, and attended Imperial Conference meetings. Received Freedom of City of Edinburgh, November, 1916.

Mathy, Commander. — The only Zeppelin commander whose personality known in this country. In charge of one of Zeppelins raiding London district, Sept. 8th, 1915, and gave in interview to Mr. Karl Wcigand fanciful account of this journey. Killed at Potter’s Bar, Oct. 1st, 1916, when his Zeppelin was destroyed.

Maude, Lt.-Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley. K.C.B. , C.M.G., D.S.O.— Won fame as victor of Bagdad, which city lie captured March nth, 1917. Born 1863, son of late General Sir F. Maude, Y.C. Served Sudan 1885, and.in South Africa. Was slill a colonel when war broke out, when put in charge of brigade. Promoted major-general and awarded C.B. for dis¬ tinguished service, June, 1915. Took over command in Mesopotamia after fall of Kilt. His campaign, which led to retaking of Kut and finally Bagdad, one" of most brilliant of war.

Maud’huy, General Louis de. — Famous French general who was Professor of Strategy at the Ecole clc Guerre. A brigadier when war broke out, was decorated on field for skill and bravery, and given command of Tenth Army after Battle of Marne. Conducted skilful offensive around Arras and Lens in effort to turn flank of German Army, Sept¬ ember 3oth-October 4th, 1914-

Max, Adolphe. — Burgomaster of Brussels ■whose courage and wit during early days of German occupation of Belgian capital were admiration of Allies. Suspended from liis functions, arrested and sent to fortress in Germany.

Maxwell, Lt.-Gen. Sir John G., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. — Appointed to Northern Command, Kovember, 1916. Commander of Forces in Egypt on outbreak of wai', and took efficient means to repulse Turkish onslaughts. Ap¬ pointed Commander-in-Chief of Forces in Ireland after Dublin Rebellion, April, 1916. Born 1859. Had distinguished . career in Egypt, South Africa (Military Governor of Pretoria)?-

May, Admiral Sir William H., G.C.3. —

Born 1849. Entered Navy 1863. Had dis¬ tinguished naval career. Commander-in- Chief Atlantic Fleet, 1905:/;. Second Sea Lord.1907-9. Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, 1911-13. Appointed to serve on Dardanelles Commission, August; 1916.

Strain*, West, Lafayette

Capt. GUGLIELMO MARCONI.

Rt. Hon. W. F. MASSEY, New Zealand Premier.

Gen. MAUDE. Victor of Bagdad.

Burgomaster MAX, of Brussels.

Gen. Sir JOHN MAXWELL.

Admiral Sir W. H. MAY.

Continued on paje 494

Page 475

_ ight from a British cruiser startles Greek plotters. iVIr.G. Ward Price in a graphic account of the occupation of Volo by the French on June 13th tolls how anti-Ally agitators on the preceding days gathered in crowds at the sea-front cafes. One meeting “ had reached the zenith of enthusiasm when suddenly through the

The War Illustrated, 1 Uh July, 1917.

Letting in the Light on Darkest Greece

sultry blackness of the June night struck a brilliant beam of illumination. Every one of these fire-eating Royalists, startled into the same respectful gesture, rose to his feet and took off his hat. His.dazzled eyes could see nothing of what he was saluting. But he was uncovering to the watchful spirit .f the British IVavv.**

The War Illustrated, Wit July, 1917.

r.iao 47*

DIARY OF THE WAR

&

Chronology of Events, June 1st to 30th, 1917

June i. — Sir Douglas Haig reports 3>-H- German prisoners captured during May.

Lord Devonport resigns as lrood Con¬ troller.

British airmen attach enemy aerodrome at St. Denis Westrem, and enemy Bases at Zeebrugge, Ostcnd. and Bruges.

Mr. Arthur Henderson arrives in Russia.

June a. — British attack near Lens. Canadians attack German positions south of the Souchez River, good progress is made, and a number of prisoners taken.

Heavy attack against Drench in the Craonne region fails.

The King holds an Investiture in Hyde Park, and decorates 300 soldiers and 50 relatives of men who died after winning decorations.

British transport Cameroman tor¬ pedoed and sunk in Mediterranean ; by missing.

jUNE — Fighting south of Souchez River.

Fierce fighting takes place throughout the dav, with varying fortunes. The Ger¬ mans 'counter-attack with considerable forces, in the face of which British unable to maintain the progress already made.

June 4.— British carry out, successful raids north of Armentieres and south ot Wvtschaete.

June 5.— Air Attack in the Medtvay. A

squadron of sixteen German aeroplanes drops bombs in Essex, and attacks the naval establishments in the Medway. British guns and aeroplanes engage the enemy, and ten German machines arc brought down; 3S persons killed and wounded. -

Naval Fight in Channel. — A force ot light cruisers and destroyers under Commander Tyrwhitt engage rix Gentian destroyers; S.20 is sunk by otir gimme and another severely damaged. Enemy naval base and workshops at Ostend heavily bombarded by British warships.

British attack north of Scarpe River, and make progress on western slopes of Greenland Hill.

June 6.— Operations north of the Scarpe successfully completed ; enemy’s positions on western slopes ot Greenland Hill on a front of about a mile captured.

Lord Northclifle announced sis succeed¬ ing Mr. Balfour as head of British Mission to United States.

M. Tonnart arrives in Greece as High Commissioner of the Protecting Powers. Tune 7— Messines Ridge captured— British Second Array under General PI timer attacks and’ captures the Messiues- Wvtschaete Ridge, taking the villages of ’Messines and Wytschuefe, and the enemy’s defence systems oil. a front of over nine miles from south of l.a Douve Brook to north of Mont Sarrcl. The village of Oosttaverne (east of Wyt- schaete) is carried; prisoners total over

Gigantic Explosion.— Sir Douglas Haig’s despatch on the above battle reveals that nineteen deep mines were exploded simultaneously beneath the enemy’s defences, completely wrecking enemy s front and support trenches, jrSE S— Battle ot Messine;.— German counter¬ 'd attacks repulsed with loss. Prisoners to date total over 6, 400.

General Pershing, Cpinmander-in-Chicf of U.S. Expeditionary Force, arrives in London.- . , .

British gains on wide front from squth of Lens to La Bassee, also south of the Souchez River.

Yanina, iii Greek Epirus, occupied by Italians.

jusr 5, — Sir Douglas Haig reports prisoners to date total over 7,000.

June 10. — French guns active in sector of Nieuport-les-Bains.

Italian Attack in the Trentino.— Just south of the Brenta Valley the Italians

win their tvay through the ' border pass of Agnello, aiid capture nearly the whole of Monte Ortigara.

British naval and military forces carry out an operation against a German de¬ tachment in the estuary of the J.ukelcdi, German East Africa. ,

June ii. — Gain beyond Messines. British cap¬ ture enemy’s trench system in neighbour¬ hood of La Potterie Farm (west of Waventon) on a front of about a mile. Seven field guns captured.

One of H.M. drifters “ I. F S.” engages fix e enemy seaplanes in the Channel ; two brought down!

June 12. — British gain further ground east and north-east of Messines on two mile front, and occupy Gapaard.

French troops land at Corinth, and a 1 ranco-British column enters Thessaly.

King Constantine ot Greece abdicates, .and is succeeded by his second son, Prince Alexander. French cavalry occupy Larissa.

Turkish port of Saliff, in the V emeu, captured by men from British warships. June 13.— Allied .troops land at the Piraeus. Announced total British captures since Tune 7 are : 7.342 German prisoners, 47 guns, 242 machine-guns, and 60 trench mortars.

Air Raid on London.— Fifteen enemy aeroplanes attack and bomb East End and City of London about midday ; 160 killed and 432 injured.

June 14. — German retreat below Messines, ground abandoned towards Armentieres. on the south, and between St. \ ves and tile Lvs. British follow up closely and progress east of Ploegsteert Wood and near Gapaard.

British Attack near Messines.— Our

troops attack south and cast of Messines and astride the Ypres-Comines Canal, the whole of our objectives being gained. As the result of these operations and our pressure since June 7, \ye occupy German front trenches from River Lys to River Warnave, and advance our lines a dis¬ tance of about seven miles.

British storm Infantry Hill, cast of Monchy-le-Preux.

Zeppelin L43 destroyed in North Sea by British naval forces.

June 15. — Elder Dempster st'eamship'Addah torpedoed by German submarine.

Lord Rhondda new Food Controller. June 16. — British progress in sector of Hin- denburg line north-west of Bullecourt.

-Italians capture strongly-fortified posi¬ tion on Corno Cavcnto.

British troops evacuate several villages on left bank of the Struma, owing to the advent of the malarial season.

June 17. — Zeppelin destroyed in East Anglia. —Two Zeppelins raid East Anglia and Kentish coast respectively. One airship damaged by gunfire and brought down in flames by pilot of Royal Flying Corps. The other drops bombs on coast, town ; two persons killed and sixteen injured. June 18. — British fall back from certain advanced posts in front of Infantry Hill alter severe fighting.

French capture a German salient be¬ tween Mont Cornillet and Mont Blond, in Champagne.

June 19. — Arras Line Advance. British gain ground slightly south of the Coieul River and also north of the Souchez Rix’er.

German counter-attack on salient taken by French in Champagne between Mont Cornillet and Mont Blond' com¬ pletely broken.

Herr Hoffman, Swiss Foreign Minister, resigns.

Italian Success in Trentino. — Our Allies gain ground at many points from the

Agnello Pass fo Monte Mosciagh. In Monte Ortigara area they carry for¬ midable positions, ancf capture r.<> prisoners.

June 20. — British win back all their advam l posts on Infantry Hill, east of Monetr.

West of Soissons-Laon road C oot ms gain foothold in a French trench near Yauxaillon.

June 21. — French counter-offensive wins hack position taken by Germans near Vaux.ui- lon.

Germans enter one of British front-line posts near l.ombaertzyde (near Belgian coast), hut driven out.

On the Carnia front Italians blow up a mountain spur, and rush the summit of Hill 2668 on the Piccolo Lagazuoi.

June 22. — Germans continue attai Us on French north of the Aisne. They launch very large forces against French ; nsitious north of Braye-en-Laonnais, which am broken on greater part of the front, but Germans gain a French salient in the: centre. .

June 23. — Heavy artillery fighting north- of the Aisne.

P. and O. liner Mongolia strikes a rams and sinks off Bombay.

June 24. — In tlje region east of Yauxaillon a sharp counter-attack by the French results ill the recapture of the greater:, part of the salient held by the enemy* north-east of Moisy Farm.

Intense artillery activity on both s: hi reported from several points hell by Belgian troops near the Flanders : mc.

British Advance near Lens. -Briti-k carry out successful enterprises in neigh¬ bourhood of Epehv, Bullecourt, Koeu-W Loos, and Hooge. South-west of Lee- m l north-west of Warneton British g am ground and take prisoners.

June, 25. — First units of American troops arrive in France.

British follow* up their success smith- west of Lens, on both banks of .Sou her River, progressing on a front of one .ml < half miles. Ground is gaiiied north-west of Fontaine-les-Croisilles (north ot Bulle- couvt).

M. Zaimis, the Greek Premier, resigns ; M. Venizelos returns to Athens.

Three R.X.A.S. machines fight t ;l German aeroplanes near Roulers, . one German machine being destroyed and two more driven out of control.

French win a crest of the Craonne ridge, north-west of Hurtcbise harm. .1 t take over 300 prisoners ; also the sir uvg- hold known as ” The Dragon’s Cave.” June 26.— British nearer to Lens. Progress south-west of the town -continues ; enemy’s positions astride the Souck-z. River, on a front of two miles, and to a depth of a thousand yards, pass into British possession. La Coulotte, south of Lens, occupied.-

British airmen raid Turkish camp at Tekrit on the Tigris, and cause much havoc.

June 27. — Report of Mesopotamia Commission published.

M. Venizelos forms a Cabinet, and tak -s

-the office of Minister of War, with Admiral Coiulouriotis as Minister of Marine.

Germans report bombardment of Ostend bv the Allies.

" French "cruiser Kleber mined and sunk near Brest ; most of crew saved:

June 28. — British make considerable progress towards Lens on a two-mile front, across the Souchez River, and reach Avion.

June 29. — Announced General Allenby suc¬ ceeds General Murray in Palestine command.

June 30. — British gain west and south-west of Lens.

Ixxxvii

•c-cs-c-c-cr-

The If or Illustrated, 14 th July, 1917.

- -

n

RRCOliDS OF Tin: REGIMENTS— XXXIX

EAST KENT (THE HUFFS)

FOR nearly 2,000 years , the meii of

-Kent have had a proud r e n o \v n among the d e- fenders of England, and it is good to know, from the evi¬ dence of the battle¬ fields of France, that their ancient valour has survived the insidious-perils of civilisa¬ tion, luxury, and ease. These Kentish men, the vanguard of England, as Words¬ worth called them, are still as eager to protect their country and its liberties as they were when they resisted the invading Caesar, or rebelled against the Conqueror's half-brother, Odo of Bayeux, or marched to London under Tyler to overturn the evil counsellors of a boyish king.

Two regiments arc localised and re¬ cruited in the county of Kent the East Kents, better known as the Butts, and the Royal West Kents — and during the Great War both have performed some outstanding deeds’.

Courage of the Kents

In an earlier number of The War Illustrated something was said about the deeds of the West Kents in 1914 and 1915, and the story of their behaviour in Trones Wood in July, 1916, is still fresh in everyone's mind. Still more recently, in Hay last, a somewhat similar story was told of some Kentish men, and although we cannot as yet be certain whether these were Buffs or West Kents, it is well worth a few lines here.

As in Trones Wood, a small party of men- got separated from the rest of the battalion. The battalion was advancing in the darkness, and in its eagerness to move forward forty of the men got in front of everyone else, and by and by found themselves in a little copse, a good half- mile from any of their fellows. They had with them a machine-gun, and during tin- day, as they were not attacked in force, they succeeded in holding their ground, having decided that as soon as it was dark they would try and get back.

Between the forty men and our lines, however, were some German trenches. They reached one of these and were . challenged, but shooting down the startled ..sentries they dashed for it ; amid a shower of bombs and shots, leaping over parapet and trench alike, they continued their homeward way, and at length about half of the forty managed to regain the British lines.

From Radhingetn to Loos

Of the two Regular battalions of the Bulls, the 1st went to the front in September, 1914, to complete General Pulteney's Third Corps ; and the 2nd, which had come from India, joined the army in the field the following winter. In addition, a reserve (Militia) battalion was at the front in 1914, and others followed as they were equipped and trained.

On October 18th, 1914, the ist Buffs . helped to take the village of Radhingent, and during most of that month they were fighting, first to secure the line of the River Eys and then, when the full German advance developed, to hold the British front near Armentieres. The failure of the attack and the end of the battle brought to them a little rest.

The division, the 28th, then under General Bultin, in which the 2nd Buffs were, was sent, in February, J915, to hold that part of the British line whicExurved round Ypres from Zonnebcke to Polygon Wood. There they remained, periods on duty in the trenches alternating with periods of rest behind, until, on April 22nd, the Second Battle of Ypres opened.

On this day the Buffs were in reserve, so under Colonel Geddes they and four other battalions were hurried up to the relief of the Canadians, and took their places near Pilketn. There they remained firm, under torrents of shells and the novel horrors of gas, until the evening of the 26th, when, their duty nobly done, they returned to their old place in the line. Their losses on those days had been heavy ; among them was their colonel, A. I). Geddes, a soldier of exceptional merit.

The 1st Buffs, who for a time had been away from the heavy fighting, had a bout

reasons, our bombers could only reply with about 2,000. and, owing to the rain, the fuses of these had to be lit from cigarettes, but yet, under Second-Lieut. W. T. Williams, these were hurled with good effect, for the Germans were kept back. Again, a single recorded fact shows something of the fighting in which the 8th Battalion was at the time engaged. A temporary second-lieutenant, James Vaughan, as all the senior officers had become casualties, took command of the battalion and brought it out of action safely and in good order.

Some fighting in March, 1916, revealed another hero in the ranks of the Buffs. Corporal W. R. Cotter had his lcg~blown off, and was also wounded in both arms, but instead of giving way to these terrible injuries — as most men would have done, and no 0113 have blamed them — he crawled to a crater which some of his men, somewhat shaken, were holding. His

V

rn

‘kj<

Jlassano

OFFICERS OF THE BVFF3— Back row (left- to right): Lieut. A. J. Heft, See.-Lient. A. D. H. Foster, Lieut. M. Hammond, Lieut-. P. G. Xorbury, Lieut. G. T. Xeame, See. -Lieut-. W. L. McCoIl, See. -Lieut. E. nightingale. Third row : Capt. A. A. Mackintosh, A.D.C., Capt-. C. K. Black, Lieut. L, Wood, Limit. E. C. Dun-tan, Lieut. E. B. C. Burnside, Lieut. G. J. Xeame, Second row : Brig.-Uen. J. If. V. Crowe. Maj.-Gen. F. I. Maxsc, C.V.O., C.B., D.S.O., Lieut.-Col. W. F. Elm-lie, Gen. Rt. H011. sir A. Jf. Paget, G.C.IL. K.C.V.O., Major 0. 1,. Panniter, Brig. -Gen. A. Martyn, Major R. L. P. Bireb. Front row : e .- Lieut. F. M. Stoop, See. -Lieut. H. L. Quartermainc, Scc.-licut. J. G. Spencer,

Sec. -Lieut. G. M. Tait.

of it in August. At Hooge the Germans succeeded in getting into some of our trenches,, and the Buffs was one of the battalions used to recover them. With slight casualties the lost crater was won, and the fighting ended with it once again in British hands. A little later, on September 21st, near Forward Corner, Eieut. C. E. Clouting and Sergeant Baker won honour for themselves and their battalion "by going out to succour a wounded officer.

In the Battle ot I.oos, in September, 1915, at least two battalions of the Buffs took part. The 2nd, acting as supports to the First Corps, shared in the fighting around Fosse S which followed the first onrush of our men, and the 8th, one of the New Army, was in the force that assaulted Hulluch. The fighting for the possession of Fosse 8 consisted largely of bomb¬ throwing, and it is related that in seventeen hours and a half the Germans threw 10,000 of these missiles at one party of the Buffs. To- this shower, for various

words and example pulled them together ; lie directed them how to meet and repel a fresh attack, and then, two hours later, had Iiis wounds dressed. It was, however, too late to save liis life, and even the Victoria Cross scents hardly an adequate recognition of such heroism.

Origin of their Nickname

The Buffs are descended from the trained bands of the City of London. As the Holland Regiment a force of them was sent by Oueen Elizabeth to help the Dutch. When this returned to England, the regiment was known, from the colour of its facings, as the Buffs ; it was added to the Army as the 3rd of the Line, and somewhat later began its connection with Kent. It fought in all Marlborough's great battles, and in some of those of the Peninsular War ; it was at the storming of the Redan, and one or other of its battalions served against the Chinese, the Malays, the Zulus, the tribesmen of the Indian frontier, and the Eosrs. A. WTH.

The War Illustrated, 14 th J.utif, 1917

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Ixxxviii

our own. A blundfer has been described as worse Ilian a crime. Gprn\any's vitija-. iron of Belgium AvasJ both blunder and crime, ’and only' ;i nation blind with blood- lust cOuld have followed it up with an advance against Paris when Calais was practically defenceless, ",11' the Germans had got to Calais in the first months of the war ! " l'or the Kaiser and his war¬ lords that is the most-galling " if '1 of all.

If Norway Came In

X/JK. 1.0 VAT FRASER, the. writer of the valuable article on. the Mesopo¬ tamia Report which appears in Thf. Wak Illustrated this week, is a , distin¬ guished member of the editorial staff of the “ Times.” His knowledge pf India and the East, is profound. 1 le.'was for several years editor of ..the ‘‘Times of India,” and travelled '^through India,

China, and round. the' itorld on various special missions for the leading journal, making a special study of the Persian.

Gulf, the Balkans, and the China Seas.

He attended the Imperial Coronation Durbars at Delhi in 1903 and 1912, and is the author of two strikingly interesting volumes, “ At Delhi, 1903,” and “ India Unde# Curzon and After, 1912,” and is widely known as a publicist whose writings' are as authoritative as they arc vigorous. His masterly survey of the grave and startling. Mesopotamia Report j makes a notable addition to the long, growing list of gc markable contributions which -have helped , to make The War Ii.lts.tr ate d uiiiqiu?' among publications dealing with the Great War.

That Channel Tunnel

A XOTI.IF.R “ If ” reduced to absurdity.

•* *■ This, I am sure, will be the conclu¬ sion of alt readers of The War Illus¬ trated who give to Mr. Harold Gwen's forthcoming article on the Channel Tunnel project the attention it deserves. Experts decided against the tunnel years ago in a remarkable symposium in the “ Nine¬ teenth Century.” Of late, however, its advocates, addressing a new generation, have urged that if -it had been made before the war our co-operation with France would have been vastly facili- I- tated. "Mr. Owen — bringing to bear upon j the problem that clear gift of reasoning applied by him in these pages last week | to the question of air reprisals — demon- 1 strates incontrovertible tint .the existence of the tunnel in August, iy 14, .would have meant the German occupation of Calais.

I I hope to be able to publish Mr. Owen’s contribution in our next issue.

TYJHAXWH 1LE, it may be pointed out,

, ^ ” . the advocates of the tunnel arc I agitating once rhore and have asked the Prime Minister to afford an opportunity for ascertaining the opinion of the House i . of Commons on the project, on the grounds that the question of the tuhnelhas secured ! overwhelming support in the country, the Army, and the Press ! ft is to be hoped ' j that sentiment may not be permitted to commit us to an undertaking which policy I would 'docline, f • . ' ■ . ' r

Blunders of the War

WHEN the . history of the war comes finally to be written, the chapter on | its ghastly blunders will make, tragic read; . j ing for posterity. In view of the initial, bungle over the Goeben and Breslau, the comedy- tragedy of the Antwerp adven¬ ture, and the affairs of .Gallipoli and Mesopotamia, which no ; adjectives can describe, we have small reason for self- congratulation. But wo have cause for eternal . thankfulness that Germany’s blunders have been at least as great as

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Copyright

From this sketch map may be seen that if Norway should be forced into war with Germany, as suggested in Mr. Pcrcival Hislam’s article on another page, ..the re¬ lation of the Norwegian coast with that of Scotland would enable the British Navy to control more completely the waterway from the Skager Rack and the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

Prisoners of War on the Land

I OKI) MILNER, speaking lately in *— 1 the House of Lords, gave.;, some interesting figures concerning the refcent and prospective employment of prisoners of war in agricultural work. There were, he said, two and a half million acres of rotation grass land in the country, and, in view of . our present necessities, that land was not. being put to the best use. The Government meant to break up only as much grass land as they prudently could, consistent with its proper cultiva¬ tion when it was broken up.

I_I IS lordship was able to add that between * * 5,000 and 6,000 fresh prisoners

were about due from the western front, and he had secured by far the greater number of them for agriculture. There were at present about 800 prisoners of Avar engaged on the land, and the number Avas increasing. The experiment had proved a complete success. Since lie

last dealt, with the subject, between 70)000 and '80,000 men. had been placed; lor agricultural labour from military service..' Willi "regard to women, 120,000 had been added, and 20,00.0 or 30,000 more men labourers and skilled agricul¬ turists .would soon be coming along.

LIAVIXG appealed to his local tribunal on behalf of a 'young mail Avhoin he employed as a shepherd, an Essex farmer Avas told that the work of shepherds could easily be done by Avomcn and girls. “ Well,” he sijid, Avith deliberation, “ there never Avas a Avoman who was a shepherd ” ; and then he added, with such effect that he got his man exempted, “ except Little Bo-Peep — and sec what a mess she made of it ! ”

D.R.G.M.

pROBABLY many readers avIio saw * these initials recently at the head of a letter in the daily Press thought— as I Avas momentarily inclined to do — that they indicated some new order or medal, or other form of decoration for deeds done. Reading the letter, however, I find that the initials indicate the Avay in which pur¬ chasers of goods of enemy origin may be ” done.” Mr. Edward Grocock’s letter is so pertinent that 1 think it may avcII be quoted here to put more readers on their guard :

Bow many men in the street know that the meaning of the' above capital letters (capital to Germany) stamped on tools, toys, and innumerable other articles stands for Design Registered, German made ? Who is respon¬ sible for tlie abbreviation of the Foreign Merchandise Marks Act, and why should those Who would only buy English-made goods be so deceived as to the real origin of such goods ?

Well may the \vriter ask Avho is respon¬ sible ; but, Avliqcver it may be, it is cer¬ tainly as Avell, if such goods arc about, that as many people as possible should be enabled to penetrate the disgraceful disguise.

“Through the Iron Bars”

I TXDICR this title Mr. Emile Cammacrts has written a simple but profoundly eloquent and deeply moving record of the seven and a half million' of Belgian heroes avIio are suffering behind the German lines, who have been- suffering ever since the enemy overran the greater part of gallant King Albert’s gallant kingdom. The way in which these people, in the face of long-drawn out martyrdom, ■ ha\-c retained unshakably their courage and- loyalty and ability to laugh at the efforts made by their material masters fo bring them into 'submission is, as Mr. Cammacrts says, '.‘ a miracle.” In this little book the Belgian poet chronicles the miracle, Avhich, as he says, is inexplicable, and shows how the story of Belgium, 'since the beginning of its tragedy in the autumn of 1914, is but an illustration of those brave words of the Belgian Premier, Baron dc Broquevillc, “ The body may¬ be conquered, the soul remains free.” The book, which should be. widely read, is published by Mr. John Lane, and its price is sixpence.

j. a. m.

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The ir«r Illustrated, 21s£ July, 1917

If Tiber© Mad leer a dbanne! Tunnel!

ALL THE BEST OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ^

Brussiloff Plans His First Great Stroke with the Armies of Free Russia

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Tlie TTar Illustrated, 21 st Jul)/, 1917.

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OUR OBSERVATION POST

DOING THE SHOPPING

/'T ROUSING is an occupation in which- I think I may say with truth that I indulge very seldom. I claim no merit for my comparative innocence in this respect. Strict self-examination results in my having to attribute it to a care¬ fully-inculcated regard for manners rather than to a native inclination to virtue — a method of training which will restrain a man from making public exhibition of a " before breakfast temper.” or from slang¬ ing a servant — not because he doesn’t want to, but because it “ isn’t done." Further, I may premise that, even if I were addicted to grousing, I should not be allowed to do it here. The Observa¬ tion Post is not a shaft for ventilating grievances'. It is a raised coign of vantage whence to survey the shifting scene and to point out interesting or sug¬ gestive or amusing incidents that happen to catch the observer's eye.

THEREFORE, if on this occasion I happen to say that cauliflowers cost sixpence each down my alley, I hope you will not think I do so in a complaining spirit. And if I state my opinion that tlie lower middle-class of society, to which I belong, is the one on which the heaviest burdens are laid, please do not accuse me of grousing. Cauliflowers did cost six¬ pence each dov7n my alley last Saturday, and I always have thought that the lower middle-class of society is the one. that is hardest driven in the struggle for exist¬ ence. Both facts, however, I state merely as facts which have come under my per¬ sonal observation, and without any inclination to make a song about them. I accept both as part of political economy — a great and a high matter about which 1 know nothing at all.

XIY subject — if I can only get to it — is prices and profiteering and the indomitable courage of women, with a side reference to the deprivation of com¬ modities to which they have always been accustomed to which my peers — that’s from the Habeas Corpus Act, not the Book of Snobs — are subjected in the present unhappy times. All these things are pre¬ sented forcibly to the observation if one goes out with one’s wife, as I did last Saturday, to do the shopping.

THE expedition provided material suffi- 1 cient for a long essay, an'd I wash I had the genius to write it. The first thing I realised was the almost tra; ic differer.ee there must be to a woman between going shopping and doing the shopping. -With the former object in view, she ' forth with a full purse free to buy anything within reason that she would like to have in her house, or wear herself, or give to her children to wear. With the latter object in view, she puts in her purse a rigidly determined sum, and spends a harassing afternoon deciding that she cannot afford any number of things she really needs, and doing intricate sums in her head to make sure that the inelastic money will go far enough, and that it — being a trust fund — -shall not be unlawfully depleted by dishonest or inaccurate tradespeople. ” Wouldn't Helen look sweet in that ? ” she says, indicating a kilted skirt and sailor-collared blouse marked four-and- eleven-three, and turns away with a sigh.

Helen can’t have it — not this week, at any rate. The only gleam of consolation is that Helen did not see it too, and say she wished she could have it. Mothers get used to that cold comfort, but philo¬ sophy shuts up when it sees the look in their eyes. Of course, a child should learn to do without things, but what if you discover some day that its joy in life has died of a chill ?

CO to the butcher and mental arith- ^ metic. “ Eight-and-fourpence for that ? Wicked ! " she says, indignation making her audible ; and the man, irrit¬ able already from the frequent repetition of the remark, turns rudely away. “ Take it or leave it ! ” he says, smacking the joint down ; and she intimates that she will leave it. She points to a joint that looks much smaller. Jugglery with weights and scales aud a lightning calcula¬ tion result in an almost identical price being demanded. -Four-pounds - ten - ounces at one-and-eight a pound appar¬ ently represents seven-and-elevenpence, and further consideration becomes necessary. We move away. " I want to get a joint,” she explains, " because I can make a cake with the dripping, if I can get sugar. Perhaps we had better' find that out first. Come to the stores ; I’ve got some sugar-tickets.”

THE tickets, I discover, are of the nature of I O U’s, or of promissory notes, by no means certain to be honoured on presentation. Actually, they are grubby scraps of paper, on which a shop- assistant has scrawled in pencil “ Jib. sugar due,” or “ Jib. sugar due,” meaning that the customer has previously bought some shillings’ worth of groceries, and that the grocer promises to sell her that amount of sugar, next time she calls if he has it in stock. On this occasion he pro-

THE following notable war-poem, by Wendell -*■ Phillips Stafford, appeared in the Washington “ Evening News ” shortly after America's entry into the war :

SH? is risen from the dead !

Loose the tongue and lift the head ; Let the sons of light rejoice.

She has heard the challenge clear;

She has answered “ I am here”;

She has made the stainless choice.

Bound with iron and with gold —

But her limbs they could not hold

When the word of words was spoken ; Freedom calls — •

The prison walls

Tumble and the bolts are broken !

Hail her ! She is ours again —

Hope and heart of harassed men And the tyrants’ doom and terror.

Send abroad the old alarms ;

Call to arms, to arms, to arms.

Hands of doubt and feet of error !

Cheer her ! She is free at last.

With her back upon the past.

With her feet upon the bars,

Hosts of freedom sorely prest,

Lo, a light is in the west And a helmet full of stars t

tests that he has none left. " Come on Tuesday morning,” he suggests ; and my wife strikes. "You’ve put me off three times. Here are your three tickets. I won’t go without it 1 ” And although he has none in stock, the man retires to some secret lair and returns with three half- pound packets of brown sugar, almost ramming it into her fish-bag, in order that as few people as possible may sec it.

CUGAR thus secured, we 'went to a ^ greengrocer. My wife pointed to a cauliflower. “ Sixpence each," said the son of the old Adam ; “ take one ? ” "No, thank you!” said my wife politely. “ If I were you, I would wear it in my button-hole. It's just the right size. How much arc the peas ? ” “ Sixpence a pound,” said the

man quite meekly, being obviously at a loss for repartee. It was the first time I had heard of peas being sold by the pound. If the pods arc well wetted before weigh¬ ing, .very few go to a pound, which per¬ haps is the reason for the innovation. I admit, too, that it is more reasonable to sell peas by the pound than butter by the. yard, as they do at Cambridge. “ They were threepence a pound last week,”, Stout-Heart objected. “ They are six¬ pence a pound this week,” Proud Obsti¬ nacy retorted. " Are you going to have them ? ” ” Certainly not ! ” was the

decided reply. , And again we moved on.

VOU might imagine that we got no * dinner ; but the expedition was not so fruitless as that. I need not carry the ■ story further, however, but after the good dinner had been enjoyed we talked — 7 about prices and profiteering, and how to counter both by organised refusal to pay inflated prices — and after that, again, l mused — about the indomitable courage of women. The true heroism of common¬ place people, leading average lives, always has commanded my admiration, but I don’t think I realised until last Saturday how very plucky the women are’ who steadily go on with their home duties' just now, plodding along a road of life that is against collar all the way. I don’t' suppose any of them care in the least whether they have dinner or not ; but the children want it — as well as need it, which is a very different thing — and therefore these brave creatures stand in long queued for long hours in the rain to secure Half a pound of sugar or a pound of potatoes ; and others of them, reputedly “ better off,” go through- the repellent, sordid business of arguing about halfpence and watching scales and dragging home heavy1 baskets of inferior goods sold to them at; superior prices, and at the end of the day’ are tired almost to the point of tears.

IT is the heroism of these women I 1 would sing, were I true poet. Mean¬ while, I want to know how much of the trial it endures is imposed without justi¬ fication. Is it truly due to the war that meat costs one-and-eightpence a pound instead