#y->^ M frfu («' r ar r*x c 4 ■■> ,atz ■■r«^-\r ^ ( C 0; UNITED STHBM!l!OS!S a ca ,E SHELF 00VBBN1KKT PMST1HO «m<>« € * \ \ T '< ^r <vwf CC'( ((or ex : C"( rf~ r-3B I'i fy - n r' f 9ra '» ( < ■ r r.^r '<!o r » «* ;V '' (i C ^ f cat € ' '(< '€«!(■; '«{:■<< <# < < < j c ' , < €-/( f. «( 'l Cfi€ < < CU( <t(c C ^ e r(< /■ y rm Ac r- fr«i <v^ z' (til ij&r <<i < # c < r*< € nunc t */ m. s " ' ( <WT<1« rf f<? <*< * « < J|<c' # \\C ' f(i car < < C £« I C< <» CC « rfrttrr <tt C < ftf «' r . < C € .' c £« i i» « If «Vr <^<, *i< (r u ( ^ ( f (* c <;r ^f i^v< re <C«r M ?rz ;a r" C<c cm rci{ ; ( f < f /' ' < f r v rfi fv ''.<(' ■ — THE <^ HMERICAN jgffJAP JTOURNAL AND V*>^ MANUFACTURING CHEMIST. Entered at P. O. at Milwaukee. Wls^ as Jjecond-Class Matter. Oct. 2. 1900.-PubliBbed Monthly. Vol. XVI. Milwaukee, Wis., September 1, 1905. No. 1. Welch, Holme & Clark Co. 383 West Street NEW YORK. Soap Materials and Mill Supplies. Prime Green Olive Oil Foots, CocoaMut Oil, , Palm Oil, Saponified Red Oil, &c, &c. HEADQUARTERS FOR HEL10TR0PINE CRYSTALS AftANDOL OIL OF WINTERGREEN FOIN COUPE .HYACINTH VANILLIN . CINNAMON COUMADIN NEROLINE, fa. I.tuxvt Market I'ri.es. Al-<> Special F«r CwntrnHs. COLORS:— Green, Red. Brown, Yellow. Ca in Alkaline <t Akoholic Sr An interesting offer concerning RHODINOL II. OIL OF ROSE fy4tm"MWw OUNCE * An experiment with a free sample will demonstrate whv it is preferred by so many manufacturers to the best natural oil. ', If you are not in needof the very finest, and merely wish to have a Rose stihn iiute such as we understand others claim to have equal t" on- RHODINOL II. please note that our RHODINOL I. isfar superior to any of ihcmand the price isbut 52.00 per oz. As this is a matter which is of importance to you to ascer- tain, and you have nothing to lose and everything to gain, why not try an ounce ol RHODIXOL II, or an" ounce of each, or a free sample? Awaiting reply from you today concerning the above, or request for samples and pamphlet toncernirg Synthetics, we remain, Yours very truly, Fries Bros. MFG. CHEMISTS 02 ttEAitE st. NEW YORK Wood Products Co. BUFFALO, N. Y. Sole Manufacturers of Columbian Spirit A Perfect Article for use in makii g Transparent Soap sou CLAYTON ROCKHILL, ase«t KTE3'\7\7' YORK Used by Largest Soap Makers, Must be a reason for it." CENTURY" RUBBER BELT CONVEYORS Are made in lengths to suit the BUYER'S NEEDS. ^^ IVaterlal in Bulk or Package Handled wi h Equal Facility. Catalogue 67 A on Conveyors illustrates rrany different types Mailed free with others on Elevating, Conveying. Power-Transmitting, Chans, etc. The Jeffrey Manufacturing Go. COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A. 6. K. Williams & 6o„ Vifc^fc Pioneers in the Mining and Manufacturing of 'k%f& TALC For Soap Manufacturers * j* ^ * EASTON, PA. ■***'* Philadelphia Quartz 60., MANUFACTURERS OF SILICATE OF SODA in its various forms WORKS PHILADELPHIA, PA. ANDERSON, IND. OFFICE 121 S. Bird St., Philadelphia, Pa. — -♦♦♦ — - All communications should be addressed to our Main Office, 121 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa., or supplies may be obtained from the following: BUFFALO Buffalo Warehouse & Distributing Co. CHICAGO M. L. Barrett & Co., 219 Lake St. CINCINNATI -Hosea & Co., S. W. Cor. Main & Front Sts. CLEVELAND Fred. G. Clark Co. NEW ORLEANS- R. Yallon, 345 Carondelet St. NEW YORK Welch, Holme & Clark Co., 381-383WestSt. PITTSBURGH. ..Geo. A. Kelly Co., 421-423 Seventh Ayc ST. LOUIS Whitelaw Bros., 409-411 N. Second St. SAN FRANCISCO -Meigs & Co., 218 California St. MONTREAL, (Quebec), Wilson, Paterson & Co. SILEX ESPECIALLY PREPARED FOR SCOURING AND LAUNDRY SOAPS. Full information and samples furnished upon application. THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO.. 'Iford,- Ct. 55 Fulton St., New York. 7 W. Lake St., Chicago, III. 55 Fulton St., New York. 231 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa. ■ The American Gnemicai 60. OFFICE AND WORKS 640, 642, 644 and 646 Carr Street, and C. H. & D K. B,., CINCINNATI, OHIO. Long Distance Telephone West-379 Caustic Soda Soda Ash Sal Soda Ground Caustic Soda — all strengths Bicarbonate of Soda Glaubers Salt Saleratus American Carbonating Powder Atvikrican Neutralizing Powder Soduxite Bleaching Powder — in casks, drums and 10 lb. cans (1-2 cans to the case) Special attention given to prompt shipment and spot orders. ■ Write for prices, terms, etc. 931 ■ MA4- AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST The Latest Complete Edition of Our List ot Soap Brands was published on Jan. 1st, 1902. All new brands and changes that have been re- ported since that date are contained in the " Supple- mentary List" published on another page of this paper. DRUGS, OILS AND PAINTS, Rooms 644 and 646 The Bourse, PHILADELPHIA. A Monthly Journal devoted to the interests of the Drugs, Oil, Paint and Chemical Trades. The most practical trade publication issued in America. Subscription Price, $2.00 per annum . Sample Copies Free. Advertising Rates on Application. 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Marks Designs Copyrights &c. Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing pater ts. Patents taken through Munu & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of anv scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year: four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN&Co.36,Broadwa* New York Branch Office, 625 F St.. Washington, D. C. KNIVES FOR BOX WORK, Special Prices for All Grades and Sizes. Loring Coes & Co. Worcester, Mass. New Edition of AriERICAN soaps Now Ready! Price, $15.00, Post-paid. ADDRESS: AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST NOVELTIES IN SOAP PARTNERS WANTED For the introduction, maintenance and supply of our Liquid Soap Distributing Apparatus, and other Improvements, we need the co operation of others interested in this line. We arc ready to invest money, with those who show they are in a position to contribute what we need to protect ourselves against infringers and imitators, and for selling Improved &oaf>*. For that purpose we want a partner in every distributing center. We prefer to co-operate with able, enter- prising 8oa|) Manufacturers, as there are already too many "outsiders" skimming the cream off of the business of Soap making. Samples of our new Distributers for Liquid Soaps and other improvements will be forwarded to those only, who will write for same in a manner which gives us some assurance that they are not intended as models, or for the guidance of those desiring to imitate our original ideas. ADDRESS FOR. PARTICULARS Geo. A. Schmidt & Sons, 405=407 North Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. 0. s. mm m The American Soap Journal & Manufacturing Chemist. ■ /31&J3 A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF THE MANUFACTURING CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. ^^oryo^A^Sw.™™.™ MILWAUKEE. WIS.. September 1. 1905. VOL. XVI. No. 1. THE American Soap Journal AND A reader whom sMJ-UfiSKjr knowingly injured, writes US: "What I- tin dill'ereliee llvl \v< ell the SOap tTUSl and the whisky trust? Give it i^pX The soap trust con- sumes rancid J'ats. and tlic wdd>kv trust create,- fancied rats." Did you ever? \ Manufacturing Chemist. SUBSCRIPTION: United States, Mexico, and Canada, $2.00 a year Foreign Countries in the Postal Union 2.50 " PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. ADVERTISING RATES IN REGULAR ISSUE 1 MONTH. 3 MONTHS. 6 MONTHS. 12 MONTHS. $30 00 18 00 10 00 6 00 875 00 40 00 24 00 15 00 $135 00 75 00 40 00 24 00 $250 00 Half " 1.35 00 75 00 40 00 Glycerine is a by-product, not only of the soap fac- tory, hut also of the heet sugar industry. It is estimated that a factory working up :><m>.<iuii p,. 0f |H,;ts |u,r < 1 ;) \ , turns out daily loot) lbs. of glycerine. The Amebican Soap Joubnal has in recent months greatly extended its circulation among foreiam libraries, news offices, consular offices, press clipping bureaus, and other such institutions through which a trade paper manages to reach every nook and corner where its mis- sion requires it to he on the ground early when any- thing is doing. SPACE ON COVER DOUBLE RATES. For Rates and other Information concerning small advertise- ments of WANTED and FOR SALE, see Announcement at the head of that page. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION: 2707 North Avenue, MILWAUKEE, WIS.. U. S. A. The American Soap Journal and Manufacturing Chemist is devoted to the interests of all manufacturing industries of a chemical character, and is an absolutely independent publication. It is the only newspaper of its kind in America and has also a large foreign circulation. For Subscription and Advertising rates see above. Communications on industrial subjects, news items, and any information suitable for printing in these columns, are solicited and will have due attention. Readers in search of machinery, supplies etc., not advertised in these columns, are invited to write us and we shall endeavor to supply the information. An article contributed to these pages this month under the heading- "Happy Home Making and Busi- uess" comes closer to the interests of the soap maker than its heading at first might suggest. We recommend it specially to the attention of our readers. FROM OUR CORRESPONDENTS. CONGRATULATIONS IX ORDER. Warrington, August 23, L905. * Editob American Soap Journal: Dear Sir — We have much, pleasure in informing you that we have just been favored with the Royal Warrant as Manufacturers by Special Appointment to Mis Majesty the King. We take this opportunity of enclosing you a copy of our Works pamphlet, which has received a good dial of favourable comment. Yours faithfully, Joseph Cbosfield & Sons. Ltd. Address all communications to' DR. HENRY GATHMANN, Publisher, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. who knows? Brooklyn, X. V.. August 21, '<>.-). American Soap Journal: Gentlemen — Will you kindly give me some informa- tion as to a reliable agent who could handle our soap LIBRARY AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST for textile purposes and introduce it into the Eastern mills ? Yours respectfully, Hector C. Jaeck. FROM THE BUREAU OF MANUFACTURES. Washington, D. C, August, 1905. American Soap Journal: Gentlemen — The enclosed circular is being sent by the Bureau of Manufactures to manufacturers and ex- porters of the United States. Will you kindly give it notice in your paper? Please send marked copy con- taining notice. (The circular enclosed in above reads as follows) : To Manufacturers and Exporters : The Department of Commerce and Labor is desirous of securing the cooperation of manufacturers and other persons interested in the efforts being made by this Department, through the Bureau of Manufacturers, to extend the foreign trade of the United States. In furtherance of this work, it is proposed to estab- lish a comprehensive card index which will enable the Department, upon application, to furnish information desired by manufacturers, or by intending purchasers, and it is contemplated to extend the system, if the necessary authority shall be granted by Congress, to our principal consulates. To enable the Bureau to prepare such an index, you axe respectfully requested to fill in the accompanying blank, and furnish briefly any additional information which you may desire to have recorded in connection with your business. In mailing reply please use the enclosed envelope. Very respectfully, John M. Carson, Chief, Bureau of Manufactures. Recent Trade Mark Decisions. The Washington correspondent of the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter writes under date of August 18 : The "Commissioner of Patents has rendered an im- portant decision under the new trademark law in which he holds, in effect, that section 5 of the new act must be strictly construed with reference to the provision that marks shall not be registered "which so nearly re- semble a registered or known trade mark owned and in use by another, and appropriated to merchandise of the same descriptive properties, as to be likely to cause con- fusion or mistake in the mind of the public or to deceive purchasers." In the case under consideration the Commissioner has refused to register a trade mark consisting of a mono- gram within a circle on a solid background having the form of a Maltese cross. The basis of the refusal is the fact of a prior registration of a Maltese cross made up of black lines and intended to be applied to a similar class of goods. The Examiner of Trade Marks having declined to register the mark submitted by the later ap- plicant, an appeal was taken to the Commissioner of Patents under the provisions of the new law. The com- missioner, however, sustains the action of the bureau in a comprehensive ruling of special interest to trade mark owners in all lines. He says, in part : "The appellant argues that its mark should be regis- tered because of differences between it and the pre- viously-registered mark. The registered mark does not contain a monogram or printed wrorcls, but is a plain Maltese cross made up of black lines. The applicant says that 'the Office should recognize that a mere out- line cross is not the same as a solid-color cross with a distinctive monogram at its center and should not at- tempt to override the evidence of the eyes that appel- lant's mark is not the same as the registrant's mark showing merely an outline or a cross with an open cen- ter.' "It is further said that the question raised by this Office is really one of infringement, and that 'this ques- tion is for the courts to determine and the Patent Office should not refuse registration where the applicant's mark is prominently and distinctively different from the prior registered mark.' "Section 5 of the act of February 20, 1905, provides that marks shall not be registered 'which so nearly re- semble a registered or known trade mark" owned and in use by another, and appropriated to merchandise of /the same descriptive properties, as to be like to cause confu- sion or mistake in the mind of the public, or to deceive purchasers.' "Under this statute it is clearly the duty of this Office to refuse registration whenever in its opinion the applicant's mark so' nearly resembles a prior registered mark as to mislead purchasers as to the origin or owner- ship of the goods upon which the two marks are used. It is not necessary that the marks be identical, but only that there be such resemblance as to be likely to lead parties to purchase the goods of the applicant supposing them to lie goods produced by the registrant, , "In the present case the Maltese cross is the thing ■which would attract attention of purchasers in the appellant's mark, as well as in the registered mark. The features which the appellant has added to the registered mark are not such as would prevent confu- sion between the two marks. Purchasers would be likely to regard them as features added by the regis- trant to his mark rather than as the independent mark of a different manufacturer, even if they remembered that the registered mark did not include them. "In Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton v. Christian Feigen- span (96 Fed. Rep., 20G) the Circuit Court had before AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST ii the question whether a mark consisting of a plain triangle was infringed by a mark consisting of a tri- angle made up in a particular way and having a mono- gram and scroll tlicrcin. and it was said: — •■ 'These two symbols, disassociated from all acces- sories on labels or capsules bearing them, resemble each other closely enough to bo confusing, deceptive and mis- leading to the public. If both be applied to substan- tially malt liquors. The essential feature of the de- fendant's symbol is Dot the monogram, or gold border. or scroll ornamentation. That feature is the triangle. or, as 11 has been applied, the red triangle, which also constitutes the complainant's symbol as employed in connection with the sale of bottled pale ale. There is nothing particularly unique or striking in the mono- gram, and. if there were, it might readily be supposed to represent, not that the malt liquor to which it is applied was the product of some person, firm or cor- poration other than the complainant, but merely the initials of the name of some bottler of or agent for Bass pale ale. Neither the gold border nor the scroll tracing is calculated to stamp itself upon the memory com- parably with the triangle.' •"The analogy of that case to the present is apparent. (See also the decision of the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit in Johnson and Johnson v. Bauer and Black. 82 Fed. Rep., 662.) The decision of the Exam- iner of Trade Marks refusing registration is affirmed." In connection with the administration of the new law which went into force on April 1, last, the officials of the trade mark division have compiled some ex- tremely interesting statistics showing the growth of the trade mark system since the original act of 1870. The figures representing the progress made under the new law are astonishing and though influenced to a large extent by the liberal provisions of the new statute, yet they reflect clearly the rapid expansion of the commerce of the country and the wide recognition that is being accorded to the protection offered by federal registra- tion. Frm the passage of the original act of 1870 to its repeal by the act of 1881 approximately 12,000 appli- cations were filed in the Patent Office, of which about 8,000 were allowed registration, or an average of a little more than 1,000 applications and 700 registrations per annum. During the four months that have elapsed since the new law of 1905 took effect no less than 12,000 applications have been filed and the trade mark bureau officials express the opinion that the total for the year will exceed 20,000. It thus appears that the number of applications during the four months of 1905 have equaled the number filed during the 11 years that the act of 1870 was in existence. It would be difficult to cite more graphic figures than these, especially when it is remembered that but thirty-five years have pa since the act of 1S70 was placid on the statute hooks. The figures thus presented represent the work und< r the first and under the present statute providing tor the registration of trade marks, but do not cover tin inter- esting period from ISSl to L905, during which the second trade mark act was in force. During the 2 1 years of this period no less than 60,000 applications were received, or approximately 2,500 per annum. Of this large total 36,166 cases were allowed registration, or about 1,500 per annum. While the annual average of applications under the law of 1881 was more than twice as •iicai as under the act of 1870, the registra- tions, while actually more numerous, were relatively smaller. This whs due to special reasons, the most im- portant of which were, first, the fad that the restric- tions of the act of 1881 were more severe, no provision being made for the registration of marks used exclu- sively in interstate commerce and. second, because a large number of applications under the law of 1881, pending in the office when that statute was repealed last April, were carried over under the new law and may yet be allowed registration. In an informal interview with the Report* r's corre- spondent, Mr. E. L. Chapman, chief of the trade mark division of the Patent Office, made some interesting ob- servations with regard to the growth of the trade mark system in the United States. His close connection with. the subject through an experience of many years has made him the highest recognized authority on trade marks in the country. He regards the protected trade mark as one of the most important aids to commerce that the federal government lias ever devised, and the extension of protection to marks employed in interstate commerce he believes to be the greatest development that has been made in the history of trade mark legis- lation. He said : "Of course, it is true that the great increase in appli- cations that has been recorded in the last few months has been due to the important changes in the statute which went into force on April 1. The extension of protection to trade marks employed exclusively in inter- state commerce has rounded out the law and has made it almost a commercial necessity for trade mark owners to register their marks in the Patent Office. There are, however, other reasons for the growth of the trade mark system. Manufacturers and dealers have learned the value of a distinctive, fully protected trade mark, and they are more ready today to spend money to se- cure protection and to defend their marks against in- fringement than ever before. "Formerly trade marks were not very widely adver- tised, and their fame was frequently only local. As facilities for communication between all parts of the G AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST country improved and the volume of our commerce in- creased the value of the trade mark came to be more generally recognized. The wide distribution of trade- marked goods, and the advertisement thereof, soon brought about clashes between owners of similar marks and lawsuits resulted. This litigation enabled the courts to construe the statutes and to point the way to the most complete protection, so that other manufac- turers and dealers were induced to adopt trade marks for their own products." It is an interesting fact that the present tendency is toward the adoption of a better class of trade marks. Owners of marks have learned that originality and striking appearance count for a great deal, and they are also being taught to devise marks that meet the requirements of the law. Mexican Soda. The famous beds of carbonate of soda near the Bay of Adair, Gulf of California, which the Mexican gov- ernment has steadily refused to sell, are at last to lie exploited, says the New York Commercial. L. C. Baleh, an American resident of Mexico and president of the Mercantile Banking Company of the City of Mexico, has leased and will, as soon as possible, begin to market the soda, most of which is practically pure and worth about $50 gold per ton. The principal bed covers an area of about 160 acres and has the appearance of a lake of ice. The deposit is from twelve to twenty inches in thickness and it is believed does not amount to less than 250.000 tons of marketable soda. 13he Salt Industry. A bulletin issued by the United States Geological Survey states that the production of salt in the United States during 1904 was 22,030,002 barrels (of 280 pounds), valued at $6,021,222, as compared with 18,- 968,089 barrels, valued at $5,286,988, in 1903. This is the largest production ever reported except in 1902, but the average net price per barrel (27.332 cents) is lower than that reported in 190.'! (2?.8'<3 cents) or in any previous year, with the exception of 1902, when the average net price realized was only 23.769 cents a. barrel. The most noteworthy feature of the year 1904 was the increase of 1,193,620 barrels in the production of rock salt. This increase was due in large part to the expansion of the salt industry of Louisiana, where rock salt is easily and cheaply mined in the "mounds" which occur in the southern part of the state. The chief salt-producing states are New York and Michigan, and the combined output from these two states amounts to about two-thirds of the total produc- tion of the United States. The five leading salt-pro- ducing states during 1904 were: New Y'ork, 8,600,656 barrels; Michigan, 5,425,904 barrels; Ohio, 2,455,829 barrels; Kansas, 2,161,819 barrels, and Louisiana, 1,095,850 barrels. The actual consumption of salt in 1904 was 23,116,- 971 barrels, or about 2.46 times what it was in 1880. The imports of salt in 1904 amounted to 332,279,481 pounds. Great Britain contributed 98,943,611 pounds, worth $301,696- Italy, 106,060,288 pounds, valued at. $75,756; Canada, 11,102,273 pounds, valued at $27,- 529; West Indies, 105,160,371 pounds, worth $89,878, and other countries 20,882,959 pounds, valued at $20,- 371. The total value of all the imported salt was thus $515,230. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, the movement of the exported salt changed notably from the emirse of trade in the previous year. Exports to Japan dropped off about 38 per cent, probably on account of the war with Eussia, but trade with Mexico more than doubled, and the already large exportation to the Dominion of Canada increased nearly 100 per cent. The total exports during the year ending June 30. 1904, were 25,508,577 pounds, valued at $99,066, where as in the year ending June 30, 1903, 16,446,380 pounds were exported at a valuation of $70,296, an increase for 1904 of 55.1 per cent in quantity, but of only 40.9 per cent in value. A Direct Method of Glycerine Determination. The present methods of estimating the amount of glycerine in soaps, spent lyes, etc., depend upon the decomposition of the glycerine. Drs. A. A. Shukoff and S. J. Schestakoff now propose to determine the glycer- ine by extraction in the following way : The glycerine liquor, if alkaline, is just acidified with sulphuric acid and any precipitate that forms is filtered off. It is then made slightly alkaline with potassium carbonate. In the same way, if acid, the glycerine liquors are rendered slightly alkaline. The solution is then evaporated to a syrup on a water bath, care being- taken that the temperature does not rise above 80° C, and also that the evaporation process is not continued too long, otherwise loss of glycerine will take place; solutions from which salt separates out (spent lyes) should be evaporated to a pasty consistency. A quantity corresponding to not more than 1 gram of pure glycerine is taken and mixed with 20 grams of anhydrous, powdered sodium sulphate to produce an almost dry powdery mass which can be readily filled into a filter-paper cup for extraction in the Soxhlet's apparatus. The authors use an apparatus in which a cup of 2X10 cm. fits. The apparatus as well as the flask must be fitted with ground glass joints, as the AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST solvent, acetone, strongly attacks rubber and cork. Previous to use the acetone is dried over calcined potas sin iti carbonate, and redistilled; the extraction lasts about four hours. If after distilling off the acetone small drops of fat should appear on the surface of the glycerine they can be remoyed by rinsing with lighl petroleum ether. The glycerine in the flash is then dried in an air-oven at <5-80c ('. until nearly eonstant in weight, this takes from Eout to Ave hours; the tem- perature of the flask must not he allowed to exceed these limits, accordingly tin' bulb of the thermometer must he fixed close to tin bottom of the flask. When weighing the glycerine the flask must he (dosed with a ground glass stopper. The glycerine thus obtained by exacl and carefu] working is quite five from ash and should contain !»!>',' pure glycerine. It may lie mentioned that solutions containing more than tOjj glycerine need not he evaporated hut can ho mixed direct with sodium sulphate. It i< stated that this method can lie used with suc- cess for the determination of glycerine in crude glycer- ine, spenl soap lyes. fats. oils, etc Soap and Glass in China.. In a report from Efangchow, forwarded in January, Consul Anderson called the attention of the paper manufacturers of the United States to the market for American paper in China and gave a number of reasons why American manufacturers ought to lie able to intro- duce their products in the Far East. In a report, also from Hangchow. lie likewise called the attention of American manufacturers to the market for soap in China. He reports that In- has received a large number of inquiries respecting both paper and sOap and says that it is evident American manufacturers expect to push their interests in these lines. Continuing, Consul Anderson says : "It appears that a number of foreigners resident in China have also come to the conclusion that the market for paper and soap in China needs attention. They have organized a corporation with an authorized capital of about $600,000 -old under the name of The China Manufacturing Company (Limited), for the manufac- ture of paper, soap and glass ;,n<l any other articles for which there may be a demand, and which the company may be in a position to furnish. •"American interests represented here are com- mencing to push the soap trade satisfactorily, and T believe that they will secure and hold the better part of the market. The Japanese are still selling consider- able quantities of very cheap goods, and European com- petition is not diminishing. American prospects are bright, however. Persistence will, hacked In proper methods, undoubtedly win. As to the soap portion of the proposed business the prospectus says: "There is an increasing ii-' of this produci among the Chinese, and the market is certain to develop in the future. 'I'he present import of soap amount- to more than $600,000 gold per annum. In addition to foreign import tin re is a considerable manufacture mi the pari of the natives. In and around the Wuhu dis- trict there are available oils and oil-hearing ^rc<\- in great abundance and suitable for soap making. The conditions warrant the expectation that this branch of' the business when taken up will yield substantial profits.' •" The market for glass in China has been growing at a rapid rate for several years, and window glass is grow- ing common in some of the most conservative cities of tin- interior. At Swatow the Japanese have a lamp chimney factory, which seems to he doing a successful business. The Chinese factory at Wuhu has not been much of a success, hut probably modern methods of management and operation will better things. The company under iwiew proposes to buy this property and develop it. The prospectus says: ""The list of glass for windows, as mirrors, in the form of lamps, chimneys, bottle, howls, tile- and many other forms, is rapidly increasing and is still more likely to increase in the future. The importation of glass and glassware amounts to nearly $780,000 gold per annum. "Valuable machinery has been invented and perfected for the manufacture of all forms of -las-, thus doing away with the need of -killed labor and greatly re- ducing the cost of production. Arrangements have been made to transfer over and beyond the ordinary rights that go with the machines the exclusive rights for the company for the Wuhu district, including the river ports, say from Shanghai to Kiukiang. as .-non as the company takes up this work, provided this branch of the manufacture is taken up within a reasonable time. By these patents it will he possible to manufacture locally at a price which will be less than the present cost of freight and duty from Europe and America. A Chinese company is preparing to make glass at Sohchien, about midway between Shanghai and Tient- sin. Their success will serve to test and develop the market. There is room for many such works in this great empire." ■ While it is probable that this company, if organized fully in accordance with present plans, will be able to do a good business, particularly in paper and soap, there is no reason why the situation should be at all discour- aging for American manufacturers. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Patchouli Plant and Its Uses. Consul Skinner of Marseilles, France, in response to numerous inquiries received by him from California and other sections of the United States regarding the patchouli plant, writes: The patchouli plant is a native of India and China., where it is quite common. It is also grown successfully in Ceylon, Paraguay and the French possession of La Reunion. The leaves and branches possess a musk-like perfume, and upon distillation furnish the essence of patchouli. It resembles the saga plant in height and form, but its leaves are less fleshy. Our first knowl- edge of this plant dates from about 1850, when the first importations were received in London. At that time real India shawls were selling at extravagant prices, and buyers identified the genuine by their odor, they were perfumed with patchouli. French manufacturers, in order to imitate the India shawls successfully, im- ported the plant and perfumed their wares with the essence, thus passing off their goods as genuine. Since that time perfumers have taken up the industry for their own account. The cultivation of the patchouli plant has been go- ing on for centuries in China and the Malay Peninsula. It requires a light soli, level land or slightly elevated hillsides. The plants are transplanted in the rainy season 18 inches apart and then covered with leaves. Six months later the first cutting takes place. Each hectare (2,471 acres) furnishes at each gathering about 314 pounds of dried leaves and branches and 185 pounds of stems. The dried branches bring about 11 cents per pound, and, as there are two cuttings every year, the gross receipts of the growers average about $25 an acre, and at times as much as $40. The crop is classed under three heads: (1) Leaves; (2) leaves. mixed with young shoots and a little wood; (3) large stems. In Java the patchouli leaves are often mixed with 25 per cent of elilem leaves. The patchouli leaves imported from Calcutta and Bombay contain 75 per cent of stems and furnish an essence of less value than the Malay Peninsula plants. The Java patchouli is of fine appearance, but is poor in aroma, The es- sence is occasionally extracted in the countries of origin, but the distillation of leaves is only undertaken on a large sale in Europe. The leaves axe 'first cut, then hydrated, left for twelve hours, and then distilled by steam. The yield in essence is from If to 3 per cent. The essence is a. yellow green liquid, which turns brown in time'; it is rather thick, possesses a penetrating odor, which is disagreeable in concentrated condition, but agreeable or at least very characteristic when diluted and associated with other perfumes. The density of the essence at 29.4° C. is as -follows: Penang green essence, 0.957; Penang brown essence, 0.958; French brown essence, 1.012; ordinary commercial essence, 1.0119. Patchouli essence is soluble in 10 to 12 parts of alcohol. The material is at times falsified with coda? essence. The odor of patchouli essence is so strong that few people can endure it. Therefore it is always used in diluted form. When mixed with another essence the second is imperceptible. The dried leaves are often broken into powder, placed in cachet bags, and disposed of in drawers and closets, as a protection against moths. Almost an)^ importer of drugs should be able to pro- cure the leaves for my American correspondents. Soap Liniment and Castile Soap.* BY L. D. HAVENHILL, The numerous articles published in the various drug journals during the' past ten years apropos of soap lini- ment, and the criticisms of the many operators who have been unsuccessful in manipulating the official for- mulas have lead me to believe that there must be something radically wrong with the quality of the cas- tile soap in the American market. To ascertain the facts in the case samples of the principal brands were obtained and submitted to the official tests. The following table sets forth the results: 18.4 0.70 fO.019 2. 12.2 2.50 0.210 0.020 3. 12.4 1.70 0.220 trace 4. 17.1 2.40 1.550 0.58 5. 16.9 0.50 0.050 0.021 64 3.8 1.30 0.900 0.700 fO.040 fr.Oe.c. 8.0 c.c. 4.0 c.c. 28.0 c.c. 7.0 c.c. 5.0 c.c. All these samples gelatinized at about 18° C. I be- lieve that the test applied to dry soap is too rigid and therefore not conclusive. When an equivalent quantity of water was added they, with the exception of No. 1, stood the test. The price of sample No. 1 was 13 cents per pound; of 2, was 28 cents; of 3, was 15 cents; of 4, was 8£ cents; of 5, was 17 cents; and of G, was 40 cents. While they do not all conform strictly to the U. S. P. requirements, they with but one exception make lini- ments of good appearance and keeping qualities. It will be seen that but one sample (No. 4) differs widely from the official requirements for solubility, and that this one is also excessively alkaline. N> difficulty was experienced in making a liniment from it by the official formula. With the ingredients previously meas- ured, the manipulation of the official formula requires less than five minutes of the operator's time, though of course the preparation should be allowed to stand about twenty-four hours and then filtered, before being dispensed. Liniments made from these samples accord- ing to the official formula have stood on a shelf in my AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST laboratory for the pasl three months exposed to the lighl and to changes of temperature and scarcely a trace of deposil is to be found in any of them. Sample No. 6 is three years old and 1 douty if any official prep- aration of the same age will show less change. In view of these facts it seems to me that it would cm rtainly be a great mistake for the committee of revi- sion of the United States Pharmacopoeia bo heed the various unjust criticisms of the present official process and replace it with any of the numerous better ( ?) processes so freely offered. It is extremely doubtful if the resultwould be a greater uniformity in this article than is possible with the present formula. My experi- ence has not lead me to seriously criticise the official formula for soap liniment, and while I will have to agree with the writer of "A Parting Shot at the U. S. P. of 1890'' in the Druggists' Circular for January, 1905 [page 19] that it is impossible to dissolve castile soap in alcohol (attention is directed to this in the table of analyses), I certainly do not agree with his conclusions. for this insoluble matter herein found docs not in the least hinder pr< paring soap liniment by the official process. The best advice that I can offer to one who has diffi- culty with the official process is' to secure a bar of the best white castile soap, reduce a sufficient quantity of it to thin shavings, expose these in a warm place, pro- tected from the dust until they crumble readily be- i \\m n the thumb and finger, then reduce to a fine or moderately fine powder (sift it). Weigh out the re- quired amount ami proceed according to the U. S. P directions, but do not interpret the word "clear" in the directions too literally. In case of failure it is useless for him to waste his time on any of the various substi- tute methods; he should enroll at the first opportunity for a course in a reputable school of pharmacy. Con- cerning the formula for soap liniment offered in the same article and credited to the Bulletin of Pharmacy which is claimed, "with the exception of making the soap direct witli potash, instead of using a ready-made soda soap, and using 5 c.c. more of oil of lavender, this formula corresponds with the U. S. P. in every particu- lar." A single glance is sufficient to show that it does not conform to the U. S. P. in a single particular, though perhaps the fact that 15 grams of camphor are made to replace 45 grams will go a long way in some quarters towards winning favor for it. One salient fact is evidently disregarded, that both caustic potash and olive oil of U. S. P. quality are quite as rare as U. S. P. soap and much more difficult of manipulation. alkalinity should he reduced approximately one-third Im fore comparing with the figures given in the I . s. I'. l.\ sample of commercial powdered castile soap. Emulsification of Oils. .John K. Williams in a paper mi "every day phar- macy" read at a' recent meeting of the Connecticul Pharmaceutical Association says that the emulsification of oilSj especially essential oils, seems to give much trouble, but then is no! the slightesi difficulty with these if the proportions ami procedure of the ••dry" or so-called continental method are followed, using a per- fectly dry mortar of sufficienl size to hold the entire finished product. To one ounce of oil use a half ounce of acacia and (i drains of water, lie has found, how- ever, that the addition of at least one-eighth its hulk of fixed oil, like olive oil. to such essential oils, as tho>e of turpentine, wintergreen, etc.. will assist very mate- rially in rapidity of emulsification, always observing to preserve the proportion of acacia to the entire quantity of oils and of water. Separate, clean graduates must he used for both the oil and the water. In making emulsion of cod liver oil, 25 per cent of gum is suf- ficient and the water in the first instance again must be in the proportion of one-half the oil and gum coni- lumd. "After this thick emulsion is formed," be says, "you can then add a barrel of water if desired without loss of form. There is no utensil to make the larger emulsion with that equals the old style of a chum." *Kead at the 1905 meeting of the Kansas Pharma- ceutical Association, and contributed by the author. fSinee the Pharmacopoeia admits of 36 per cent of water in soap, the figures relating to solubility and Iphe Determination of Wa.ter and Free AlkaJi irv Soa.ps. In making these determinations by the usual methods when drying the soap, the free caustic alkali present is converted into carbonate by taking up carbon dioxide in the air, thus leading to inaccuracies. The following process lias been proposed for deter- mining the free caustic alkali : 5 grams of soap are dis- solved in about 250 c.c. of water, which has been pre- viously boiled, and precipitated with a 5 per cent solu- tion of barium chloride. The fatty acids and carbonates combine to form insoluble barium salts and after quickly filtering and washing the precipitate the filtrate is titrated with 1 lfl normal sulphuric acid. In this method, however, the hydrolysis which takes place on dissolving the soap in wafer resulting in the liberation of a certain amount of free alkali has not been taken into account. To get over this difficulty the soap should he dissolved in as small amount of alcohol as possible and precipitated with concentrated barium chloride so- lution and after diluting with water the subsequent operations are as slat' d. The process of mixing soap with washed and dried sand is not permissible as the free caustic alkali to he 10 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST estimated later is converted into silicate;" also trie treat- ment of soaps containing high percentage of water with absolute alcohol for the subsequent titration of tree alkali may lead to erroneous results due to a small quantity of carbonate being dissolved. The combined estimation of water and free caustic alkali in soaps may lie carried mil in the following way: An Erlenmeyer flask of about 125 cc. capacity is fitted with a cork carrying a U tube tilled with soda lime which prevents the assimilation of carbon dioxide from the air by the caustic alkali in the soaps. Solid soaps should be finely divided and an accurately weighed quantity is dried in the flask until constant. The soap is then dissolved in the smalk'st possible amount of alcohol, filtered if necessary and titrated with standard acid, using phenol phthalein as indicator; this gives the free caustic alkali in the soap. — Zeitschrift Angw: (.'hemic. Talks About "Happy Home Making** and "Business." Chats about "business" ought to hi interesting in "Labor" as will as "Capital," so we propose to show how Strikes and Lockouts may lie prevented and many other hindrances to success he removed. By far the largest majority of all business difficulties arisi in consequence of people declining to look nl existing problems from various sides. A familiar story tells as bow two knights fought each other for years, the one maintaining that a certain shield which he had seen was made of gold, while the other party was just as firmly convinced that it was of pure silver. After they had spent their estates in lights over their differences and both had become old and feeble, it was discovered that each was light; one side of the shield was made of gold, the: othd of silver. As there were two sides to the shield, so there are many sides to the problems arising in the business world. Those not being able to look at a problem from various standpoints have no right to judge. Because "Busine-s" is an essentia] factor in "Happy Home Mak- ing," upon which depends even' success in lite. Em- ployers as well as Employe.- ought to consider carefully the explanations written by "Experience" (as these communications will he signed) because they are written by a practical worker and not by a mere theorist. It is difficult to understand how little even "experienced" business men know about the underlymg, fundamental lairs, the basis upon which all business enterprises rest, and without which no permanent success is possible. From the office boy or the typi writer girl who just left school to enter business life, to the hoary beaded beads of large concerns, all forge* in their baste to "make money" that the most complicated business problem is like the solution of many intricate arithmetic examples which demand the knowledge of simple rules of figur- ing before complicated problems can be solved, so with business, its simplest forms should he remembered in order to make success possible. The business world (and with it the entire com- munity of course) will have to pay dearly it beginners in business (tile future beads of concerns) are not made to understand the tact that all business is neither more nor less than an exchange of what one lias to give against that which is desired, whether the commodity to be exchanged lie goods or work, material or abilities, Knowledge or Experience, or any or all of these against "money." All of these are "ingredients" or "elements" necessary to make up the combination "Success in Life.'' It is a, great step towards the solutions of the prob- lems confronting the business world if it becomes more generally known and appreciated that "Happy Homes" are made a good deal like the chemist makes his com- pounds, or like the better known article "Soap" is made, where a number of ingredients, the fatty oil, the caustic alkalies, the extracts from flowers, etc., are brought to- gether in proper proportions, agitation is kept up until they unite and the resulting product, the line Toilet soap, will purify and beautify, whin the ingredients separately would do the opposite: the oil would cause unsightly stains and spots, the alkalies would burn and desl my, etc. In a similar manner widely differing natures, various abilities and characteristics arc brought together for the purpose of doing business. The united efforts of several are needed to make "Happy I Ionics." The Ideal of Business is to make this "Union of Ef- forts" and the "proper Division of Labor" bring to each party a fair share of the value of the whole. This is much easier said than done. To bring clear ideas into the heads of workers of all kinds, we should start with the beginni rs in business life and make the office boy or the typewriter girl, as well as the apprentice in the shop, understand that mere technical work is valueless unless it is directed by knowledge and experience. Many a chance for success in life is ruined by a fail- ure to comprehend these simple principles. If, instead of insisting upon receiving the highest possible wages in dollars and cents, the beginner should learn to appre- ciate the value of "Knowledge," "Ex peri nice" and the Confidence created by his willingness to exchange indi- vidual work for the teaching of business qualifications, and to take into consideration educational advantages offered by some kinds of work which are absent in otic is. efficient assistants in "Happy Home Making" would lie more numerous. As it is everybody wants to get, to receive, and few are willing to explain, much less to demonstrate, what AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 1 1 iln\ are able and willing to gin in return for the monev they want. Notice the diffirenee. The mer- chant, tin' manufacturer, etc., who may have winked for a lifetime to create confidence, yet he must set forth, in i \|'; nsive advi rtisi mi nts, and in other ways, what he lias id offi r. while those lie needs i<> help him to supply the n. 'I'd- id the public, and who have done nothing to inspire confidence, decline to go into details aboul their qualifications and to give sonic assurance in regard to their steadiness and reliability. Why this difference ? As long as the business man with moderate means made money enough to risk getting enough work out of his assistants to reimburse him Tor wages paid, em- ployers could afford to hire help without inquiring much into their pas! career, and that habit Mill prevails with some employers, and it will take some time before em- ployes realize that altered conditions necessitate differ- ent method-. Combined Capital, by the help of laboT saving ma- chinery is able to produce. <tl less rust, goods, which to all appearances, are a- good as those made with Skill, Knowledge and Experience in their composition. United Labor, mi the other hand, has managed to raise the price nf labor. A- the trusts control most of the available raw mate- rial and own labor saving machinery, the manufacturer belonging to •■tin middle class" is at a disadvantage and must hi' very careful to get such assistants as have ac- quired sufficient knowledge, and such qualifications as are necessary, to enable them to give "'full value for money received.*" No applicant for work should con- sider it annss to do the same thing as the employers do, viz.: to set forth, and demonstrate what he can do for the salary he expect-. The sooner Labor Unions realize their folly in de- manding equal wages for the poorest as well as I'm- the besl worker iii their society, the greater the service they will render themselves and the commiunity at large. As soon as the assembly rooms of the Union become the place where its members gain knowledge in regard to elevating their calling, when they acquire proper pride in the results obtained by their work, just so soon -will the sympathy ami good will of the public he theirs and help them along in their struggles for a hotter condition. "Labor" claim- it produces everything. ""Capital" says the former can do nothing without money. Both of tic se of i mentioned factors all too often forget that neither can accomplish anything without Knowledge and Experience. The wheel- and other parts of a watch or a sewing machine, etc.. may he made by machinery with very little Labor. Cooperative methods may dis- place "Capital," hut nothing can substitute the prac- tical skill, knowledge and experience of the Inventor or the one who sets together and puts to practical, useful work the parts stamped out by machinery and finished by mechanical work. The efforts id the genius whose nuntal powers conceived, whose practical experiments perfected, built up and assembled the producl others, are of inestimable value to the world. Mental work, a- done by such men, can hardly be compared to physical or mechanical labor; ii i- so ex- haustive, so weakening to the nervous system, thai it requires very much greater stimulus to incite to action 2freat mind- which did so much to lighten the work of the masses. Imagine the world minus the results of the work of those who invented and buill the Sewing Machine — for example, picture to yourself the hundreds of thousands of women stitching away day and night trying to do the work now done by the aid of the sewing machine, and you will agree with us that those who study through many weary years to lit themselves to do do such work a- outlined above, are entitled to much better pay than the man who is content to work me- chanically eight hours a day and dots not bother his ->»ind about anything else hut how to enjoy life during tiie remaining sixteen hours. If yon have ever worked fur the improvement of ex- isting conditions, von will understand why the services of worker- cannot he measured by any other standard than by that of a fair exchange of the real value of services rendered. It must also hi remembered that while the person wdio does mechanical work is refreshed by sound sleep and soon able to renew his lahor.-. mental strains, nerv- ons exhaustion, are repaired by nature very slowly and gradually. Sufferers from mental overwork undergo tortures never realized by the average worker. Had the latter ever experienced the state of mind and body of the former, they would not begrudge the high salaries paid to men capable of doing the work which they faih d to (it. tin mselvi - for. Those who claim the poorer classes are kept poor solely because they lack ■•the means of production," would he greatly surprised did they realize how much land, machinery and material is laying around all over waiting for parties able and willing to "make both ends meet,'"' to "put together the parts," so they will accom- plish something useful. Before criticizing, before claiming a certain fixed sum for your "jusi share" of the work done, he sure to learn all about the real cost of wdiat is produced, above all learn to comprehend the fact that "Material and Lahor" alone are not sufficient to produce high class good-. For example, watch spring-, costing thousands of dollars a pound, consist of the very same material which makes up the pound of steel which you can buy at a few cent,-. What. then, make- the difference in price ? There are iuan\ kinds or rather class - of work, which no one will ever learn to do properly who i- led to do 12 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST his work solely for the amount of wages he receives. It takes a certain proper pride in one's calling, a love for one's lahor to enable one to perform the highest class of work. Is the spirit which predominates in most of our Labor Unions calculated to turn out the best class of workers ? Those societies will produce best results which realize that proper education which teaches the mind to co- operate with the body, show how to harmonize ph}rsical work with mental efforts. Let us hope that all organ- izers will adopt this rule as their standard. The strikes inaugurated by labor unions, while doing- much harm in some ways, might, with profit to the community at large, serve as examples for employers. It would be much more desirable if the business man would strike occasionally, refuse to do business when- ever the price offered him is less than the actual cost of the goods. It woulel be far better for all of us if orders would be declined whenever a "fair ex- change" is impossible, rather than be accepted merely to keep competitors from getting them. Many failures in business (which usually make the innocent parties suffer) would be prevented if the right kind of a strike spirit would take hold of employers occasionally. The writer practices what he preaches and has found it more satisfactory to decline rather than accept less than the real value of the goods or services rendered. The members of big corporations are much more to blame than are the unionists. The wealth of the former gives them better opportunities to know more about the fundamental laws of trade. They ought to have learned long ago that it is impossible by fair means to raise the price of com- modities beyond their actual value, and that it is dan- gerous to do so by scheming. The natural laws of sup- ply and demand will regulate prices eventually, no mat- ter how hard schemers try to have their own way. While the value of most things is guaged by the standard called money, yet there are many things, rec- ognized by any thinking person, whose value cannot be estimated by dollars and cents. It is very imoprtant that this should be better appreciated. Panics which upset all calculations of even the shrewdest business men, are caused by the lack of confidence. Yet in the controversies between "Labor and Capital," that factor, "Confidence," is almost entirely ignored. Let us illus- trate what confidence means in the bu&iness world and what role it plays in Happy Home Making. The coffee or tea you drink grows in far off coun- tries, the producers cannot come to- you holding in one hand the article and extending the other to receive the pay for the labor spent in producing it, they must con- fide in the Merchant, the latter in the Shipper, that person in his subordinates, etc., so that you may get your coffee and the planter his money. Another kind of confidence: when your dear ones are sick you must have confidence in the doctor who provides the medicine and in the poor herb and root gath- c rer who might, if he was not worthy of confidence, sub- stitute poisonous material for the health-giving ones; you must further have confidence in the pharmacist who prepares them, also in the nurses in the hospital (if the sickness is a severe one) to administer the reme- dies properly. All of these assistants in the cure of your dear ones, must prepare themselves for their stren- uous work by many years of study at great expense, long and tedious waiting for a return of the money and time invested to fit themselves to serve you. They must be ready at any hour of the day or night to follow your call. Has the bricklayer, the carpenter, or any of those strikers who. go on a, sympathetic strike at the least provocation, regardless of the contracts made or the agreements entered into, ever thought about the con- sequences, if. others on whom he depends, would act as he does? Or do you suppose the example set by a por- tion of our community might not be followed by others sooner or later? It is queer how that greatest of all teachings, "Good will towards all," can be so disregarded as it is at present to the great detriment and hindrance of real progress. Another potent factor in the destruction of confi- dence and the creation of dissatisfaction is the stock jobbing, the gambling, the "get rich quick" spirit which is present everywhere. ' In order to sell stock, a prosper- ous business must be shown, whether it exists in reality or not. The toiler wants his share of the apparent prosperity and strikes in order to get it. The pro- moter cannot afford to shut down Ms works, because that would interfere with his plan to make investors believe his enterprise to' be a successful and paying one, therefore the stock jobber is forced to pay whatever the union demands. The walking delegate or "business agent," better posted than the class he represents, knows how to squeeze money out of the promoter, who' may have spent fortunes to boom the business and must keep up appearaaices, sometimes for years; before he can "sell out," All profits made thus by schemers naturally must come out of the pockets of workers and producers. All values must be created by widely varying classes of work, scheming never yet produced anthing, therefore all those doing any kind of useful work should unite their efforts in the destruction of schemes and schemers. Not only those directly affeoted are concerned in these stock jobbing maneuvers, but every one suffers. In consequence the higher wages paid by the schemer who expects to remain in business only long enough to' sell out at a good profit, must also be paid by his com- AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMISi 13 pctitors who devoted their life's work to their railing and are doing a legitimate business, and the recipient of "high wages" must pay so much more, for the neces- sities of life, produced by ■"systems" as above outlined, that he is worse oil' than at times when he received lower wages, perhaps, hut a fair equivalent for the work ho did. The man who sells out frequently (a tire, a bank- ruptcy, a settlemenl lor a few per cent of his indebted- ness, is also a sort of "selling out'') can afford to pay, temporarily at least, higher wages than the party whose sound business principles assure continual employment. Tho deplorable consequences to workers for the former class of employers are fully recognized and warned against by thinkers and well-wishers of workers. Un- steady, intermittent employment, and the fear of being discharged in dull times, are the canses for many a wrecked existence. There is but one remedy, however, and that is the enlightenment of the masses, a clear comprehension of '"business" by the majority of the people. Unless the criminality of the habitual destruction of that plant of slow growth, Confidence, is realized and severely punished, we all must suffer for our negli- gence in permitting violations of sound business laws. High ideals must be the guiding star of the masses in their efforts for betterment, they must learn (from Nature) that not the biggest animals are the most use- ful, but the smaller workers like ants, bees, etc., per- form more useful work than the elephant or rhinoceros, in comparison to size. The very smallest living organ- isms, the microbes, bacilli, etc., made useful by that greatest of nature's productions, the human mind, work wonders in the prevention and cure of many ailments. The discoveries of Pasteur, Koch, Lister, etc., are based upon a knowledge of the powers of the smallest beings; this should be an encouragement for the "small" man as against '"big" corporations. The observation of the work of the smaller animals can teach the "man of business" (every employe also belongs to that class) many a valuable lesson. It is much more interesting and instructive to read the de- scription of how an ant's nest or a bee hive is organ- ized and worked, than to read the one-sided epistles of labor agitators or a stock jobbing capitalist. The ever- lasting principle of "a fair exchange" of abilities, of confidence, of depending one upon the other doing his duty, is nicely illustrated by those small workers; they may serve as a good example in many ways. The tendency to obtain something for nothing, the bargain-hunting spirit which betokens the utter dis- regard of that great principle, a fair exchange, also is responsible for much disappointment, deception and corruption in business. People must realize that giving without receiving a fair equivalent is charity and not business. In main cases it 1^ neither one nor the other, iml siiupiy fraud and misrepresentation. To make be- lieve is nowaday- a great stock in trade with those who eater to the trade id' the masses. When the latter Learn that the party who misrepresents one thing will not hesitate to take advantage of buyers in every possible way. a greal step to assist legitimate business will Ik* done, everybody would he benefited if this were done. To realize; that the material bought, is greatly in- creased in value if the proper advice goes with it, will also greatly improve existing conditions. We only need to remember how the doctor, lawyer, etc., sell not hum but their advice, and we will know why a salesman, posted in regard to the properties and peculiarities of the goods he sells, will increase his own value as well as the value of the goods greatly. What good would drugs do, for example, if you were not told their na- ture and how to use them. It is so, more or less, with everything. When the purchasers realize this fact they will be less eager to patronize the department stores, where inexperienced clerks simply band over the ar- ticle demanded, regardless of its suitability for the pur- pose intended. When tho public demands proper advice, proper knowledge about storing, handling, etc., (some merchan- dise requires great care to keep it in proper condition) the intelligent salesman will get a better chance to show his value and to command better wages than the au- tomaton now playing the role behind the counters of "cheap" stores. It is difficult to understand how anyone can demand the abolition of "classes" (except those who belong in the lowest classes). Just remember your school days. How would the smart, studious boy like it to be kept in the same class until the 'dullest and laziest had pro- gressed as far as he? Classes are needed in business life as well as in school. Progress would be intolerably slow were it otherwise and the wheels of progress will crush the individual who seeks to stop the advancing march of civilization. What is needed badly, however, is a better under- standing, a clearer comprehension of the joys and sor- rows, the work, responsibilities and worries each class has to pass through. The laborer who knows more about the anxieties and worries, the sleepless nights of bis "boss" will envy him less, and the employer who knows more, through practical, personal experience about the hardships of bis employes, appreciates their services better. If both realize that their combined efforts are needed to produce the finished article and to sell it, and get the money for it, if the worker remembers what has been said above about the value of confidence, and bow the owner of a shop has to create confidence by many year9 of correct living, he will be less ready to ruin that confidence by breaking a contract. 14 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST The relation between employer and employes are be- coming more and more acute daily, and it is the duty of every person of experience to assist in arriving at a solution of the problems confronting us. Industrial diseases must be treated like the sickness of a human being, we must have a correct diagnosis of the case first, before we can attempt to cure it. For that purpose we must investigate conditions by taking same under the microscope (of the mind's eye) and examine details carefully. As in school, lessons are rehearsed occasionally in or- der to make better progress, so should the workers occasionally go back and see what the past teaches, doing so avoids losses and disappointments. When the first emigrants arrived in America, "trade" was carried on in a most simple maimer. The "Traders"' exchanged what they had against what they wanted. The Arti>an traded off his skill and the products of his labor against those of the agriculturist, the hunter and the trapper. The doctor, lawyer, minister, etc., traded their knowl- edge and experience in exchange for what they needed. It is well to impress upon your mind the picture thus recalled, and the conditions then prevailing. Doing so will help very much to realize the many advantages offered by the present civilization, and prevailing meth- ods of dividing the work, while at the same time many are working together for the same purpose, no matter how hard employer and employe try, it will be found impossible to git along without occasional controversies-. Business life is like steering a boat or ship, you cannot tie the helm and expect it to go on to its destination. A guiding lread and hand, a moving of the rudder in one direction or another is indispensible, hut it should be done with good judgment and. the object of getting all inmates of the ship of "Business" safely ashore. Who, then, is to blame for the many wrecked exist- ences we read about? Everybody is who docs not lire in a manner calculated to create confidence. If we do not know and esteem untarnished reputation above wealth, we are encouraging others to value wealth above everything else. Don't expect others to do what you are not willing to do yourself. Living as an example makes more converts than preaching: Look high for your ideals. The methods employed by the United States Govern- ment are excellent examples and convey many valuable lessons if the principles of same are understood. For example, when a. case is tried in court, the judge as well as the jury is expected to listen to, to comprehend and be guided, not only by the testimony, but also by the arguments made by the lawyers on either side and by the experiences of those icho tried similar cases be- fore. Many volumes are brought before the court and former decisions read, all this to decide a case, and yet the great majority of those engaged in business decline or neglect to consider carefully the various sides of the problem, the correct solution of which determines their failure or success in life. If those chosen to judge us and which we thereby acknowledge as our superiors, thus listen to the pros and cons in a case which concerns only a few individuals, ought not you, dear reader, be willing to consider the above, which, although written in the home-made language of a worker, contains the sum and substance of much practical experience both as employe and employer. Above are given a few examples by what kind of ef- forts the advantages of our present higher civilization has been made possible. As the doctor, the pharmacist, etc., had to study for many years in order to be able to help the sick child of the poorest laborer (imagine yourself back into the times of the savage where no learned doctor was ready to set the broken limb of your dear ones, etc.). So had the Geologist, the Assayer. etc., to be developed in order to make useful the ores, the coal, etc., winch were in existence in the times when the half naked savages roamed through the wilderness. Think hard, strikers, look at both sides of the prob- lem before you strike, but do not hesitate to fight for your rights to the bitter end after a careful investiga- tion lias convinced you that you have done your part and that the other side is trying to withhold your share of the profits ensuing from your efforts combined with those who furnish the other ingredients needed to make the combination above mentioned a success. And let those working for the prevention of strikes never forget or overlook the causes which led to the strikes. Remove tlie cause should be your motto. Be- sides the causes which are outlined above, there is the monotony of work created by prevailing "systems." Hu- man nature demands an occasional change, human be- ings must be given a chance to grow and develop, to produce new leaves and branches. As every person looks different from another, so is each individual different from the other, and to try and make many act alike, as is done by "systematizing things." by depriving workers of a chance to think and act as individuals, the masses will, from time to time, get so tired of their lot that they strike just for the sake of a change. Every thinking person must see an opportunity, must have the hope and expectation to shape life as best suits him or her, that hope gone, dissatisfaction and un- willingness to work takes the place of cheerfulness and good will. It is wrong of the employer to treat all alike just because a few seem unwilling to think and learn, and it is foolish of the employe to suppose that the forming of unions will do any good unless these are means for advancing in knowledge and efficiency. "Experience." AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 15 15he Ca.stor Oil Industry. Continued. Mlsi'Kl.l.AXKOlS ESFS. Castor oil has many other and varied ones, some of which are not common to the United States. Was the trite - ry man to his taste," ever belter exem- plified than by the almost incredible custom, said to pre- vail in parts of China, of using castor as a cooking grease., as lard is used in America? A less surprising, but, as jinked by American standards, almost equally uncommon custom, is the use of this oil in British India and in some other Oriental countries as an illuminant. In British India, it is reputed, among other uses, to.be extensively used as a lamp oil. and reports of no ancient date even refer to it as the illuminating agent in rail- way cars. Castor oil also has in some countries exten- sive usrs as a lubricant. In Australia, which imported 769,392 gallons in 1898, the chief use is ollicially stated to be for this purpose, and the decline in imports in to less than 500,000 gallons, is attributed to the substitution for this vegetable product of the mineral product, petroleum. It may also be noted that in the Cape of Good Hope, where the oil is probably largely used for the same purpose, 307,728 gallons were im- ported in 1902. To a limited extent this oil is used for lubricating purposes in the United States. As is well known, the mechanical function of lubricating oils is to form a coating or cushion between the rotary surfaces, thus keeping them free from contact and preventing loss of power through friction. To this purpose castor oil, being heavily boiled, viscous, and non-drying, is in most cases well adapted. It is the heaviest of fatty oils, having a density of 0.96, and is particularly adapted to the oiling of fast moving ma- chinery, because the heat generated keeps it in a liquid state. In the oiling of special kinds of machinery, car- riage wheels, etc., it is still used to a small extent in the United States; but for general lubricating purposes the cheaper hut lighter boiled mineral oils, to which the required viscosity is frequently given by the admixture of resin, have almost completely supplanted! this as well as other oils. The esteem in which castor oil was popularly held as a lubricant, however, is suggested by the fact that petroleum products adulterated with resin are in some instances now sold in the markets under the designation of "machine castor oil." Castor oil also has properties that adapt it to use in the dressing of leather, and a demand for limited quantities exists in the United States, especially in country districts, for do- mestic use in oiling and softening boots, shoes and har- ness. Among minor uses may be mentioned its use in the manufacture of "sticky fly paper" and of the so- called glycerin soap. For some of its varied uses it is apparent that the demand for castor oil in the United States lias declined; for others, especially in recent years, ii ha- incri as< d. The resultant of these op ing forces, however, is that consumption as a whole is on the upward trend. Quntitatively, isumptive demand for this produel in the I 'niti d Stab - is n»« probably at its maximum up to this dale, and absorbs in round numbers aboul 1,000,000 gallons annually. \l \\ l i \( CUKE OF C VSTOR O] I.. The manufacture of castor oil in the United Stales is an economically important, but, as measured by the capital invested and labor employed, a small industry. As is true of most <d the industries engaged in this country in the expression of oil from oleaginous seeds, however, the productive capacity is far in excess of the total demand for oil. Of the dozen castor oil mills bl- eated in different sections of the United States, several have been practically idle for some years. The remain- ing mills, though constituting the so-called acti\ e branch of the industry, are operated with irregularity or as the exigencies of the supply of castor beans and the demand for castor oil require. The present principal active cen- ters of the industry are Jersey City. X. J., St. Louis. Mo., and Memphis, Tenn. A single mill is located in each of these centers, except that in St. Louis (includ- ing one mill in East St. Louis) there are three. The mill in Jersey City, containing six presses, the largest number in any mill in the United States, is advantage- ously situated for handling imported beans. The west- ern mills, operating three or four presses each, were originally established for pressing the crop of the castor bean belt of the United States. There are also two mills in Boston, Mass., one of which is operated in connection with an alizarine assistant manufastory; one in Brook- lyn, N. Y., and a mill in Grand Rapids, Mich., adjuncts to the manufacture of sticky fly paper. Doubtless the productive capacity of the castor oil mills of the United States is sufficient to supply double the country's re- quirements of castor oil. PROCESSES OF M \ XUFACT t"UE. The equipment of a castor oil mill is identical in its main features with that of a linseed oil mill or of a cot- ton seed oil mill ; that is. the mechanical unit of pro- duction is the hydraulic press. Oil is obtained from castor beans, as it now is most commonly from all olea- ginous seeds, by hydraulic pressure. In the prepara- tion of the bean- for pressure and in the clarifying and refining of the oil after expression, it is possible that slightly different processes are used in different mills; consequently, as is natural in a small industry like this, considerable reserve is maintained by owners concerning even the mechanical operation- of their plants. The principal feature- of the process of extracting oil from castor beans, however, are evident. The beans, first cleansed of fragments of capsules, stone-, dust, etc., an operation that in the case of imported bean- entails a loss of from 2 to 5 per cent., are not decorticated, as 16 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST cotton .seed is,, nor crushed between rolls, as most olea- ginous seeds are, but pressed whole. Decortication is not necessary, and the operation of crushing is imprac- ticable, because the beans would cake too much upon the rolls. They are heated or not before pressure, according to the purposes for which the oil is destined. Heat ren- ders the oil in the beans sufficiently liquid for easy ex- pression, but, if carried to a. degree higher than the hand can easily bear, has a tendency to discolor the oil and render it unfit for medicinal and undesirable for some other uses. The more common custom, therefore, is to press the beans cold by submitting them, enclosed in bags, to gradual pressure for the requisite lenght of time in a powerful hydraulic press. In most mills the practice seems to be to submit, the beans to a single pressing. This custom differs from that prevailing in .some otber countries, where after the first pressing the pulp of pomace is removed from the press, broken in pieces, heated, and submitted to pressure a second, or even a third time, each subsequent pressing, however, producing a lower grade of oil. The oil, as it flows from the press in a whitish liquid, from which the starch, albumen and mucilage are afterwards removed by care- ful processes of clarifying and refining; the resultant product is the castor oil of commerce. Two grades are placed upon the market, known com- mercially as No. 1 and No 3. The former grade com- mands the higher price and enters largely into medi- inal uses; the latter is usually quoted at from % to 1 cent less per pound, and supplies various industrial needs. Both grades are sold by the pound, or unit of weight, and have lately -been commanding from P to 11 cents per pound, as compared with 10 to 12 cents per .pound a few years ago. Ea.rly History of Perfumes. The original form in which perfumes were used is suggested by the derivation of the word which means literally "to smoke through"' and reaches back to the time when man began to take agreeable odors into ac- count and to produce them at will by burning aromatic resins, barks, etc. The perfumers is thus one of the most ancient of arts and with increasing civilization it has always had the patronage of the refined as well as the wealthy class. During the height of the splendor and pomp of Egyptian power perfumes played a part in the daily life inferior only, perhaps, to food and cloth- ing. They were used for embalming the' dead and it is said that even now when a mummy has been excavat- ed the odor of the perfumes and fragrant oils used from thirty to forty centuries ago is so distinct as to admit of identification. Incense-burning was one of the favorite ways of making an offering to the gods. Sweet smelling oils were used to anoint the body and it was a mark of courtesy to anoint the head of a guest in the same way. Coming down to Greece and Rome we find the use of perfumes carried to extraordinary lengths. Not only were they employed in almost every conceivable way in the toilet, and as religious offerings, but the food and drink of the day were frequently highly scented as well. It was the custom for instance to infuse various flowers, such as roses, violets and hyacinths, in wine. Among the Greeks the violet was a great favorite, and mythol- ogy tells us how Ianthe, one of the favorite nymphs of Artemis, was dyed blue by the goddess to shield her from the attentions of Apollo-. Later Artemis changed her into a violet, one of the daintiest and most beautiful flowers. The young swells of Solon's time were so extravagant •in their use of perfumed oils that he found it neces- sary to forbid their sale to Athenian men. The Romans were equally extravagant and the real patrician had himself anointed three times a day with expensive oils which were carried with him in a fine gold flask to be used in the bath. There was a regular guild of per- fumers in Rome — called unguentarii— living in a part of the city known as Velabrum. In Capua they occu- pied the whole of Seplasia Street. At Pappsea's death Nero burned more incense than all Arabia could pro- duce in a 3rear. At the same time it came to be thought that per- fumes possessed medicinal value and the rose in par- ticular was used in many different remedies. Hippo- crates is said to have driven the plague from Athens by fumigating the air with aromatic gums, herbs and seeds. He, with Galen and others, used certain of them frequently in ointments, frankincense and myrrh being favorites. A belief in their therapeutic value has persisted, to some extent at least, ever since. During the great plague of 1655 in England which swept away nearly one-seventh of the entire population, perfumes were used freely as preventives, while a century earlier, in Queen Elizabeth's time, the pomander — a little ball of perfumed paste — was worn about the neck to pre- vent contagion, and exquisite bits of jewelry were de- vised as containers. It appears also to be pretty well established that the Dutch destruction of the clove trees on the Island of Ternate in order to bring about a monopoly of the spice trade in the Moluccas was fol- lowed by epidemics of disease to which the natives had never before been subject. The fact is that most fra- grant oils, spices, gums, and therefore perfumes, are more or less antiseptic, exerting at least an inhibitive ' action on germs if not actually destroying them. The burning of incense then had some rational basis aside from its supposed propitiatory effects on the gods, and the use of perfumes is really hygienic rather than other- AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 17 something that eannol be said for many of lilt - III Ml I it s. Charlemagne used perfumes and Philip Augustus granted a charter to master perfumers in L190. An Arabian physician, Avicennaj incorrectly credited with being tlu discoverer of the process of distillation, was the first to prepare rose water — and this was back in the tenth century. He also prepared aumerous other aromatic waters by distillation. In L151 the Sultan Saladin celebrated bis triumphal entry into Constanti- nople l>\ having the walls of the mosque of Omar washed with rose water. Otto of roses is said to haw: been discovered in 1612 by Xur-i-Jehan Begum, who, when married t < > the emporer Jehangir noticed a scum over the rose water with which the canal.- in the palace gar- dens had Ik en filled. She ordered it bo be collected, and finding that it had a delicious fragrance gave it the name Atr-i-Jehangiri, whence the name attar or ottar 01 otto of rose. A less fanciful but not contra- dictory account refers the origin of the word to the Arabic 'atara, to breathe perfume. The Oriental fond- ness for perfumes is scarcely in danger of being exag- gerated. It is said that Mahomet himself was extreme- ly partial to them, and the enchanting houris of the paradise he promised to the faithful are described in the Koran as b< bag made of pure musk. .Mahomet even had musk mixed in the mortal- with which the walls of the mosque were laid so that the sacred edifice might ever he redolent of his favorite perfume, — The New Id,;-. Blea.chir\g ai\d Corvcervtra.tion of Vegetable Oils. Hitherto the bleaching of oils has been obtained by the "natural method.'" the oils being exposed in large metallic receivers for a certain lapse of time, usually si vera! weeks, to the action of the open air and the light of the sun. or else by combining, for the purpose of accelerating the process, in special apparatus, the action of the air on the oil causing the heated oil to fall in drops in the form of rain in a dry or heated counter- current of air, the air being admitted into the heated oil in the lower part of receivers by means of steam. and then shaking the oil. However, in these two ar- rangements the bleaching of the oil is insufficient as compared with the time required. The apparatus also does not allow of obtaining high degrees of concentra- tion without the addition of drying substances, like those employed for varnishes, in the preparation of printing and lithographic ink, or for the production of linoleum and other similar articles. M. Lewyak has established an apparatus capable of concentrating the oil to any degree of density desired without the addition of drying substances. This result is obtained in a double walled boiler capable of being closed hermically: the oil is heat- ( d by nit an- ol in m. while the air i- heated in the apparatus ami introduced through the oil from tin t to the top in hubbies or thin jets; the oil is Kepi in movement by m ans of an agitator constructed princi- pally for securing an inl imate mixture. The kettle which serves for boiling the oil is mounted on a cast-iron frame. lmt ma\ be i ted on a differ- ent foundation. The kettle is closed Ik met icall y by a cover which is furnished eccentrically with an air tube and concentrically with an opening for the shafl of the agitator. The kettle is furnished with a bottom of spe- cial construction. This is provided centrally with a passage for the air tube, which is rendered tighl by a collar :o n its periphery is a discharge tube, for cases where the oil remains liquid after treatment. The kettle has two walls: in the space formed by these walls the return -team which heats the kettle is made to enter. The hollow space is furnished with a steel index tube for the condensing water. The air tube, which penetrate- into the space mentioned abov< and which surrounds the kettle several times in the form of a worm, conns out below and afterwards penetrates into the kettle only at the hotiom. It is evident that all the tubular connection- on the inside of the said space must be strong, because the space is heated by steam at about Km deg. ('., and they musl support an inside pressure of air of from 2 to I atmospheres. On the bottom of the kettle the central support is arranged. This rests on several strips of metal arrayed in a half circle, crossing each other and connected to- gether at the upper part. In a socket turns the ex- tremity of the shaft, worked by a bevel wheel : arranged on a motor shaft. On the shaft are lixed three groups of paddles furnished witii holes. Each group is < - posed of four paddles, arranged crosswise at right angles to each other and worked toward the right. A bevel toothed wheel is connected also with, a second bevel toothed wheel, which slides on a tube, so thai this turn- in the direction opposite the shaft worked by another toothed "wheel. On the tube four anus are lixed at righl angles to each other. The extremities of these arms are furnished with a liat piece of iron. These irons extend along tin- walls of the kettle to the bottom, and on these walls are arranged paddles, which are similar to those of the motive shaft and also perforated: these paddle- occupy the place between the other paddles and the bottom. The paddles arranged, some opposite to the others, are connected in the middle in such a way thai these con- nections on tic -haft form a prolongation of the tube. |r is evident that the paddles ought to turn in opposite directions, so as to produce a uniform and energetic agitation of the oil. When the paddles are turning, the oil i- subjected to a strong agitation and froths verv freelv, the froth 18 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Inning of course the tendency to escape by the air tube; to avoid this, while giving to the gases formed the pos- sibility of escaping freely, a ventilator of special form is connected with the apparatus. This consists of a box which communicates with the air tube and which is fur- nished with a shaft. This receives its movement by means of the toothed wheel ami another totohed wheel mounted on the principal motive shaft. The shaft is furnished radially with several wings, at the extremities of which are fixed the small movable paddles. By means of this arrangement the air and gases formed, which penetrate into the air tube, may escape freely to the open air, while the froth is broken up in the box and forced back to the inside of the kettle. Below the socket of the shaft a sieve is arranged, a metallic cap, which in its upper part has notches around it; these serve for obtaining a better distribution of the air passing through the oil. The extremity of the warm air tube penetrates this cap, the air is forced back into the kettle under a pressure always constant, by means of an air pump or other suitable arrangement. The air tube may be surrounded with a metallic jack- et; the admission of air into the worm and under the cap is regulated by means of the top, which is furnished with a scale and an indicator, and may. if needed, be arrested completely. The working of the apparatus takes place as follows: The kettle is about two-thirds filli cl with linseed or other vegetable oil to be treated, steam is admitted into the chamber and the oil is heated to at least 100 deg C. The paddles are then submitted to an active movement in such a way that the contents of the kettle are stirred very energetically. The agitation is continued for about three hours, that is. until the wished-for degree of de- coloration is secured. During this period tiie tap may remain closed and the compressing arrangement lie stopped. When the decoloration has been secured its concen- tration commences, keeping the agitator in movement but applying the compression and gradually opening the air tap. The air heated by the worm 'enters the cap and is forced back into the oil in the form of bubbles or small jets, so as to facilitate the vaporization and escape of the particles of air contained in the oil. The complete elim- ination of all these particles of water is secured by the high temperature, at least 100 deg. C, and by the action of the paddles, which divide the air admitted with the oil very finely. The air and the vapor formed escape by the air tube while the froth is always brought back into the interior of the kettle by the action of the ven- tilator. This operation continues for about. 11 hours, according to the degree of concentration desired, after which the prepared oil is drawn off by a tube into cor- n sponding receivers. After an operation of about 11 ''ours there is in the kettle a tenacious elastic matter (oil caoutchouc), which cannot be drawn off by the exit tube; for removing it, it is necessary to open the appara- tus ami remove the agitator, when the matter can be taken from the paddles and walls of the apparatus; it may be easily raked off. Tiie oil which has been submitted to this operation is completely decolored and exhibits gnat luster and elasticity, which it preserves indefinitely ; at the same time it has the property of absorbing large quantities of liquid with which it may be diluted. This method is much less expensive than the ordinary process and also economizes the time, n a lew hours, instead of several days and even weeks, the operation is terminated. For accelerating the drying of the concentrated oil, the com- pression tube can be passed, if desired, through a retort filled with manganese oxide or other substance restoring o\ygeu readily, so that the oxygen is forced back by the tube into the kettle, and the oil is dried rapidly. For causing the longer sojourn of the air and for distribut- ing it more regularly in the mass of oil, perforated hori- zontal disks can be arranged on the mixer. — La Revue de Chimie Industrielle. Tra.de-Ma.rk Protection Abroad. The enormous increase in the registration of trade- marks under the new law which took effect on April 1 last, and which was recently referred to in these dis- patches, gives special point to the result of an investi- gation recently made through the Department of Com- merce and Labor concerning the pirating of American trade-marks in foreign countries, especially in South and Central America. Briefly, the conclusions are that it is not practicable to secure an arrangement by treaty or otherwise between the United States and foreign countries that will protect. American trade-marks abroad unless they are registered in each country in which the goods thus marked are intended to be sold. These con- clusions are of special interest to the owners of new marks recently registered, or about' to be registered, in the IT. S. Patent Office, as complete foreign protection can be secured by such owners if they will take the precaution to cause their marks to be promptly record- ed in the foreign countries in which they propose to do business. Attention was first sharply drawn to this matter soon after the American occupation of Cuba, when a large influx of products from the United States, notably drugs, proprietary medicines, soaps, etc., brought nu- merous American trade-marks to the attention of the people of the island.. Within a short time manufactur- ers and shippers in this country were advised that in- ferior goods were being sold in the island under their trade-marks, and investigation demonstrated the fact that a number of merchants were making a regular AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 1'.) business of registering valuable American trade-niarks in the Cuban l';ii.ni Office and selling thereunder < domestic or foreign products. The obvious immorality of such a procedeing caused trade-mark owners in this country to overlook its technical legality and a demand was made for action by the United States Government to pui .1 stop io tin se practh i s. i i laws of the leading countries of South and Cen- tral America and the decisions thereunder have recently Ik\ ii examined and ii is made mtirely clear thai ii is not possible for American trade-mark owners to proteel themselves in foreign countries unless they register their marks tin rein before others have appropriated them by prior registration. Although the United States is a party to an international agreement amounting to a treaty for the protection of patent and trade-mark rietors, yel this agreement docs not provide protec- tion to an American trade-mark until the same is actu- ally i s d abroad and if, in the meantime, the same mark has been appropriated by registration by a citizen of a foreign country the American owner has no stand- i \en though he was the first to adopt and use the trade-mark in th< United States. It is a ease of "first come, first served," and the question as to who first employed a given trade-mark is not considered in most foreign countries unless the prior adoption is alleged to have occurred in such country. But this is not all. The American trade-mark own< r i i register his mark- abroad not only sacri- - the protection he might otherwise secure, hut he tain- the risk of being -hut out completely from the for- eign market he d, -ire- to enter. Trade-mark protection is usually accorded to the person first to adopt th, mark and apply it to some particular class of goods sold by him in the country in question. If, tin refore, an Amer- ican has adopted a trade-mark to identify or distinguish his product in the United States and subsequent I y wishes t'o do business in a foreign country he may find not only that others can use his trade-mark-, because of his failure to protect it. but also that lie cannot sell his goods there because his trade-mark has been appropri- ated and registered by a citizen of such country. When his goods arrive from the United States the foreign reg- istrant of his trade-mark applies to the custom author- ities to have an embargo laid upon them, which is al- most universally granted under the trade-mark laws of the principal countries of the world. The American manufacturer is thus forced to choose between abandoning his business in the country in ques- tion or offering his products for sale under new and. therefore, an unknown name. This is the condition that has arisen in Cuba, in the Argentine Republic, in Brazil and in several other South and Central American coun- tries, and in all cases the laws are interpreted by the local courts in favor of the natives. No matter how ,i famous trade-mark may have been known to t iade at large ourts have uniformly held tha far as i ach pan ictilar count ry i- con< mod it b< to the person who first applied for registration therein. This principle, while its application may appear un- just and arbitrary, is sound enough in law and equitj when the statutes are fairly administered. The trade- mark laws of nil the countries referred to are honestly frame! I to regulate the business of the particular count ry in which they are in force, and if a merchant in that country adopts a mark in good faith and without knowl- edge of any prior adoption of it by any one in any otln r place he is obviously entitled to use it to designate bis products in thai country. And if a foreigner should subsequently apply to register the same mark, on the claim that lu had u<vd it for many years in his own COUntry, it is hardly to he expected that the COlirtS would rule against the oat ive claimant. The laws of the leading countries of South America recognize the hardships which they impose on foreign owners of trade-marks that may have been registered m the Republic. This principle is reflected in the follow- ing extract from a recent decision id' the Argentine courts with regard to goods bearing foreign trade-marks held to infringi those already registered in the Republic: "The introduction of merchandise with a, trade-mark which lias already been registered in the country con- stitutes an attempt and not an offense. The trade- mark.- registered in this Republic are valid and may serve as basj- for a criminal action, even though iden- tical trade-mark- exist in foreign countries. Even though the introducer is suffered to pass without pun- ishment he must lie prohibited to repeat it in future, and it is ordered that the employed trade-mark he de- stroyed and the costs of the suit he paid." Of course it hard!;, ne d to he said that the complaints of American manufacturers and exporters relate chiefly to the pirating of their marks under conditions which make it apparent that the foreign registrants of Ameri- can marks have deliberately appropriated what they km w to be the property of others. The difficulty en- countered by these trade-mark owners i- that there is no possible method of determining the had faith of the local registrant. The local trade-mark office, in consid- ering the question of the priority of the application, does not jo beyond its own register and does not attempt to ascertain even whether marks offered for registration are in common use on fori ign goods in the local mar- kets. All expert- agree that it would be well nigh im- possible to devise a method of preventing these abuses short of the adoption of a universal trade-mark register lor the entire world. It is perfect]] clear that the trade-mark laws in such countries as Cuba, the Argentine Republic, etc.. open the door to dishonest practici - and blackmail, and the 20 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST latter is often attempted. For illustration, a. resident of such country .knowing that a certain brand of goods is being extensively imported under a given trade-mark makes an examination of the local register and finds that the mark has not-been recorded, whereupon he se- cures Its registration in Ids own name and immediately lavs an embargo upon the next* shipment of foreign goods bearing such marks. The shippers are then eon- fronted with the alternative of abandoning their busi- ness in that country or buying up the rights of the blackmailer as to the particular mark in question. In Cuba numerous instances have been discovered where for- eign trade-mark owners who found their. marks had been appropriated and registered in the island were at once invited to buy the rights of the registrant's For sums proportionate to the registrant's idea of the business that might be done thereunder. The prompt publication by the United States Patent Office of current trade-mark registrations and the wide advertising given such marks by their owners make it comparatively easy for unprincipled fori igners to pirate American marks unless foreign protection is sought con- temporaneously with the filing of the application in the Patent Office at Washington. Foreign fees are not large and the officials of the U. S. Patent Office and of the Department of Commerce and Labor recommend prompt foreign registration as the simplest and cheapest method of protection that can possibly be obtained. — Oil, Paint & Drug Reporter. Carbon Tetra.-Chloride As A Solvent For Degreatsirvg Bones. In the May issue of the "Revue fiber Fett und Harz Industrie/' Von 0. Brficke discusses the relative merits of carbon tetra-chloricle and benzine for the extraction of fat from bones. Until recently, benzine and carbon disulphide have been exclusively used as solvents for the extraction of bones; latterly, however, carbon tetra-chloride has ap- peared upon the . scene, and by reason of its superior properties, as well as the many advantages which result from its use, it is evidently destined to supplant the inflammable benzine and the not less dangerous carbon disulphide for the extraction of bones. Carbon tetra-chloride has been known for a longtime, but the two circumstances that have stood in the way of its use or extraction purposes are its high price and the want of suitable plant. These two obstacles have now been removed. The Chemisehe Fabrik Griesheim- Elektron in Frankfurt a. M. now prepares carbon tetra- chloride of exceptional purity, and supply this admirable solvent at a price which permits of its use for extrac- tion purposes in the fat and oil industry to advantage. The ordinary iron benzine extractor proved to be to- tally unsuitable for carbon tetra-chloride. By a careful study of tile properties of carbon tetra-chloride and by continued trials a suitable material has been found for the construction of extraction plant adapted to the prop- erties of this solvent. The following are the advantages which carbon tetra- chloride offers for the extraction of grease fiom bones: The fat extracted by carbon tetra-chloride is equal, if not superior, to the naturally recovered fat, and is considerably superior to that obtained by benzine with reference to color and smell, being valued at 5 marks per kilo more, as the latter always retains a benzine smell due to some of the higher boiling constituents of the solvent being left behind in the fat. Besides this, benzine-extracted fat has an objectionable smell due to decomposed substances dissolved by the benzine, and consequently transferred to the fat. As carbon tetra- chloride is a definite chemical compound boiling at 76° C. the last traces of it can be easily and completely driven off by blowing steam through tiie extracted bone fat without its undergoing any alteration. The fat thus extracted possesses no trace of the smell of this solvent ; further, unlike benzine, evil-smelling substances are not dissolved, consequently the fat acquires no ob- jectionable odor. Lastly, tetra-chloride fat has a bright- er color as the whole extraction process is carried out at a relatively lower temperature. Again, an additional point in its favor is that carbon tetra-chloride does not dissolve any of the glue substance, so the quality of the tetra-chloride fat must, excel even naturally recovered bone Fat, since in the boiling of the hones with water it takes up larger or small) r amounts of glue. A further great advantage is to be found in the qual- ity of the hones extracted by carbon tetra-chloride. By reason of the above-mentioned low extraction tempera- ture in degreasing with this solvent the bone cartilage and glue substance remains unattached, whilst in the benzine process for the separation of the high boiling constituents much higher temperatures must be used which act injuriously upon the glue-substance. On com- paring tetra-chloride extracted bones with benzine ex- tracted bones the superiority of the former can be read- ily detected by the experienced eye. The length of the extraction is also of great importance for the quality of the extracted bones, and as carbon tetra-chloride is capable of dissolving more fat more easily in the same time than benzine, and as it can be readily driven off by steam from the extracted bones owing to its great volatility, the bones treated by tetra-chloride are pre- served better than by the benzine process. The quality of the bones is better and the yield greater. Carbon tetra-chloride is neither inflammable nor ex- plosive( the high fire insurance premiums carried by jy 6> ■! < MIHfl Rltt AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 21 works using benzine ari accordingly not incurred; i1 can lie stored withoul restrictions, as its use does nol occa- sion any public annoyance nor is it attended with any special danger. Every " manufacturer who degreases bones with tetra-chloridi can leave his works without fear of explosion or fire therefrom, whilst if benzine be employed there is always the fear that by some chance the bighly-infiammabh nature of benzine will lend to an explosion or loss by fire. Even if the direct damage by fire is covered by in- surance, the considerable loss arising from interruption of work remains; all apart from that, the employes' liv< s arc continually endangered. The many fires, which in nvem years have originated in works where inflam- mable and explosive solvents are \\>vh\ speak energetical- ly in every casi for the introduction of extraction by carbon tetra-chloride. Besides all these advantages, the small specific heat and the low vapor tension of carbon tetra-chloride effeel a notable saving in steam and cooling water over the benzine proa ss. The extraction plant for working with carbon tetra- chloride is certainly dearer than that of benzine; still, the excess in price is speedily compensated by the sav- ing in fire insurance premiums. The Chemische Pabrik Grriesheim-Elektron have erect- ed at th< ir works a large experimental plant which is adapted in every way to the properties of carbon tetra- chloride. The loss of solvent during working can also be registered with this plant and it showed that on 1.000 kilos of bones this would amount to about five or six kilos, which, at the present price of carbon tetra-chloride is equivalent to three or lour marks. It is, however. probable that when regularly treating larger quan- tities of hones the loss would he still less in proportion. According to these particulars it should be clear that the advantages which extraction with carbon tetra- chloride exhibits over extraction with benzine are so considerable that the speedy introduction of this exc< 1- lent solvent in the bone industry cannot be too strongly recommended. The above-mentioned firm who have spared no efforts to render extraction by carbon tetra-chloride profitable, willingly grant permission, after previous announce- ment, to those seriously interested, to be present at hone degreasing trials with their experimental plant, when opportunity is afforded, of comparing the products ob- tained by extracting bones with carbon tetra-chloride with those by the use of benzine. .31* .31* -S'< .5* -3* y* JS* -3'* >i* 31* Are Your SOAP BRANDS on our Records? PATENTS and TRADE -MARKS. The lot to wing list of recent Patents and Trade-Marks is reported by W. G. HttNUK.Rso\, Solicitorof American and Foreign Patents and Trade-Marks, Norris lildg,, Washington, D. C. A copy ol any of the following will be furnished by him for 15 cents. TRADE-MARKS ALLOWED. Ser. No. 1,987. Perfumery, toilel aters, extracts and cologne. D. If. Bradley & Son, New York, X. V. The word "Vesta." Ser. No. L,990. Perfumery, toilet waters, extracts and cologne. 1). If. Bradley X' Son, New . York, N. V. The word t'Woldwood." Ser. No. 1,991. Perfumery, toilet waters, extracts and cologne. I). E. Bradley & Son, New York. N. Y. The word "Woodland." Sir. No. 1,992. . Perfumery, toilet waters, extracts ami cologne. I). R. Bradley & Son, New York. N. Y. The words "Beauty Rose." Ser. No. 6,402. Soap. Kendall Mfg. Co.. Providence, If. I. 'Idle word "'Feather" and the pic- ture of n leather. No. 6,495. Soap. William Waltke & Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Tin- word "Echo." No. 7,939. Perfumes. Sidney IT. Smith, Chicago, 111. A monogram composed of the let- tels "'It K," inclosed within a circle which is inclosed within a triangle. Ser. No. 8,025. Soap. Kendall Mfg. Co.. Providence, If. I. The word "Home." Ser. No. 8,026. Sua]) powder. Kendall Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. The word "Soapine." Ser. Ser. TRADE-MARK REGISTRATIONS. 45,030. Soap. Lawrence J. Maloney, Boston, ]\Iass. The phrase "Knock-'Em-Stiff." • 45,198. Soap for toilet use and general house cleaning and scouring purposes. William M. IToagland. New York, N. Y. The word "Knocko." 45,272. Washing fluids for cleansing clothes, blankets, fine fabrics, painted surfaces, floors and alls. The De Come Washing Fluid Company, Bryn Athyn, Uo. A representation of four women arranged about a bottle, one of them seated upon a chair and another resting her hand upon the bottle in the attitude of addressing the others, the bottle bearing a label having thereon the word ''The De "Come Washing Fluid," and a picture of the four women ar- ranged about the bottle. 45,426. Laundry soap. Allen Conkling, South Chica- go, Ml. Tic word- "Red Robin" and the rep- resentation of a bird sitting on a detached branch of a tree, the said branch bearing li • and cherries. LIBRARY * & 22 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 45.427. Laundry soap. J. G. Haas Soap Co-., St. Louis. Mo. The word '-Cascade." 15.428. Toilet soap. Mulhens & Kropff, New York.. N. Y. The word "Infanta." 45.429. Toilet soap. National Toilet Company, Paris. Tenn. The words "Nadine Flesh." PRINTS. 1,391. Title: "Purity Afloat." (For Toilet Soap.) Chas. W. Young & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. AROUND THE SOAP FACTORIES. .News-items oeiit UB by our readers will nnu pruiupi iiiu-m in tills column The plant of the Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co., of Goshen, Ind., was offered for sale on August oth, under orders from the court, on petition of the receiver, the Ellcart County Loan and Trust Company, to satisfy a judgment in favor of Blumbcrg & Tobias. The total valuation on plant, real estate, stock, trade-marks, etc., was $7.5,106.47, and the lowest hid that could be con- sidered was two-thirds of the appraised value, or $50,- 070.98. A number of prospective bidders were present, but none offered the required amount, so that no sale resulted. Before the sale opened, A. J. Gazelle, representing the law firm of Steele & Thompson, attorneys for the J. J. Burns interests, read a claim of the Burns people on the trade-marks. On the other hand, the Elkhart County Loan & Trust Co., by its representative, Thomas Davis, has filed com- plaint against the Cosmo Company, asking that the claims of the defendant to ownership or title of trade- marks, trade-names and copyrights of the Cosmo Butter- milk Company, be adjudged without right, and further claiming damage to receiver's appraisement in the sum of $10,000. The Pure Soap and Toilet Company, of Tiffin, O., has increased its capital from $50,000 to $60,000. From three capitals of three several states comes the news that two "National" and one "International" soap companies have been incorporated in August, as follows: First: The International Soap Company, Chicago.; capital, $2,000; manufacturing; incorporators, William S. Newbrrger, -J. A. Loeb. Charles Michel. Second: The National Soap Company, of Toledo, O., with $15,000 capital, has been incorporated by S. J. Brann, W. W. Wolfe, C. U. Lee, E. W. Wallace and J. E. Alvofd. It will take over the National Chemical Company, which manufactures a washing powder. Third: The National Soap Company, of Detroit, Mich, announces that it will be ready for business in the enlarged P. L. Hall Soap Company plant, 438-44U Franklin Street, by Septi tuber 1. The company is in- corporated with a capital of $50,000. R. L. Hall is president; C, K. Latham, vice-president; A. H. Cramer, treasurer, and J. E. Eouland, secretary. These and A. !l. Bierkamp are the board of directors. The Cooling Lubricating and Soap Company, of Mtin- cie, Ind., composed of Muneie merchants and others, is preparing to establish a large soap factory east of Mun- eie, in which will be manufactured various kinds of toilet and washing soaps and also a lubricating fluid patented by a member of the company. Solomon Finkel- stein, of Indianapolis, is president of the company, and Samuel Schwartz, a. local shoe merchant, is one of the principal stockholders and secretary of the company. The company is incorporated for $10,000, and will succeed Wm. McDonald's soap enterprise, the latter remaining as manager. Mayfield Soap Company has been incorporated with capital stock of $10,000 by W. A. Usher, L. W. Key, T. J. Murphey and others lor manufacturing soap. This company succeeds the Beaumont Soap Company of May- field, Ivv. " C. M. Litton, Canada's agent in South Africa, in a letter to the trade and commerce department, Ottawa, says there are fine chances for Canadian cement and SQap manumaeturers to obtain a good market for their products in Cape Colony. Most of the imports -at the present time come from England and Belgium. W. H. Daggitt's Sons soap factory, on West Twelfth Street, New York City, was the scene of a disastrous fire on August 11th. The factory, which had been located in a building erected in 1858, was one of the oldest in the city atid is now practically a total wreck. No less than seven firemen were so badly injured that they had to be .taken to the hospitals, while many more were temporarily overcome by the heat and smoke. 'The loss is estimated at $50,000. Fire in an adjoining building, which for a time threatened the Crofts & Eeed soap factory in Chicago, caused a brief panic among the large number of girls employed in the latter plant. Fortunately no one was injured and the lire remained restricteil to its original location. Exploding chemicals wrecked a brick building at Col- orado Springs, Colo., on the 28th ult, ocupied by A. S. Northup, manufacturer o-f perfumes and extracts. Mr. Northup smelled a peculiar odor in the factory, and stepped outside to get a breath of fresh air. As he did AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST so there was a terrific explosion, and bricks were fl in every direction, while the roof of the building fell in. He was slightly shocked, bul managed to ran to a place of safety. The building immediately caughl fire and was d( stroyed in a few minuti Schrubb & Co., Ltd., of N'cw i'ork City, a branch of the English company, bas been incorporated witb $150,- 000 capital by Anthony Gross, \. W. Godfrey, Win. Houghton and Clarence D. Maekey, all of New York. The company will, like the parent house, deal in and manufacture anhydrous ammonia, soaps, oils, candles. Incorporated: Reliance Soap Company, of Xcw York City: capital, $250,1 ; directors, Frederick C. Nau- diii. J. 0. Palmer, William D. Custead and Chas. Didion of New York, and A. I!. Hillen, of West Koboken, NT. J. Martin L. Cohn Company, of New York (manufac- turing fabrics); capita] $400,000; directors, Martin L. Cohn. Edgar Wolf and John P>. Knox, of \'i w York; Jacob II. Rosenthal-, of Yokohama, Japan; Isaac L. Ri si in iial. of San Francisco. W. J. Haskins, of Binghampton, X. Y., who lias been conducting an extensive mail order business in soaps and household articles in conection with his nursery and seed business, has disposed of his interest in the mail order department of Thi Stewarl Bros. Company, of Elmira, who will conduct the business from Elmira. Utica, X. Y., August 14.— J. D. Larkin, the well- known soap manufacturer of Buffalo, and W. P. Win- chester, an expert from the plant of the Franklin Auto- mobile Company, passed through Utica shortly after noon to-day on a record breaking trip from Buffalo to Boston. They are driving a Franklin runabout, type A. They were a trifle bi hind their schedule in this city, hut have been making 40 miles an hour during part of the journey. They expect to roach Boston this evening. They hit Buffalo at 10:30 o'clock last night. While at work on a kettle of soap materials in the plant of Colgate & Co., Ji rsey City, Ignatius Alis, 48 years old, of 166 Elizabeth Stn et, New York, was badly scalded. A stream of boiling water was diverted from its usual course and poured over the man. He was re- moved to a hospital. Lysander Kemp, one of the oldest soap manufacturers of Cambridge, Mas-., died on August 11. at the age of 84. Mr. Kemp was horn in Pomfret, Vt., November 1. 1821. He entered, in 18 10, the employ of Curtis Davis and Alexander Dickinson, who subsequently married sisters of Mr. Kemp. In 1845 he formed a co-partner- . i! ii \-.i A. Sargent, under the linn name of Kemp & Sargent, lor tlic manufacture of laundry soap. The linn was dissolved in a few years, Mr. I£emp continuing t he business alone. Later, A, iron Dickinson boughl an interest, and the linn became Kemp & Dickinson, ami >iill later Hale & Kemp. In 1872 the linn aame changed to 1.. Kemp & Sons, with Horace G. Kemp and James II. Kemp as the junior ]>u rnbers. Mr. Kemp retired from active business in 1892, hut the sons continue the liu-ines< under the old name. White ,\ Wormian have opened a new soap factory at Ithaca. X. V. Kansas City, AugusI K. — Flu Standard Oil Company closed a contract thi.- morning to furnish I'm 1 oil to the Peel Fro-." Manufacturing Company. The company has .-even boilers in use in ils plant. The work id' chang- ing these boilers will begin immediately. The first boiler probably will he ready in ten days. THE MILWAUKEE BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, if if if if if w E BLANK BOOKS, MEMORANDUM BOOKS, STOCK SHIPPERS' RECORDS, VEST POCKET DIARIES, IM CARD CASES', COIN PURSES, A MATCH CASES. K CURRENCY CASES, AND E ENVELOPES. ififif 218 and 220 THIRD STREET, MILWAUKEE, WIS. 24 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Are Your Soap Brands On Our Records NO CHARGE! WORTH MORE! In writing- to any of our advertisers please mention the American Soap Jrl. & Mfg. Chbmist. WHITE-TAR-OIL FOR MANUFACTURE OF WHITE-TAR-SOAP ALSO FOR Transparent Tar Soaps PENSACOLA TAR & TURPENTINE CO., PENSACOLA, FLA. Address all inquiries for prices and samples to Sales Department, 1407-1408 Security Bldg., CHICAGO, ILL. oap J)rj)ing ai)d Reasoning "[5i)i)els Save TIME, SPACE, STEAM, LABOR, INSURANCE, INTEREST and CAPITAL INVESTED. Moderate cost of Plant, in comparison to its capacity. Small operating expense. FOR PARTICULARS WRITE TO Alex. P. Mende, 120 Liberty St- new yqrk- AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTI KING CHEMIST 25 .SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF1 THE BRANDS OF SOAP MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES Including also the Brands of Foreign Manufacture Registered as Traae-Marks in this Country. NOTE : This list is compiled with the greatest possible care, but the publisher does not assume any responsibility other than to correct and to complete the list according to data obtained from official sources or furnished by the trade. Brands registered in the patent office as trade-marks or labels are given with the name of the party registering same. Brands or names mai fced " arc those which were found to be used by more than one firm or the owner of which could not be ascer tained. «r SEE THAT ALL YOUR BRANDS ARE ENTERED IN YOUR NAME. :j Liberty Mfg. Co . Chicago. llj Pack Muuufuctur l' - Moines, l i 344 Ho Soap Co.. N.Y. 345 Columbia Refg A M'f'g i !o. Lid ,Ne« < > ■'U''> Ki-iii in Soap Co , May- tteld, k% 347 Lockwood Soap Co., Kan- I ii \ , Mo. Sis Oklahoma Soap & Oil Co., Oklahoma City. 349 M. F. Windsor Soap Co . Bast Buffalo, N. Y. 350 Florida Cotton Oil Co., Jacksonville. Pla. 851 Brown Soap Co., Dayton, 3T>.s Southern Soap Co.. Bir- mingham, Ala. 354 Zion « • i i v Soap Factory, Zion City, 111. 355 I'alami Co.. Boston, Mass. 856— H. K. Wofford Co., Balti- more. Md. 867— Fox Hiver Soap Co., Green Bay, Wis. 858— Lever Bros.. Co . Cara- bridge. Mass 359— Lever I'.ros. Ltd.. Port Sunlight. England. 360 — Royal Soap Co., Goshen, [i d 301— Standard Soap Co., Calgary. Cauada. Abrado. Floridine Mfg. Co., New York. A Happy 11 e 4 Alabama Far .", All-need it 280 Allpine Tar 837 Amazon Cocn 337 Amber Hose 848 Ammo Wash. P. -F. L. Fraser, Detroit. Mich. Ammonaptha 847 Anchor Castile 3 Angelas -"it Angelo Olive 54 Antelope 8 Antiliia •> Antler 337 Anty I'p 840 Apple Blossom 387 Aquidneek: F. P. Garrettson & Co.. New York ( iiy. Aroma de Clavel 51 Ascage Carhol 4 Aecage Carpet 4 Aecage Floating Bath 4 Aecage For The Bath 4 Ascage For The Teeth 4 Ascage For Shaving 4 Ascage Massage Cream 4 'Ascage Shaving Cream 4 Ascage Sulphur 4 Ascage Tar 4 Aseptine— J. A. Simonds, New York, N. Y. Atlantic Turkish Bath 16 Atoka 346 Auto- Ascage 4 Baby Mine 8 Bannock 3 Barbers' Bar 4 Barbers' Cream Shaving 4 Bauty 32 Beauty Belle 151 Beauty Pura 4 Beaumont's Shaving 346 Beef Oil 340 Bell's Benzene 343 Bell's Brown 343 Bell's Naphtha 343 Ben Hur 3 Bestever 286 Bicycle 3 Big Cannon 357 Big l apt t api l 1 1 v S \\ orks cape Girardeau, Mo. Big Eye 358 Big Glycerine :! ,ii 848 Big Luck 35tl Hilly Coal 340 Bi-Napin Bleaebem soap .'141 Bio Ke-MoSSS Blossom Bouquet 3 Blue Chip 340 Bl net' o\ld - i oco -".I11 Blue Family 840 nine Monday 340 B'.ne olive. '140 Boasl 3 Bora-Naptha 96 Boro Myrr .">4 Botiea Prancisca 3 Bouquet Ch Bouquet Reverie 8 Brazilian Bath 3 Breath of Heliotrope 337 Breath of Lilacs 337 Breath of Roses 337 Breath of Violets 337 Bright Home 356 Brightsblne l B Bristo i for Canada) SI 1 Bunny— Hewitt Bros. Soap Co. Dayton, Ohio. Bnriighl 4 Busier Brown 351 Cade-ola 3 Calcutta Castile 337 Caluim t 8 Camille 3 Cannon 3">7 Carbolizcd Castile 113 Cascade 16 Ceral — Guslave Lohse, BerliD, Germany. Ceske Slovwisky Ceske Polskj 3 Chancellor 10 Chile-' Cactus Cream Skin S. — i hi 1 i n, Chicago. Chlorine340 Clavel .51 Cleaneasy 286 Climax Chip 54 Climax Turkish Bath 16 Cloth Pin 340 CI it lis Pin 340 Coa Nut 340 Coaster 32 Coca Foam 3 Cocoabutter Shaving 4 Cocoabutter Toilet 4 Cocoa Castile 4 Cocoa Cura Almond 4 Colombo 351 Columbia 3 Conto & Elroy Castile 3 Cream Naptha 343 Credential Shaving Stick 16 Cricket Soap Powder; Davis* Marston, New York City. Crown Princess 337 Crystal Honey 346 Crystal Sulphur 3 Crystal Palace 8 Crystal Transparent Tar 3 " Carbolic 3 Cuban Rose 3 Cucombei 4 Cupid Rose 16 Cuta Alba 8 Cultoderma Medicated 3 Cu-Te-Na 351 Cycle 3 Cygnet 74 Dactylis 11 Delicia 16 Delicia Pink Carnation 16 Der-Foda 3 Dermic ura 327 Diadem 3 Disinfectant 4 Dog I Dollie (Filtered) Blue 3:2 Dolly \ arden — A. \V. Wilwid & Co., Newark, N. J. Don't Worry 74 Druggist's Transparent 8 Dr. Aliens Medicated 3 Duratrgo Best, Dnranjgo(Colo.) Soap i lo, Dj liesia — Via lia Co., Ltd., London, England. Eagle 16 Ebony 351 Egg Shampoo 4 Egg Tar: Lee Specialty Co., Detroit. Mich. Eiderdown 337 Elk's Bouquet 846 Elgin Milk and Rose 4 "El te For The Complexion" 4 El Merito 16 Empress Eugenie 1 15 Empire Geranium 887 Eucryl Eueryl Ltd., Hull, England. Eureka 8 Evergreen 286 Expert 280 Facine.340 Fairbank's Prim rose 2 '■ Scouring 2 German Fam. 2 Glycerine-Tar 2 Mottled Germ'n " Olive2 Navy Blue 2 Fantasy 11 Fawn— Cumberland (Md. Soap Co. Federal Family 1 Feliine 352 Figaro 10 Flaco 350 Flannel 2 Flip 345 Floating Panel Bath 4 Floating Panel Ascage 4 Floral Feast 115 Floss 113 Force, Cincinnati Soap Co., Cincinnati. Ohio. Four Leaf Clover 54 Fragrant Houe.v 2 French Violette 3 Frog 340 Full Hand 353 Fuzz 113 Gasene 106 Gasoline Laundry Soap 120 Gem Wash. Compound, C ara Pearce. Phi adelpl,)j\ Georgia Oleine29 Geronne Violette 3 Geyser 343 Giant 3 Gloriola29 Glycerated Tar 340 Glycerderma 3 Glyco Tar 54 Golden Dawn 3 7 Golden Dragon 54 Golden Rose 3 Golden Star 357 Golden West (for Canada) 301 Gold Medal 106 Gold Seal Soap Flour 340 Gondola 38 Goodhair, Goodhair Remedy Co.. Newark, Ohio. Grand Duke 353 Grand Duke Washing P. 353 Grandma's Ammoniated Pow- dered Soap 88 Grandma's Borated Powdered Soap 38 Grandma's Borax Powdered Soap 38 Granular Ascage 4 Gray-bcaid 348 Levanto 16 vi to,-,.,,, i ,i olO *j...*...«,u Green Oil Soap 341 Libertye London Transparen Green Olive Chip 840 Libert>'s Quartet] Green Palm 840 Liberty's Genuine Bouquet : v ■ i re ii I .inn .j iu ( ir.-,. n Seal ('hip 340 Gusher 840 Hard Maple 155 Harvard 10 * Hasn't Scratched Yet : Bon Ami Co., New York City. Heliotrope d'Amerique 10 Heliotrope Blanc 8 Heliotrope Ideal 334 Helix 54 ••High 5" 113 Hi Lo SO Hoefner's Ammonia S. 55 Hold Fast Shaving 16 Home Castile 3 Home Pride 347 Horse Oil Harness 340 Homstead (for Canada) £61 Hots Springs Bath 3 Hy Lo 96 Ideal Bouquet 3 Ideal Family 3 Idvllwild 51 I-Lika-U 286 Hollo 340 Imperial Crown 3 India Castile 3.V7 India Cocoa 10 Indian Tar 357 Individual Toilet 54 Iowa Belle 113 Iroquois Maiden 1 15 it 4 Jack & Jill 310 Jack Pot 340 Japanese Bath 3 Jerone Bouquet 3 Jewel 2 Jiffy 360 Jus de Framboise 3 Kaska Bouquet 346 Kazan 343 Keno 106 Kimola, Bell Mg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. KingSolomon's Rock Oil S. Mnross Jenkins, N. Y. Kitcholine 113 Klondike Nugget 10 Klondike Tar 16 Kokoabutter Shaving 4 Kokoabuttei Toilet 4 Koko-Oil 54 Kold-Wala 54 Kremo Soap Compound 352 La Batea 2 La Fiesta 54 Lakeside (Scouring) 2 La Mariposa 54 ,■ Lamsuet 3 La Platte 337 Lasco Napthol 54 Last Long 286. La Yirtho. John S. Nichols, New Y'ork. La Vogue 16 '■ '• Lavender 16 '* " Musk Rose 16 " " Narcissus 1^ White Violet 16 Lazarre Castile 357 Le Famenx 16 Le Famenx Rose de Seville 16 Le Famenx ViolettedeSevill 10 Le Famenx Peau d'Espapne 10 Le Fameux Jockey Club 16 Ltmola Toilet, Lemola Soap Co . Los Angeles, Cal. Lemolive 54 Lemonine. E. II. Kraut, Cincinnati. Letter Box 38 Lettuce Cream 3 1,8 Liberty's Genuine Bouquet 3 Lily Blossoms 887 Llmberlne, E, A. Warren, SI , Paul, Minn. Lion 2 Liquid Ascage For Shampro I Lisette 8 Little Sweetheart 346 Llama 3 Long Shot 345 Lotus Bouquet 3 Lotus Honey S Lotus Glycerine 3 Lunette 858 Lustro— F. L. Hunt, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Madeira 10 Madeira Almond Cream 16 Madeira Cucumber Cream 16 Madeiiu Lettuce Cream 16 Madeira Olive Cream 10 Magnolia Bouquet 16 Magno 106 Marigold 100 Marjorie 337 Marvel ii) e 300 Marvelo, Natioval Process Co Rochester, N. Y. Massage Cream 4 Matadt r 10 May Field Bouquet 346 kina Skin 346 Maxine Elliott 387 Mechanics' Ascage 4 Medical Lake 3 Medicated Witch Hazel 3 Mellofoam 361 Meiilholatnin Corn Oil S. 109 Merry War. (ape City S. Wks., Cape Girardeau, Mo. Mexican o 54 Michigan Fam ilv 2 Mildred 337 Mi Pens Cream 3 Milieus Toilet 3 Milltns Anliseptic 3 Milieus Tar 3 Milo 106 Miners Tar 3 Milk Balh 3 Monahan's Green Soa 241 Monroe 3 Morning Glow 3C0 Moss Rose Borax 3 Mox-Nix340 Naphtha Toilet 340 Naphtha! 340 Napthol 340 Naptholive.340 Nuptha Washing Powder— (for Canada) W. II. Judd & Co. Hamilton. Out. Naptha Washing Powder — Hunt Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Natural Gas 340 Navarino 357 Next-To. Phoenix Cliem'l Co. New York. Nolabor 340 Northern Star 3 Noxlabor 340 Noxwork 340 No. 81 White Rose Glycerine 3 No. 3725 White Ho>e Glycer- ine 3 No Name 3 Norway Tar 349 O. K. Tar 348 Oilex 348 Old English Brown Wind sor 840 Old English Blue 3 Old Linen 3 Old Man 4 Old Time Tar 3 26 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Oleo— Germ. Amer. Soap Wks., New Orleans. Olive Bath 3 Olive Branch 351 Orchid Blossoms 337 Oriental Tar 337 Orinoco 337 Orris Unscented 337 Osmosis Soap 4 Otis Ligbtnios;, C. H. Water- house, Essex, Conn. Our Baby's Bath 8 Our Own 3 Oar Special 3 Oxolive 340 Oxigen 340 Ox Oil 340 Oxykali 16 Palami 355 Palam Handwhite 355 Palami Silverwhite 355 Palami Sunbright 355 Palestine 16 Palestine Honey 16 Palm-De Rose 360 Palmo 340 Palm OilS. Powder 340 Palm Soap Flour 340 Panel Bath 4 Papoose 348 Parisian Toilet 5t Passion Rose 298 " Violet 298 Pink 298 Lily 298 Peace 340 Peach Bloom 356 Peach Blue 340 Pearl Borax Chips 74 Pedicura 4 Peerless Country Club 337 Peerless Forest Violet 337 Peerless Lily of the Valley 337 Peerless New Mown Hay 337 Pen Yen 340 Perfecto 121 Persian Bouquet 16 Persian Rose 16 Persian Violet 16 Pike 16 Plan to 1 Lever Bros., Limited Please-Lenox Sprayer <fc Chem Co. Pittsfield, Mass. Pluto 353 Polar Bear 106 Pompeian Massage Soap F. W. Stecker. Cleveland. Ohio. Port Sunlight, England. Poncine Erasive 3 Pony Up 340 Popular Blossom 3 Postman's 38 Power Soap — F. Martin, -Columbus, Ohio. Pow Wow 318 Prairi'e 72 Premium, Davenport (Iowa) Soap Co. Premium W. Powder, Efaven port (Iowa) Soap Co. Preventionette, Willard Che- mical Co., Maiden, Mass. Prismal 106 P. S. W. 4 Pucks 113 Puck's Mechanics 113 Puek's Shaving 113 Puck's Tar 113 Pure Large Oval 8 Quaker Castoria 4 Quaker Cuti-Medico 4 Queen Complexion 3 Queen Regent 337 Quick and Easy 56 Quo Vadis 337 Radiant Violet 3 Radio 106 Radium— Natl. S. Corporation, Boston. Riven Tar 337 Red Apple 353 Red Hot 38 Red Raven 346 Red Snapper 337 Regal Oatmeal 16 Reve d' Amour 3 Rex Cremo340 Rex Family 340 Rex Liquid Soap 340 Rjxolene.340 Rexolive 340 Rio Grande 337 Riviera Jockey Club 16 Roe li ford Scouring 2 Romola 3 Rose Blossoms 337 Rose d'Or 3 Rose Glycerine 3 Rose Immortelle Royal Lily 16 Royal Rose 16 Royal Violet 16 ' Rozine— Frank Harrison, Norfolk, Va. Rubbo, Lever Bros., Limited, Euglana. Safeguard Carbolc 53 Saida Turkish Bath 16 Samson's Transparent Tar 3 Sandalwood 3 Sanitary Tooth Soap 4 Sani-Tari Skin. Citizens Wholesale Supply Co., Columbus, O. Santa Rex Castile 2 San-Tar 351 Sanitarian Pine Tar 16 Sanitarian Carbolic 16 Sanitarian Sulphur 16 Sapoma Cream 333 Sauer's Complexion 3 Savon a la Rose 4 Savon White Rose 8 " Jockey club 8 " Violete de Parme 3 " Hyacinth 3 Savon Carnation 337 Savou Fleur de Lis 54 Savon Heliotrope 337 Savon Lilac 337 Savon Queen Regent 337 Savon Quo Vadis 337 Savon Rose Marechal Niel 337 Savoy Alpine Violet 337 Savoy Carnation 337 Savoy Jockey Club 337 Savoy Primrose 337 Sayf Syde. Sayf-Syde Soap Co., Cincinnati. Senator 16 Sentinel 340 Sentry 340 Shampoo Cream 4 Signet 74 Snow Float 348 Snowhite 113 Snow Violet 3 Soapex; W. R. Hollingshead Co., New York City. "Soaps That Think" 4 Solos Laundry. Nelson Mfg. Co., Iowa City, Iowa. Sorosi.s340 Spanish Blossom 4 Spick and Span 106 Spotless 350 Stainoft D. M. Steward Chattanooga. Stainilgo, Kendall-Davis Co , Boston, Mass. Star Mottled 3 Star Tar 286 Steomboat 350 Stellar 106 Strajuso— Frazer Soap Co., Chicago, 111. Strawberry Juice Transparent Glycerine S. No. 202 — Frazer Soap Co., Chicago, III. ' Summer Blossoms 337 Success Scouring Sand Soap Tacony Soap Co., Phil'a Sunburst 106 Sunrays 360 Snperfine Brown Windsor 16 Superfine Elderflower 16 Superfine Witch Hazel 16 Superior Transpaient Glycer ine 8 Sweet Blossom 2 Swift's Pride Washing Powder 337 Talcum 337 Tan <v Freckle 4 Tar Egg 347 Tarlex 34s Tarline 349 Tew-Fer 96 Thanksgiving 313 That Think 4 The Two Tars 286 This Is "It" 4 This Is "It" For Shaving 4 This Is "It" For Bathers 4 This Is "It" For Mechanics 4 Tode 340 Top Notch 106 Toula Toula 334 Town Market 3 Trade M ark Barbers Shaving 16 Trade Mark Carbolic 16 Trade Mark Sulphur 16 Trade Mark Birch Tar 16 Transparent Brilliant 337 Transparent Rose 337 Trash Mover 286 Trix 54 Twin 2 Twin Rose 3 Two Jacks 340 Type Soap— Type Soap Co., Uncle Sam's Floating 120 Uncle Tom's Pine Tar (for Canada) 361 Universal Disinfectant 16 Universal Cleaning Mixture 4 U-Lika-Me 286 Pierre, S. D. and Chicago. Up-To-Date 16 U. S. Hygienic Toilet 4 Veg-Oil 113 Veget-ore 4 Vegetable Toilet 4 Veri best 286 Vernon 72 Vegetal Bouquet 3 Vestal Carnation 16 Vestal Lilac 16 Vestibule 3 Vineta 3 Vinola Cream 3 Violet Blossoms 337 Violette Grandfleur 334 Violette Revee S Violet de Parme 387 Volcano — F. L. Hunt, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Vulcan's Wonder Tar 353 WaBhaway — Washaway Mfg. Co., New Bedford, Mass. Wego 96 Weir's Pine Tar (for Canada) 361 Wendela 3 Whale 3 Wheel 32 White Dawn 357 White Fairy 2 White Linen 113 White Man's White Tar 357 White PineCastile344 White Purity 349 White Rock (for Canada) 361 White Rose Glycerine 8 White Rose Honey 3 White Saxony 3 White Wonder 346 White Zephyr 349 Windsor2 Winner 29 Wise Bather 4 Wise Shaver 4 Witch Cream Shaving 4 Witch Hazel Bath 3 Witch Hazel Bouquet 3 Witch Hazel Cream Shaving 4 Witch Hazel Shaving 8 Wofford's Complexion 356 World's Fair 2 World's Work 53 Yellow Dog 340 Yellow Palm 340 Yellow Rose 3 Yellow Star 357 Yellowstone 106 - Yule Tide 16 Yule Tide Bouquet 16 Zingarella 3 Zion City White?Dove 354 Zo-Zo White Tar 3 Zanette 3 Style "A" Oopp Cutter SIMPLE, STRONG. EFFICIENT ^^N^se A Full Line Crutchers, Presses, Slabbers, Cutters, Frames, Mixers. H. W. DOPP CO., S;^ Write for Catalog 4-D. BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST , 27 THE PREPARATION OF Caustic Lye from Soda Ash, by means of STRUNZ PATENT LYE APPARATUS AND CONVERTING KETTLES reduces the process to a very simple and profitable opera- tion. The expense for labor, fuel, and lime being less than by any other process now available, for the following reasons: The entire process is completed in a single operation. No Driving Machinery. No Vacuum Pumps. No Air Pumps to operate by my method. F. B. STRUNZ, 708-716 BINGHAM ST., PITTSBURGH, PA. 28 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Advertisements under this head will be inserted at the fol- lowing rates, strictly payable with the order in every case : Situation Wanted : $1.00 the iirst time, and 50 cents for each subsequent insertion. Help Wanted : $2.00 the first time, and $1.00 for each subsequent insertion. Factories and Machinery For Sale or Wanted: $2.00 the first time, and $1.00 for each subsequent insertion. These rates ate for advs. up to five lines in length; additional lines more in proportion . In answering any of these advertisements never send original docu- ments, testimonials, etc., especially when the advertisers' identity is not disclosed. Don't waste time asking us for the names of parties advertising in this column without giving their address, as they will not be revealed. POSITION WANTED. Position Wanted: By competent and reliable soapmaker es- pecialty good on fine milled toilet and transparent soaps. Ad- dress: 0. W. S. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: Desire to make a change. Am capable of taking full charge of factory in both laundry and toilets. Can make good, saleable soap from cotton seed foots, also the very best grade of boiled down soap. Can recover glycerine from spent lye. Best of references. Address: X. X. Y., care of this paper. POSITION WANTED. The advertiser, capable of making the finest of laundry, toilet and textile goods, desires position as superintendent of a modern plant. Experienced from A to Z jd managing a factory. Strictly temperate and reliable. On long term contract will make investment if desired. Best of references. Address: L. E. S. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. SOAPMAKING TAUGHT. Situation wanted by competent soapmaker and chemist. Ad- dress: C. D., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: By a good practical soap maker of over twenty years experience in the ranking of laundry and textile soaps, including castile, settled resin of all grades, tallow chip, fig. base for toilet', cold soap &c. Address: "Savon", care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Situation Wanted: By an up-to-date practical soap maker of good character and sober, with large experience in cold made and laundry soaps; also toilet soaps base for milling; understands mixing perfumes for the same; has a steady position but wishes to make a change. Address: "Practiced", care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Situation Wanted: By an expert, up to date soapmaker, chemist and perfumer. 26 years' experience in making all kinds of laundry, toilet, textile, scouring and powdered soaps; Caustic Soda, Caustic Potash, Sal Soda and Perfumes. Familiar with the latest and most approved soap machinery and the recovery of glycerine from spent lye. Address: A. S. A. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: By au up-to-date soap maker, 25 years' experience in making all kinds of laundry and toilet soaps; in- including all kinds of textile soaps, chips and soap powder, recovery of glycerine from waste soap lye with the best obtain- able results. Best references. Address: H. H., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: Chemist and refiner, strictly up to-date in cottonseed oils and soaps, can produce the finest grades of oil with my patent bleaching process and with the lowest possible loss; am prepared for employment. Strictly sober and can fur- nish the best of references. Address: M. F., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. By a successful soapmaker who has had 21 years actual experi- ance in all kinds of soapmaking. Modern formulae furnished and explained, so that any intelligent person can make good saleable soap. Write and tell me what you want, and I will tell you what it will cost. Satisfaction guaranteed. Address : Theodore, care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. FOR SALE. For Sale: Soap Plant and Cotton Seed Oil Refinery. Cash, or part defeired payments. Capacity 3,000 to 5,900 boxes soap per month. Refining capacity 350 bbls. oil per day. Business established 23 years. Best reasons for selling. Located in lead- ing city of the South, 125,000 inhabitants, ten railroads, very cheap rates, healihy and desirable place in which to live. For further particulars address "D. D. 10," care American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. For Sale: Soap factory and vaseline plant for sale. Will sell for less than one half of the original cost. Part cash and bal- ance in payments to suit purchaser. The factory is located in Titusville, Pa. Address all comnnications to J. C. Robinson, Paola, Kansas, care of Paola Refining Co. PARTNER WANTED OR FOR SALE. A soap factory, well equipped, with a good side line, wants a partner to buy half interest, or is for sale entirely. Address B. Z., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Situation Wanted: By a practical soapmaker and chemist. Twenty-two years experience on all kinds of settled and cold made soaps. Address: F. W., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee. Wis. If you want a real soapmaker upon whom you may depend to make your soap just right, without spoiling, write me. I make all textile, laundry and toilet soaps on the market. If you are in trouble with your soap I am the one to aid you. Make soap in the quickest possible way. Address: S. B., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. WARNING. Warning. Notice to the world of my proprietary rights to the trade-mark names SATIN, SATIN SKIN, SATIN-SKIN, (hyphenated), SATIN SCENT, &c, as applied to toilet prepar- ations, soaps, perfumes, &c, is given by TJ. S. patent office registrations No. 21.618, 24,186, 27,854, 37,662, 42,297.— Canadian 399,444.-1 promptly prosecute infringers, imitators and sellers at substitutes (Signed) Albert F. Wood, Detroit, Mich., Mfr. and Propr. of Satin Skin Cream , Satin Toilet and Talcum Powders, Satin Skin soaps, Satin tooth preparations, Satin Scents, &c, &c. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Cyclopedia of Receipts, Notes and Queries 12,500 RECEIPTS. 708 PAGES. Price, $5.00 in Cloth; 86. OO in Sheep; S6.50 in Half Morocco— Prepaid. 312 pages, I Formulas for use in every industry. This book sent, Express Prepaid, to any address on receipt of price. ADDRESS AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, Milwaukee. Wis. ASKINSON.— Perfume* and their Preparation : vo. 32 illustrations. $3.00. CARPENTER.— A Treatise on Soap and Candles, Lubricants and (ilyeerine : Second revised edition, 446 pages, 12 mo., lo-i illustrations. By \\ m. Lant Cakpenter. Cloth, $4.00. Manufacture of Cotton Seed Oil aud allied products. $3.25. CATHMANN— American Soaps : A complete treatise on the manufacture of soap, with special reference to the actual practice and formulas of American manufacturers ; written with the assistance of several of the best informed American soap makers, and embracing especially the practical side of the art. including formulas for special soaps, soap powders, <fcc. 815.00, REDWOOD— Practical treatise on Mineral Oils and their By- Products : By I. I. Redwood. 336 pages, 8vo., 67 illustra- tions, 43 tables. $6.00. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA OF RECEIPTS. A compilation of over 12,000 of the most useful receipts in nearly every branch. 680 pages. $5.00. WRIGHT— Oils, Fats. Waxes, and their Manufactured Pro- ducts : A treatise on the preparation, properties, and chem- istry of animal and vegetable fixed oils, fats, butters, and waxes, and tile manufacture therefrom of Candles, Soaps, and other products. By C. R. Alder Wright. 550 pages; 144 illutrations. 8vo. $7.50. Any of these books will be sent to any address in the United States, Express prepaid, on receipt of price. Address: American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. American Soaps. THE REVISED and CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED new issue of the well-known work 'AMERICAN SOAPS" is finished and now ready for delivery. (For a de- scription of the book in its present form see circular mailed on request). The increased number of pages in this book is due chiefly to new practical material collected from many sources during the years which elapsed since the appear- ance of the first edition, and will, no doubt, add greatly to the usefulness of the work. The first edition of "AMERICAN SOAPS" having been so favorably received, that a copy of it may at present be found in almost every soap factory in any English speak- ing country, care has been taken in the new edition to adhere largely to the original plan, simply adding such material as the changes of time or the collection of new information suggested. In offering this new work to the trade we confidently bespeak for it the same favorable reception which was accorded the original edition in so large a measure. A copy of this new edition will be sent, EXPRESS PREPAID, to any address in the world, on receipt of $15.00. Address: AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. as^gL Tandem Four-Roll Soap Grinding Mill. Finest Mill For Toilet Soaps Made. Soa|> -Machinery Toilet <mj» Laundry ^e^t Scouring Complete Installation or Parts. J> Soap Powder Outfits — large or small. Everything Needed by the Up-To- Date Manufacturer. Soap Dies and Box Plates a specialty Correspondence Solicited. & I1UBER, New York 35 Fifty-Third Street Silicate of Soda ^ ^ vg All Grades For All Purposes Ng vg Ng Manufactured by The Grasselli Chemical Go. MAIN OFFICE CLEVELAND. O. WORKS EAST CHICAGO. IND. FORTVILLE. IND. For Sale by Branch Offices in NEW YORK. . . . 60 Wall Street CINCINNATI. O. ST. PAUL. MINN. CHICAGO. ILL. . . 117 Michigan Street ST. LOUIS. MO. BIRMINGHAM. ALA. NEW ORLEANS, LA. Also by Abner Hood, Kansas City, Mo. O: L. Hall, San Francisco, 519 Mission St. Ngv,g CORRESPONDENCE INVITED vgv« CHX BE i\n.trSTED WETEX WORN TO EIT THE DIES. I), Costs no more than the ordinary kind and will out- live a halt' dozen. The ma- terial used is the hardest obtainable. Maae tor any sxiap or size of cake. For foot or power presses. W LLIAM SCHRIDDE, ^KRT&? Send me \-our ideas, rmigh sketch or sample cake, and I will send designs and estimates. Let me figure on your BOX PEINTIH8 DIES. The F. 0. Christy Engraving Go. (Not Incorporated.) F. C. Christy. Proprietor. Soap Dies I Printing Plates A SPECIALTY. 60-64 North Clark St., Cor. Michigan St. CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A. Send for Designs and Estimates. ft THE $ MERICAN 0OAP IJOURNAL MANUFACTURING CHEMIST. Entered at P. O. at Milwaukee, Wis., as Second-Class Matter, Oct. 2, 1900.— Published Monthly. Vol. xviT Milwaukee, Wis., October 1, 1906. No. 2. Welch, Holme & Clark Co. 383 West Street NEW YORK. Soap Materials' and Mill Supplies. MAKE A SPECIALTY Prime Green Olive Oil Foots, Cocoanut Oil, Palm Oil, Saponified Red Oil, &c , &c. HEADQUARTERS FOR HELIOTROPINE CRYSTALS AMANDOL OIL OF WINTERGREEN FOIN COUPE HYACINTH VANILLIN CINNAMON CODMARIN NEROLINE, Ac. Lowest Market Prices, Also Special For Contracts. COLORS:— Green, Red, Brown, Yellow. Can be used in Alkaline or Alcoholic Solutions. An interesting offer concerning RHODINOL II. OIL OF ROSE ^4%%M€w PER OUNCE An experiment with a free sample will demonstrate why it is preferred by so many manufacturers to the best natural oil. If j'ou are not in need of the very finest, and merely wish to have a Rose substitute such as we understand others claim to have equal to our RHODINOL II, please note that our RHODINOL I, isfar superior to any of them and theprice isbut $2.00 per oz. As this is a matter which is of importance to you to ascer- tain, and you have nothing to lose and everything; to gain, why not try an ounce of RHODINOL II, or an ounce of each, or a free sample? Awaiting reply from you to-day concerning the above, or request for samples and pamphlet concerning Synthetics, we remain, Yours very truly, Fries Bros. MFG. CHEMISTS OS It BADE ST. NEW YORK Wood Products Co. BUFFALO, N. Y. Sole Manufacturers oi Columbian Spirit A Perfect Article for use in making Transparent Soap fRTRANDl sou CLAYTON ROCKHILL, m, -BT^J^JV YORK. "Used by Largest Soap Makers, Must be a reason for it. CENTURY" RUBBER BELT CONVEYORS Are made in lengths to suit the BUYER'S NEEDS. -*v> , Material in Bulk or Package Catalogue 67 A ^3% ; ; Handled wi h Equal Facility, on Conveyors illustrates rrany different types Mailed freevwith others on Elevating, Conveying. Power-Transmitting, Chains, etc. The Jeffrey Manufacturing Go. COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A. 6. K. Williams & 60.. ^Va Pioneers iu the Mining and Manufacturing of ^k^ TALC For Soap Manufacturers s j* * * EASTON, PA. <* <* <* <* Philadelphia Quartz 60.. MANUFACTURERS OF SILICATE OF SODA in its various forms WORKS PHILADELPHIA. PA. ANDERSON. IND. OFFICE 121 S. Third St., .Pa. All communications should be addressed to our Main Office, 121 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa., or supplies may be obtained from the following: BUFFALO Buffalo Warehouse & Distributing Co. CHICAGO M. L. Barrett & Co., 219 Lake St. CINCINNATI Hosea & Co., S. W. Cor. Main & Front St«. CLEVELAND Fred. G. Clark Co. NEW ORLEANS-. -R. Vallon, 345 Carondelet St. NEW YORK Welch, Holme&ClarkCo., 381-383WestSt. PITTSBURGH -.Geo. A. Kelly Co., 421-423 Serenth Are. ST. LOUIS .Whitelaw Bros., 409-411 N. Second St. SAN FRANCISCO-Meigs & Co., 218 California St. MONTREAL, (Quebec), Wilson, Paterson & Co. SILEX THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING GO.. ESPECIALLY PREPARED FOR SCOURING AND LAUNDRY SOAPS. Full information and samples furnished upon application. New Milford, Ct. 55 Fulton St., New York. 231 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa. 7 W. Lake St., Chicago, III. Tii6 American GMGai 6o. OFFICE AND WORKS 640, 642, 644 and 646 Carr Street, and C. H. & D. R. K., CINCINNATI, OHIO. Long- Distance Telephone West-379 Caustic Soda Soda Ash Sal Soda Ground Caustic Soda — all' strengths Bicarbonate of Soda Glaubers Salt Saleratus American Carbonating Powder American Neutralizing Powder Soduxite Bleaching Powder— in casks, drums and 10 lb. cans (12 cansto the case) Special attention given to prompt shipment and spot orders. Write for prices, terms, etc. . AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 29 The Latest Complete Edition of Our List oi Soap Brands was published on Jan. 1st, 1902 All new brands and changes that have been re- ported since that date are contained in the "Supple- mentary List" published on another page of this paper. DRUGS, OILS AND PAINTS, Rooms 644 and 646 The Bourse, PHILADELPHIA. A Monthly Journal devoted to the interests of the Drugs, Oil, l'aint and Chemical Trades. The most practical trade publication issued in America. Subscription Price, $2.00 per annum. Sample Copies Free. Advertising Kates on Application. 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Trade Marks Designs Copyrights &c. Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest aeency lor securing patents. Patents taken through JIunn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Inrerest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co.361Broadwa^ New York Branch Office. 625 F St., Washington, D. C. KNIVES FOR BOX WORK. Special Prices for All Grades and Sizes. Loring Coes & Co. Worcester, Mass. New Edition of AflERICAN SOAPS Now Ready! Price, $15.00, Post=paid. ADDRESS: AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. 30 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST NOVELTIES IN SOAP PARTNERS WANTED For the introduction, maintenance and supply of our Liquid Soap Distributing Apparatus, and other Improvements, we need the co operation of others interested in this line. We arc ready to invest money, with those who show they are in a position to contribute what we need to protect ourselves against infringers and imitators, and for selling Improved 8oa|)». For that purpose we want a partner in every distributing center. We prefer to co-operate with able, enter- prising &oa£) Manufacturers, as there are already too many "outsiders" skimming the cream off of the business of Soap making. Samples of our new Distributers for Liquid Soaps and other improvements will be forwarded to those only, who will write for same in a manner which gives us some assurance that they are not intended as models, or for the guidance of those desiring to imitate our original ideas. ADDRESS FOR. PARTICULARS Geo. A. Schmidt & Sons, 405=407 North Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. The American Soap Journal & Manufacturing Chemist. A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF THE MANUFACTURING CHEMICAL INDUSIRIES. DR. HEMiY (iATIIMANN. PtTBUSHBR, _'7i>7 North Ave , Milwaukee. MILWAUKEE. WIS.. October 1. 1905. VOL. XVI. No. 2. THE American Soap Journal AND Manufacturing Chemist. SUBSCRIPTION: United States, Mexico, and Canada, $2.00 a year Foreign Countries in the Postal Union 2.50 " At the risk of wearying our readers (Oh, 1 1< >\. tired \\r arc of it ourselves!), we must repeal once more that we pave neither time nor inclination to acl as inter- mediary in the sale of .sua]) factories and in similai cine rgencies. We are not doing a commission busi We are simply publishing a trade paper, and our "Wanted and For Sale" page is at the disposal of all at practically a nominal cost. It will do the work betfa r than we can. At any rate, we have all we can do in en- deavoring to publish a useful paper, without interfering in the exchange of such information between our readers for which our advertising columns are the legitimate and proper provision. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. ADVERTISING RATES IN REGULAR ISSUE 1 MONTH. 3 months. 6 months. 12 MONTns. Half " Eighth " $30 00 18 00 10 00 6 00 $75 00 40 00 24 00 15 00 1135 0 i 75 00 40 00 24 00 $250 00 135 00 75 00 40 00 SPACE ON COVER DOUBLE RATES. F i Rates and other Information concerning small advertise- m *nts of WANTED and FOR SALE, see Announcement at the head < f th it page. OFFICE OF PUBLICATION: 2707 North Avenue, MILWAUKEE, WIS.. U. S. A. The American Soap Journal and Manufacturing Chemist is devoted to the interests of all manufacturing industries of a chemical character, and is an absolutely independent publication. It is the only newspaper of its kind in America and has also a large foreign circulation. For Subscription and Advertising rates see above. Communications on industrial subjects, news items, and any informaiion suitable for printing in these columns, are solicited and will h.«ve due attention. Readers in search of machinery, supplies etc., .not advertised in these columns, are invited to write us and we shall endeavor to supply the information. Address all communications to DR. HENRY GATHMANN, Publisher, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. The "Lecture on Soap Making," by Mr. Thos. A Cook, of which we publish about one half in this issui — reserving the remainder Tor our next issue — is another striking example of a soap manufacturer publishing some very entertaining and useful in formation, without injuring his own interests in the very least. Another equally striking point about the lecture is the absence of all those perfunctory descriptions of soap making which make the average lecture on the subject a hideous nightmare. In place of descriptions which do not describe, Mr Cook has regaled his audience with an insight into soap making which is really interesting to both laymen and professional soap makers. ''Come again. Mr. Cook." Reports have hem received by Mrs. M. A. Shute, sec- retary of the state horticultural hoard of Colorado, that the aster plants in and about the city are suffering from the "'aster beetles." It is a black insect which feeds upon the flower and destroys the bloom. Mrs. Shute recommends the use of whale oil soap to cheek the beetle and gives the following formula: "This substance stands (dose to kerosene emulsion in importance as a destroyer of soft-bodied insects. It may he used for dipping the roots of nursery stock where in- fected with lice. Whale oil soap, one pound : wati r eight gallons." A year or so ago, we reprinted the greater part of a "Work's Pamphlet" issued by the soap manufacturing firm of Joseph Crosfield X" Sons, Ltd.. Warrington, Eng- land, which described the special provisions made for 32 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST the welfare of the many working men and women of that firm. We have just received a new edition (or, rather, addi- tion) of the same, and find in it a number of notable instances in which the firm named has succeeded in still further improving the lot of the people working for this great institution. The time this month is too short to do the subject justice, but in an early issue of this paper we shall take occasion to point out in detail the progress made by this firm in advancing the vital interests of its employes. FROM OUR. CORRESPONDENTS. SOAP FACTOKY WANTED. Niagara Falls, N. Y., Aug. 30, 1905. American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Gentlemen : We want to see more factories locate in the specially favored Niagara Frontier, both on the Canadian and on this side, and if you believe that your publication contains news that would assist in securing the desired results, will you kindly send me a sample copy of the same, and thus favor, Very truly yours, E. H. TAYLOE. LECTITBE ON SOAP MAKING, By MR. TIIOS. COOK, LONDON, ENGLAND, On Monday, April 3rd, 1905, at the meeting of the In- stitute of Marine Engineers, Stratford. When first asked to read a paper to your well-known society, I confess that, though I felt the honor to be great, I also felt the responsibility heavy. Since under- taking the task I have been privileged to see a paper read to you by Mr. W. J. Harding on a subject of the deepest interest, "The Development of Torpedo-Boat Destroyers." I was amused to see that in his opening remarks he quoted a blue-water proverb, "Providence sends grub, the devil sends cooks."' Like all ex-parte statements, I hope that this is open to varying interpre- tations, and as "Cleanliness is next to Godliness," and soap making is before cleanliness, please hold an open mind on the subject till the conclusion of my paper. The soap maker or soap boiler, as he used to be termed, has been held up in fiction as a ridiculous but usually rich upstart. The soap maker of today has generally received an expensive education, but his road to riches is more uphill than of yore. Soap making, which used to be a rule of thumb — or. let me rather say thumb, tongue, and eye process — has become a scientifically exact process. When I tell you that we finish off in huge pans, 15 feet by 15 feet, ap- proximately 60 or 70 tons of soap at a time, so finely combined that the addition of a few ounces too much soda would be detected and complained of by our labor- atory, you will appreciate the nicety of our methods, When I tell you tiiat, besides having two directors who are fellows of the Chemical society, we have two well- equipped laboratories and four or five trained assistants^ that we have a most qualified engineer, fitter's shop, ma- chinery driven by steam, electricity, or gas, according to which motive power best suits their duties, boilers developing between 3,000 and 4,000 h. p., an office fitted with most up-to-date letter-files and fitments, elaborate telephone exchanges, and a typewriting room, general engineering stores, efficient fire brigade, electrician, boilermaker, farrier, and wheelwright, and last, but not least, a publicity department — all the above on our own freehold premises — you will see then that the up-to- date soap maker wants to know more than where to place his h's and how to add his ledger. When I tell you that the modem soap maker has to have his circulars printed in every know language and has his emissaries in the remotest parts of the globe, and that Great Britain last year exported 52,800 tons of soap, besides supplying the great bulk of that used in home consump- tion, you will not fear that soap making is among Great Britain's dying industries. My late father, Mr. Eider Cook, and my grandfather often told me of the days when there was an excise duty on our commodity, and Ave still have one or two pans which show the strong hinge-holders of the then neces- sary— now, thank goodness, unnecessary — heavy iron lock-down lids. When the pan of soap was made the wary officer locked it up till ready for turning out, and then watched the process, guaging the finished article to levy duty. Woe to the careless soap maker who turned out bad stuff ! And remember those were rule of thumb clays. Every bit that, after stretching his conscience to the widest extent, he had to condemn as unfit for de- livery had to go back to the pan and pay duty again. The excise officer has access night and day. And my grandfather being manager of his own factory, living at the work — as, bless them, they did in good old days- was often turned out in the "wee sma' 'oors" to show the excisemen round the works. No wonder the gentleman referred to before as being responsible for cooks was also credited with flying off with the exciseman. T purpose dividing my paper into five heads : 1. The Chemistry of Soap Making Popularly Put. — Broadly speaking) the process most commonly used is divorce, followed by a new union. You may not all know that most fats are very complicated organic chemical compounds, but most of them consist of certain varying acids (fatty acids) combined with a base glycer- ine. This base is replaced by caustic or carbonated al- kalies, either soda or potash; and the liberated glycerine in a more or less pure condition set free, being more valuable single than united, is generally forced to live a AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 33 smgie life unless swallowed, when 1 suppose it again eineis uito combination wuii tne human iats, but aiter trus, oj course, never tinus us way into tne soap pan aguin. iii' i : by winch tins, chemical cnange is inected are various; Out, before speaking of Hum, 1 will bnelij reier to curate trades — 1. c tne preparation of the raw material — many of which trades are carried on m nianv modern soap works, and some in nearly all of them, viz., taiiow melting, bleaching and splitting, cot- tonseed crusning, pressing, the refining of the oil. and dealing with tne products, palm oil rendering and bleaching, also the preparation of caustic and carbonated alkalies (these latur industries only in the North, where coal is cheap enough). All highly technical processes which, require science, skill and capital. 8. Tin: Processes as Practically Carried Out. — Yon will remember the 1"> feet by 15 feet by 15 feet soap pans. Tin -i' are used for making what we call fitted s«>aps. The American term, settled soap, expresses the process better. These pans are fitted with three 2|-in. steam pipes with separate steam cocks. The first curves around to the back of the bottom of the pan, the next g ii - right across the middle, and the last curves round to the front. They are perforated on either side with a large number of holes, through which the steam can be blown direct into the soap mass, so that the soap maker can regulate his boiling in all parts of the pan. He loves, as a rule, to open up all three simultaneously to their widest capacity, though this habit is not appreciated by the stokers. Into these pans the tallow is blown hot, but refined, from the tallow department; solutions of caustic soda are run in from various conveniently placed tanks until the soap is nearly made. When the soap maker judges that be has soap, not tallow and soda, in his pan he carefully tests and stops the introduction of soda before there is any trace of free soda being present. Then a simple mechanical process is adopted. Have you evtr tried washing with soap in sea water? If so. you know that soap will not dissolve in salt water. "Well, thoroughly to saponify the soap mass too much water has been used in thinning out the solution. It is now necessary to get rid of this, so the soap maker throws a lot of common salt (I say common with caution, for pure XaCl is used, but people call it common salt). This is dissolved by the surplus water, and the discarded soap floats on the top of the salt water, which contains, be- sides any impurities, the before-mentioned glycerine. When epiite separated, this so-called "spent lye" is run into convenient tanks to be dealt with later on. The soap curd is boiled and re-boiled, and, strange as it may sound, finally washed free from all superfluous soda by a pure solution of brine, which when separated is called "half spent lye" and used again on an inferior grade in the first-mentioned or spending process. When this has been performed the soap is left to settle itself for from three days to a week. We always believe in fitting BO that Sunday comes into the process; ii saves a daj and en- tails no work. There is one great danger in these pro- cesses—a danger thai everj bousewife will appreciate — namely, the danger of a boil-over. When the chemical combination technically called "closing" commences great beat i- evolved, and the soap mass swells rapidly. when, if not promptly deall with, three-quarters of the contents of the pan will soon he on the Ii •. The con- tents of a i:> ft. b\ loft, by L5 ft. pan will, if spread out an inch thick, cover an acre, or perhaps ratlin' more. Wo once had a pan boi] over so rapidly that the man in charge ran away without being able to turn off l ho -loam : the result was that nearly all of the boiling con- tents went down to a floor below, where a foreman was quietly at work in a small office. The boiling avalanche tut oil' bis retreat, and he shivered in the heat lest he should be submerged. To propitiate the Employers' Liability Insurance Companies, we have moved that office away from the soap making department. But tin se incidents can be avoided by careful foremen to a very gnat extent. When the settled soap is cool enough it is pumped by steam pumps into iron cooling pans which hold about 12 to 15 ewt. each. There it stays about thirty hours, and then is cut by wires. The most mod- ern way is to have frames on wheels with detachable sides and ends. When the block is cool the sides and ends are removed, and the block is run into a machine which pushes the block through a frame of wires, whence it emerges a heap of slabs. These slabs are passed cross- wise through other wires which divide them into bars of similar dimensions, about 3 lb. each being the most in demand at present. The bars intended for tablets may lie placed on conveyors which separate them into three equal portions by thrusting them through a frame con- taining two other wires. They are then dropped into a machine constructed with cams and dies, and running with the rhythm of a sewing machine. This turns them into fairly well-finished tablets, which emerge, jumping on to another conveyor, like a flock of sheep through a gate. Seated each side of the conveyor are a lot of eager girls who seize the first tablet which conies to hand, and with extraordinary speed throw a wrapper round it: very few tablets escape to the end of the conveyor, ami very few minutes are the girls kept waiting. This is an ideal, but not universal way of soap tableting. Very few makers have work enough in one run to keep such a machine running week in and week out. though some have many machines ai work. The "fitted" or "settled" soan is London's pet and England's favorite, and in the form of primrose or yellow, or washer or cleanser, may be found in some form or another in nearly every oil- man's or croeor's in "Fneland. Rut there are urine i processes. The "'curd" soap is saponified and then boiled 34 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST by dry steam — that is to say, steam contained in long, unpen o.' died but trapped sceam coils; by thus driving on tne moisture a very dry curd is left floating on very concentrated lyes. The pans in which these soaps are made usually have perforated as well as dry coils. Curd soaps are used for silk washing and blanket milling on a very large scale. Then there are cold, or as the French call them, mi-froid processes, where the solutions are added to the fats at such a temperature that the heat resulting from chemical combination finishes the pro- cess. These, however, require a basis largely composed of coeoanut oil, which makes a soap hardly appreciated by Englishmen. Such a soap they charge you one franc for at a Continental hotel for one night, and even then you don't think it worth while to take it away. Quickly made soaps, like cheap blue mottle and ma- rine, may be boiled and turned out in a day, but they, again, depend on the ease with which the hard vegetable oils are saponified. Then we come to soft soap — very important in the engine room and on deck — used in the Eoyal pantry and in the humblest stable, invaluable to the diplomatist as to the beggar; everybody hears about it, but many do not know how it is made — the commercial quality I mean, not the diplomatist's. It is a simple process, but needs care. Sweet vegetable oils are combined with solutions of caustic potash, but so carefully as to leave a quite neutral product. Some makers use fish oil. The product looks nice, but when used in hot water the result is an aroma which puts one off using such a soap — at any rate, for spoons and forks. You who have used soft soap may have noticed little white specks appearing at certain times in certain sam- ples. We call that "figging" ; it is due to the saponified stearates of the oil dissociating themselves from their humbler friends the oleates, and crystallising, so to speak, into higher society. Of toilet soaps I might talk till midnight. I have been told that there are five million seven hundred and thirteen varieties. I will not vouch for the last thirteen !- I will confine myself to mentioning two processes, viz.. (1) the re-melting and (2) the milling process. The ordinary twopenny soap — the common or oil-shop va- riety— I do not disparage. It is often very good; is made by re-melting yellow and curd soap adding color and scent. In large works the hot soaps are taken from the big pans and colored; this saves time, steam and handling. The finished soaps — honey, brown Windsor, etc. — are cooled in small frames, and then cut by wires and stamped by hand presses, after having been dried in drving cupboards, preferably by warm and filtered air. The milling process is now practically universally adopted for the higher class of toilet soaps, because — pnd this is important — soaps so made do not warp or twist or shrink, and therefore do not spoil expensive wrappers. A pure neutral scentless white soap is chosen to: the b*:"e. It is dried to the last possible degrje; chipped or flaked by maenmery and men ground in heavy granite or steel rollers, running at different speeds, so that No. 2 picks the soap off No. 1, and so on. There are usually five in a mill, and when the soap comes to No. 5 it may be either turned back to No. 1 or turned out into the next machine — the squeezer (French boud- ineuse). Here a powerful screw compresses the ground mass through an orifice into a solid bar of any convenient shape, ready for cutting into tablets. But I forgot to tell you that in the mill, cold though the soap is, it has been thoroughly mixed with scents,, and, if needed, col- ors. This cold mixing saves scent from destruction, and the resultant product is far more delicate. Always be sure to select milled toilet soaps; I will endeavor to show you how at the end of this paper. 3. Some Problems and By-products. — Of course., the ever-present problem is how to keep down expenses so that one's product will compare favorably in price with that of competitors, and it was in endeavoring to attain this end that the various processes for the re- cover}7 of glycerine, now universally adopted, were found out. If I had the value of all the glycerine which has been run down the drains in past years I should not envy Andrew Carnegie himself. I expect I should have given you a library, building and all, tonight, instead of this humble effort. The spent lyes, which we left in a con- venient tank, containing 3 per cent, to 5 per cent, of glycerine and about 7 per cent, to 10 per cent, of salt, are treated with acid and then filtered to remove silica, iron and alumina, all of which impurities must be care- fully eliminated. They are then concentrated, prefer- ably in double or triple effect vacuum plants. We were the first to adopt Foster's patent plant, made by Fuller- ton, Hodgart, Barclay & Co., of Paisley, which is now in almost universal use. Many thousands of pounds' worth of other plants have been scrapped to make room for this one. As the liquor concentrates in the second vessel, in which the vacuum is kept to about 28 in., the salt con- tinually precipitates, and this fact was one of the most difficult to contend with. Tlie late Mr. Foster, who was an expert in sugar machinery, invented pumps to eject the wet newly-precipitated salts. Oh, those pumps? He and I had a worse game with them than a beginner has with a golf ball. He said he had learned more about salt in one evening at the pumps than in all the rest of his life. The salt has a habit of freezing on to iron like barnacles to a ship's bottom. Imagine the work of piston rods thus coated, and the average life of packings ! Well, we scraped the pumps, and now use an ingenouslv planned bulb to collect the salt at the bottom of the second vessel. This bulb has sighting glasses to show the depth of salt and a large cock at the top and bottom. The lower one cannot be opened AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 35 until the top one is shut The wet salt is run down into a hydro-extractor, the bulb cioeed tightly, and tne air completely exhausted by opening a pipe Leading to the air pump. When the gauge shows aa in. the top rock may be again openid, and a fresh batch of salt precipi- tates. 'I he drj sail is conveyed back to the soap house and used over and over again. The glycerine as turned out of this evaporator is crude. It contains 80 per a at. of glycerine and about 10 per rent, of salt, it has to be triple distilled before being railed chemically pure, and to attain a really chemically pure glycerine arsenic must be most carefully avoided in any materials used in thq soap manufacture or in the subsequent treatment of the glycerine. A problem of considerable interest is how best to obtain the glycerine from the fats before saponi- fication. By so doing a pure glycerine is obtained, and the expense of refining is greatly reduced. But the ob- jection to all processes for this purpose which I have seen up to the present is the tendency for the fat acids to oxidise, or to lose color, by combining with iron dur- ing saponification. Another problem has always been how to avoid scraps. George H. Lorimer in Old Gorgon Q mho m. says: "There are two breeds of little things in business — those that you can't afford to miss, and those that you can't afford to notice.*-' This is one of the former. Men will soil soap or cut it wastefully, or drop a tray of tablets in the mud. These have to be carefully wiped and then re-boiled — scent, labor, color, all wasted, and double steam used. That's where good Ion men come in; but the really responsible ones for watching these economies are those at the top. If I may again quote Lorimer: "You don't need to bother very much about the things that are going all right, but you want to spend your time smelling out the things that are going all wrong and laboring with them till you've persuaded them to live a better life." Mistakes in delivery are by-products which must be eliminated if profits are to be made. If a man orders a nice rose- scented toilet soap, and promises his wife a tablet, when delivery is made he is apt to write a sarcastic post-card if the parcel opens out to be hospital carbolic soap ! ■4. The Confectionery of Soap Making. — A few- years ago soap was sent out in quite a crude or rough and ready manner. The household soap used to be packed in any size second-hand boxes, as much as pos- sible was got into the box, and it was invoiced gross and tare. Nowadays boxes are made to hold net weights, and in many factories, even for the cheaper soaps, very elab- orate box-making machinery exists. One well-known household soap is sent out entirely in tongued and grooved boxes with dove-tailed corners. Household soap is also now to a very large extent wrapped and packed in card boxes of from one to three tablets, for the conven- ience of the purchaser. But it is in toilet soaps that the expensive development of confectionery has been so marked in the last few years. I can remember when the grater bulk of hngiMi Boap makers thought that from fifteen to twenty different essentiat oils for scenting was a Large assortment. Nowadays the number would be near< r 150. Thirt\ years ago the small square tabli ts of brown Windsor soap, packed in a 7-lb. wooden box, were good enough for Koyalty; nowadays there have to be three or four wrappers or circulars und< r an elaborately litho'd outer wrapper, and the box must be a casket. I shall sho'w some illustrations of this at the close of the paper. There is om thing that would interest you. and that is a process for marking soap, so that so long as the soap is in use the marking may be road, li you dip a pin or needle into color and stick it into a tablet of soap you will find that the pin is cleaned, but that no color enters into the depth of even a fraction of an inch of the soap tablet. Inventors have spent thousands in endeavoring to overcome this difficulty, and eventually a process was discovered of perforating the soap with arranged needles in a bath of liquid color. When the needles are withdrawn a. vacuum is left, and the air pressure forces the color right through the depths of the hollow which the needles have made. Any words can be arranged, limited only by the space at command This invention has innumerable uses. Hotels, railways, clubs and steamships — where, I am told, petty pilfering is very life — can have their soap marked with a name or device which will be legible as long as a fragment re- mains. Again, these tablets can be used to advertise anything, from whisky to a temperance tract, and the lettering in no wise interferes with the quality. Moulds again, are an elaborate form of confection. We had a set of moulds made for a high-class toilet soap which cost nearly £100 for the one sort only. Now why is it that an Englishwoman says that an English toilet soap at one shilling a tablet, however well confectioned, how- ever delightfully scented, is too dear, but she will pay from 2s. 6d. to 5s. for the French or Belgian variety ? (To be Continued.) Well? Here is a lesson from the National Laundry Journal: Listening to the tabs of woe of a supply man or sales- man we heard something like the following: "I had gotten the soap trade of Blank's laundry, and was talk- ing to our Boapmakers in the factory one Saturday after- noon about the matter, when a young man sauntered in the back door and coming directly toward me took from his pocket six of our -hipping tags and handed them to me without any remark. I looked them over, saw they had been addressed to Blank's laundry and evidently torn from the package-. Then I looked at the young man inquiringly and said. 'WeH?' He seemed to think that 36 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 1 ought to know what was wanted, but on seeing that I did not, he said : " 'Giiess I've got six dollars coming, haven't I ?' " 'How do you figure that ?' I asked, with my interest fully aroused. " 'Well, I am washman at that laundry, and the fel- low who quit when I took the, job told me that there would be a dollar coming to me from the factory for each barrel of soap used, and all I would have to do to get the money was to take the tags off the barrel and carry them to the factory. We've used six barrels, but he said there would be eight or ten used each week.' "This young man was apparently straightforward; nothing of the sly, don't-get-caught in his talk or ac- tions, so I, after a moment's thought, put the tags in my pocket, wrote out a combination order and receipt, had him sign it, and sent him to the office to get his money, instructing the cashier to hold the order as a receipt and look to me for explanation." Now here is a case where "graft" pure and simple had been in practice. Graft of the employee and supply man on the employer, for the reader does not suppose for a moment that the supply man permitted the "graft" to be made on him to the extent of a dollar a barrel when he has to come into close price competition. I asked for an explanation. The soap maker spoke up and said : "It's easy enough as long as there is no complaint about the quantity used, for the soapmaker to put enough water in a barrel of soap to even up for the dollar." I further asked the salesman what he was going to do about it. "I don't know just exactly. Of course I am going to try and hold my trade, but I am certainly going to also try to save that young man's character. He is, I be- lieve, innocently entering a path that will lead him into trouble and perhaps into the penitentiary." 75he Pirate in Soap Manufacture. The following truthful account of a recent and very remarkable occurrence is vouched for by the London Evening News of August 19, 1905 : Luigi Caro, the pirate chief, is unmasked, and all the surmises at his identity were wrong. When, at Triest, he made a wager of 12,000 crowns that he would take his "unnamed black foreign yawl" to Cowes and disport it amongst those of the nobility, he reckoned without his host. He lest his bet, notwithstanding his acceptance of the challenge of the owenr of the Irene, for the simple rea- son that his yawl was wrecked on the He d' Yeu, in the Bay of Biscay. The time spent on repairs made him late for Cowes, but, as a sort of recompense, he went to Ryde, where he made himself an unmitigated nuisance. What the yachtsmen saw there was a black craft with white streaks. On the stern, picked out in gold, was the picture of a throne — by the way Luigi mentioned after- wards, "You will be thrown" — surmounting a crest, with the highly informative motto, "Aut Solium aut Solium." On the deck of the pirate craft sat the pirate chief, a picturesque-looking brigand in slouch hat, white dun- garees, black buttons, and red fez. He seemed to have a perpetual thirst, and a continual stream of buccaneers ministered to his wants. When not engaged in drinking, Luigi Caro petted a large green parrot that perched on his. left wrist, and not until it spoke was the secret out. "What is Throne Soap ?" it asked querulously, giving answer with the same squeak. "Luxury's necessity, you silly." Seeing that the oft-repeated cry of the bird necessi- tated instant action, Luigi Caro, still in the role of pirate chief, ordered forth his minions with challenges to the best-looking lady on board each boat, and to the owner thereof. Issued in dainty envelopes, the challenges, accompan- ied by neat artistic boxes, were accepted by the occu- pants of the yachts with amused surprise — a surprise that turned into a hearty laugh when the reading of the challenge exposed the whole farce — a farce well thought out and well played. "Luigi Caro wishes to make known to you," ran the "challenge," "that Necessity is not always the Mother of Invention. As an instance, the Necessity of Luxury is the child of Invention mated with Experience — an in- comparable union. Your attention is drawn to the off- spring of such admirable parentage- — 'THBONE SOAP,' generally called 'Luxury's Necessity.' This is the highest quality soap ever produced at a reasonable price. It is highly, etc., etc., etc." * * * The scheme has in reality been going on since last March, when reports of a pirate in the Adriatic reached this country, but so far as regards public interest, it was the following now well-known notice that arrested at- tention : — COWES. — If the person speaking bad Italian with an American twang, owning an unnamed black foreign yawl and giving his name as Luigi Caro, has courage to -meet me in Cowes neighborhood this week, I will convince him that he cannot commit acts amounting to piracy with impunity.— OWNER OF IRENE. While people wondered who the "Owner of Irene" might be, and conjured up a fire-eating scion of an ancient house seeking the blood of the person speaking AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMlSx 37 "bad Italian with au American twang," Luigi Caro, em- ployed by Messrs. Edward Cook and Co., the soap manu- facturers of Bow, F., was laughing softly to himself. At the same time he sighed, for he thought what he might bave done, if it had ool been for the wreck. Thus in this stor\ is mixed reality and farce. Eowever, the hearts of the people were quickened bj the somewhat unexpected answer, showing that even a pirate has "sufficient courage" on shore. ( OWES. — Luigi Caro has "sufficient courage" to meet the "Irene's" irate owner. Notwithstanding threat he will encounter him on Clarence Pier, South-sea, mid- day. Thursday. "Irene's owner' take warning. You will be thrown.— LUIGI CARO. Clarence pier was thronged, and later on many people claimed to have found Luigi Caro. Others were quite certain there was no such man, and still others affirmed that he Mas a man from Chichester. What happened was this: Luigi Caro in the flesh walked along the crowded pier, and, picturesque as he was, no one looked at him. He blew a whistle, and im- mediately a sail on the "unnamed black foreign yawl*' displayed the words '-'Throne Soap, Luxury's Necessity." At that moment a motor-car was in readiness at the end of the pier, and rushing to it, Luigi Caro was whisked away to Brighton. There he created such a block in the traffic by giving away samples that the police took him in hand. But the samples were so enticing that they let him go. However, that may be, the fact remains that Caro and his motor afterwards visited Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and Hove in the interests of his employers and he returned to London late last night thoroughly done up. He left the parrot at Brighton. In a shop, labelled "The Pirate"s Pet," it is to be heard jerking out the phrase its master so assiduously taught it — "Throne Soap, Luxury's Necessity." Thus more than the "Owner of Irene" were thrown. * * * * After reading all the foregoing, our readers will prop- erly conclude that this is only another chapter of our "How Soaps Are Sold," and a more prosaic account of the performance will not be amiss. Here it is, in the words of the British and Colonial Druggist: For some months past strange reports of a piratical craft cruising in the Northern Adriatic have been ap- pearing in the newspapers, and prominence has been given by the Continental press to rumors of outrageous conduct on the part of one Luigi Caro, who appeared to have gained an unenviable notoriety, and whose ex- ploits read like a page from one of Captain Marryafs novel?. In March lasl it was reported thai his boal bad christened the "Flying Dutchman," and thai .-he was thesceneol most remarkabl gies. Manj peasant it was said, had be< d entrapped on board, dressed in the richesl clothes, and made to join then- wild hosts in riotous festivity, and extraordinary tales were told of the gold ami precious -ems showered upon the fair cap- tives when they were pui on shore. Now comes the denouement — there had been no boat and no pirate. The above was only a carefully prepared scheme for attracting attention on the part of the well- known (inn of soap makers, Edward Cook and Co., Lim- ited, makers of "'Throne," the Royal toilet soap, and now that public interest was aroused these resourceful gentle- men quickly put upon the scene a boat and a pirate. By a piece of skilful stage management a yawl painted black with white stripes, flying no flag, hut with a large golden "Throne" crept round the coast of France with the intention of reaching Cowes in time for the regatta. The crew were picturesquely attired as pirates of the Opera Bouffe order, and were under the command of the resourceful advertising agent, who had some time ago introduced "Shy Lady and Silent Worshipper" to an admiring public, and for that reason had been commis- sioned to sail Cook's craft. Unfortunately, a gale of wind in the Bay of Biscay carried away "The Flying Dutchman's" topsail, and the necessary repairs delayed them. About this time further reports of atrocities were carefully circulated, and an ad- vertisement appeared in the personal column of several London newspapers as follows : COWES. — If the person speaking bad Italian with an American twang, owning an unnamed black foreign yawl and giving his name as Luigi Caro, has courage to meet me in Cowes neighborhood this week, I will convince him that he cannot commit acts amounting to piracy with impunity.— OWNER OF "IRENE." This elicited the following reply ! COWES. — Luigi Caro has "sufficient courage" to meet the I"rene's" irate owner. Notwithstanding threat he will encounter him on Clarence pier, Southsea, mid- day. Thursday. " 'Irene's' owner" take warning. You will he thrown.— LUIGI CAPO. People at Southsea were at fever heat, fully expecting that bloodshed would ensue. Meanwhile, this strange craft arrived at Eyde. where it caused a great deal of wonder and mystification among the yachtsmen as- sembled for the regatta. Classes were levelled at it from all sides, and numerous attempts were made to discover its identity. The pirate chief loled in easv indolence on deck, smoking a hookah, and with a knowing rrrCen par- rot perched on his wrist, while obsequious attendants hovered around him. 38 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST In Southsea, on Thursday last week, the pirate was the one topic of conversation, and when a strange black craft appeared opposite the pier no one was surprised to see a handsome and strangely dressed individual land, but what surprised them was what followed. Taking a whistle from his pocket, he gave a signal to the men on the yacht, and instantly full sail was set, and all over the sails appeared the words, "Throne, the Royal Toilet Soap, is Luxury's Necessity." This bold advertisement certainly scored a huge suc- cess, and the bold "Pirate" then mounted a motof-car, which had been in waiting, loaded up with wine cases, which, however, proved to be full of tablets of soap. Cutting a string, he let loose placards on each side of the car with the words "Throne" Soap, and amid the plaudits of the crowds started on a triumphal journey to Brighton, via Chichester, Arundel, Worthing, and Hove, where samples of "Throne" Soap were distri- buted amid scenes of wild enthusiasm. We understand that letters were sent from the "Throne" boat to every yacht in the neighborhood of Rvflc addressed to the prettiest lady on board, and each letter was accompanied by samples of "Throne" Soap. Trulv advertising is a fine art. and Messrs. E. Cook and Co., Limited, have to be congratulated on their success. T5he "Red Cross" Trade Mark. An important decision has recently been rendered in favor of Messrs. Johnson &. Johnson of New Brunswick, New Jersey, in a suit that has long been "pending in the Court of Chancery of New Jersey against Seabury & Johnson of Jersey City, for the determination of the right to use the red cross as a trade-mark upon surgical goods, and particularly upon absorbent cotton. We give below the substance of the opinion. The complainant's label in controversy bears as a distinctive feature a red Greek cross. By extensive ad- vertising, its goods have acquired in the market the name of the "Red Cross Cotton" and 'Red Cross Goods," under which terms they are extensively bought and sold. The Court found that the defendant, for the purpose of acquiring the benefit of the complainant's reputation, adopted the shape and color of complainant's packages, and in connection therewith the red cross symbol. This the Court held to be in effect a misrepresentation as to the origin and ownership of the goods which equity would restrain. The complainant, at the beginning of its business career, began an active competition with the defendant's predecessors and. by invention and care in preparation, produced and offered to the public a grade of absor- bent cotton superior to any that had previously been placed upon the market. For the purpose of distin- guishing its product, it interleaved the layers of cotton with blue tissue paper and enclosed the rolls in dark blue wrappers. Upon trie package it placed a label of con- spicuous size and color, the prominent feature of which was two red crosses. So great was the demand for the product of the complainant, that under .the name of "Red Cross Cotton" it soon acquired a great popularity. Observing this public demand, the defendant commenced to put out an inferior grade of cotton in similar pack- ages, but, at first, without the "Red Cross" label, using on the outside of the wrappers a seal without the red cross. Thereafter it added in the center of the seal a red cross, finally enlarging the latter so as to make it a prominent and conspicuous feature of the label. The defendant, without denying the similarity of packages, endeavored not only to prove prior use of the trade-mark by itself, but also to show that the mark had been so extensively used by others as to have become public property, so that neither party could have any such right therein as Mould justify the interference of the court. The defendant claimed that prior to the in- troduction by the complainant of its goods, the former had used this seal with the cross upon it for the covering of cork stoppers to bottles, and that such use, together with its use of blue paper as a wrapper for lint some years previous, entitled it to extend the use of the red cross and blue wrapper to absorbent cotton, even if in so doing it produced a fac-simile of complainant's pack- ages. While it appeared to be true that in 1884, and before the complainant had begun business, the defend- ant adopted a seal with a red cross in the center, upon its goods, it was evidently not so used upon absorbent cotton or gauze until after it had been used by the complainant upon its cotton, which had acquired thereby in the market a standing as "Red Cross Goods." More- over, the seal appears to have been used by the defend- ant, not as a trade-mark to indicate the origin of the goods to which it was applied, but rather by way of ornamentation. The use of the defendant of the cross upon its goods had been, in the language of the Court, "desultory and inconspicuous," and had never resulted in any such identification of the symbol with the goods as had arisen from its use by complainant. On the con- trary, the latter was the first to give to the mark a dis- tinctive character as indicative of the goods of a par- ticular manufacturer. In overruling the contention of the defendant that by prior use it had acquired a .right superior to that of the complainant, the Court affirms an important principle of trade-mark law, that use to become the foundation of a right, must be such as to identify the mark with the goods on which it is used, and that the title to a trade- mark cannot be broader than- its use has been. The Court therefore held that the use by the defendant had not been such as to entitle it to a monoply of the mark AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 39 nor to confer any right to exclude others from the use of that mark, except in so Ear as such use by another might interfere with property rights already acquired therein by the defendant, a principle which was inap- plicable in tins instance; that the latter, in short, could not by mere adoption and use in one way or upon one line of goo Is, i. - rve the right to use the mark on any other goods to which d might th< ivafti c see lit i" apply the mark. There was also abundant evidence that the red cross had been used by numerous persons fur general adver- tising puj - - non their goods prior to its u- by the complainant, hut there was no evidence of such use upon goods similar to those for which the latter had adopted it as a trade-mark. The Court said that the puhlii of the mark could confer upon no individual any higher property in the symbol than the right to its use when such use would not mislead the purchaser as to the origin of the article sold, so that the seller might not derive an unjust profit from the trade reputation of another; that the symbol in question had now. in spite of such use by others, become distinctive in the public mind of the complainant's goods. Accordingly, such use of the symbol by others was immaterial by way of justi- fication to the defendant, which, in the language of the Court, made no claim that because of its use of the red cross in manner stated it had acquired a right to its ex- clusive use or that its goods had ever acquired a dis- tinctive name thereby, but justified upon the ground that whatever business reputation the complainant might have established through the use of the red cross as a symbol, it had established in spite of the fact that many persons were using the red cross upon their pro- ducts, and for that reason all the world had a right to simulate the packages and emblem of the complainant. The Court held, however, that this use of the red cross by others had been rather indicative of the char- acter of the goods as being adapted to the cure of phy- sical ills, or for the relief of suffering, than as distinctive of the particular make or origin of the article to which it was applied; that the complainant was the first to use the cross as a mark of origin, in other words, as a trade-mark, or to give it currency with the public, as designating the goods of a definite manufacturer; that the defendant, in adopting the symbol and simulating the packages of the complaintant, clearly had in view but one purpose, and that was to mislead the public into the belief that in buying the defendant's packages they were getting the goods of the complainant. The Court, accordingly, declared that in view of the extent to which the complainant's "Eed Cross Cotton" had become known, the action of the defendant in sim- ulating complainant's packages and symbol created a confusion tending to mislead the public as to the origin and own ndant's goods and to induce their as and for the g iods of tin complainant. The defendant raised the further porn! in opposition to the relief sought bj the complainant, thai in L895 an act was befon the House of Representatives, by the terms of which tin American National Red I jiven the exclusive us< of the symbol of the re, I cross, with p 0 liceil its Use. and \,y which al! unlicensid users were made Liable to severe penal- ties. The complainant resisted the passage of this hill, and i<> remove its opposition, the officers of the society entered into a contract with the complainant recognizing and confirming the lattcr's right to the' symbol. Th after, its opposition having In en withdrawn, the bill passed both bouses but failed to become a law because the approval of the Presidenl was withheld. During tin- contest and before the making of the agreement, the complainant had obtained from its counsel on opin inn that siieii a law would he unconstitutional. The d< - fendant charged that with knowledge of the fact that the hill had failed to pass and that such a law would be unconstitutional were it enacted, the complainant caused to he inserted in its price lists of 1895 and 1896 a notice that, by act of Congress the right to the use of the red cross symbol had been vested in the American National Red Cross Society, which society had granted to the complainant the exclusive use thereof. The Court said that whatever might have been the effect of this misrepresentation on the complainant's claim of relief if it were persisted in at the present time, it had been withdrawn at least three years before the suit was instituted, and had no hearing therefore upon the present conditions. In this connection, it may be of interest to note that an act similar to that referred to became a law during tin present year, having been approved by the President on January 5, 1905. This act for the incorporation of the American National Red Cross, makes it unlawful for any person falsely or fraudulently to bold bimself out as a member of or agent for the American National Red Cross for the purpose of collecting money or mater- ial, or to wear or display the sign of the ml cross for the purpose of fraudulently inducing the belief that he is a member or agent then of. It also provides that it shall be unlawful for any person or corporation, other than the society so, incorporated, •'not now lawfully en- titled to use the sign of the red cross" hereafb r to use such symbol or any insignia or imit-.tion thereof for the purpose of trade or for advertising the sale of any article whatsoever. Violation of this provision is a misde- meanor, punishable h; line of fro hundred to five hundred dollars, payable to the American National Red Cross, or by imprisonment of not to exceed one year. By this act. the present owner of the red cross trade- 40 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST mark seems to have acquired an unique monopoly in the use of the symbol which it is forbidden hereafter to- any one else to adopt or use, the provision which exempts from the operation of the statute any one who is now lawfully entitled to use of the symbol, having removed, we presume, what was regarded by the counsel for the complainant as the unconstitutional feature of the earlier bill. — Bulletin of the U. S. Trade Mark Association.) A Sensational Story. Less than two years ago a tall, thin, active man about 40 years of age entered my office. He introduced him- self as a former restaurant man, whose place of business was only a block from mine. When asked how he had come to quit the business he replied that he had gone into a scheme of his own, and was making barrels of money. Suspecting that it was a graft, I at once became interested, and very quickly found that it was a scheme, indeed. TO INCREASE BUSINESS. He had just "finished" Cleveland and was very jubi- lant over the outcome. He took in the large cities only. Calling upon some well-to-do' laundry man, . he asked him if he would not like to have his business rapidly increased, and, of course, received an affirmative answer. "Well," said the grafter, "I have a plan by which your business can be increased so fast that it will sur- prise you." Then, bringing from his pocket some blank contracts, and photo-engraving of a very handsome jardiniere, made bya pottery concern in Southern Ohio, he stated his proposition : He would have his experienced canvassers make house to house calls, promising to deliver this beautiful jar- diniere as a premium, absolutely free, in consideration of the -signing of a contract to furnish the said laundry with $12 worth of work, at regular laundry prices. To compensate the promoter of the plan, the laundry- man must sign a contract, and furnish a satisfactory bond, agreeing to pay the promoter 50 cents each for every contract, payable on the day it was handed over to him, and to pay $2 each for the jardinieres. CANVASSING THE CITY. This would make $2.50 to be paid for each $12 con- tract, which would be reasonable, considering that pos- sibly nine out of every ten. customers would continue to patronize the laundry indefinitely. Believing that he was entering into a business agree- ment by -which all concerned would be benefited, the laundryman unhesitatingly signed a contract secured by a good bond. Having closed his contract, and making sure that he had a good one, the grafter immediately wired his ten experienced canvassers. By the time they arrived he had the city laid out in sections, and each man's terri- tory mapped out. These canvassers were able to take from 40 to 60 con- tracts each a clay. The man who couldn't average 40 a day would not be kept, and it was always a sure thing that the gang would average 50 each. The proposition as made by them was of such an un- usual character that nearly every housewife readily ac- cepted it. She had to have her work done by a laundry of some kind anyhow, and, as the prices were all the same, why not make a change and secure the handsome premium. A POOR DAY'S WORK. The day upon which the canvassers began the grafter called up the laundry with whom he had made the con- tract and announced that he would be at the laundry office at 6 o'clock that evening with their contracts. Imagine the surprise of the laundryman when the grafter called as agreed and laid down on his desk 500 contracts. "What! Five hundred contracts to-day?" he asked, as he thought of the $250 cash to be paid on them. "Certainly," replied the grafter, "and it's been a poor day at that." "Am I to pay you $250 cash to-night for these?" "Of course; that's the contract," the grafter curtly answered. "And you are to order 500 of the jardinieres to-morrow for premiums and inclose your check for them." "Good heavens ! that will be $1,000 more," shouted the laundryman. "Yes, that's true; altogether $1,250 on to-day's busi- ness," said the grafter. "How many contracts do you expect to get to-mor- row?" asked the laundryman, his face blanched, and nervousness depicted in every movement. "Well, anywhere from 500 to 600, and possibly more." "Do you expect me," shrieked the laundryman, "to back up this scheme with $1,200 or $1,500 per day ?" "That's the only way by which both you and I can make a pile of money out of it," "How long will it take to finish this city ?" came the next anxious inquiry. "Oh, possibly three months, maybe more." "What ! three or four months, and an average of 500 contracts a day. Man alive! How can I take care of all that business ? Great Caesar ! you've got me swamped the first day." "Well, that's your lookout. Your contract reads that I am to make a complete canvass of the town, and you are to pay me 50 cents cash for each contract and order, and pay cash (two dollars) for each jardiniere. I am here with my men and shall expect you to do as you agreed !" AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST II A I.1TI I 1. D00 JICOH BUSIN I SS. "But," figured the laundryman. "just see what I have to contend with. It means that 1 have to pay you and the pottery concern $7,500 the first week, and you will will flood me with 3,000 washingB in the same length of time, and you can see that within three months I will have to pay you in cash $87,500, and I will have 39,000 more washings to do every week than I now have, pro- vided they should all stick." "Well," the grafter asked, dryly, "how about your cash receipts every day, and every week? These custom- ers have to pay their bills, and you will certainly get in an ocean of money from them." "That isn't it; the question is, how am I going to take ran- of all this business with my present facilities?" in- sisted the laundryman. "Expand, expand," was the grafter's suggestion. "Indeed, I won't have time to expand, besides, I'll be in the insane asylum before three weeks, to say nothing of three months, if this keeps up." DIFFERENT IX PRACTICE. "I suppose you have lots of competition," suggested the grafter. "Yes, we have plenty of that." "Well, we will put all the other laundries out of busi- ness inside of thirty days, and then all you will have to do is to buy their plants cheap and monopolize the busi- ness." "That's all right to talk about, but your methods would break up a dozen men like me in no time. "What's going to be done? If you keep this up I'll be ruined financially inside of a week. I am not a millionaire and have worked hard to establish this little business, and there is no use in your going on with this work, be- cause I can't stand it." "But your bondsmen are all right, are they not? Per- haps they will see the necessity of backing you in this enterprise." "No, I'll never ask them to do that," the laundryman vowed, "and you might as well let up right away." "You understand, Mr. ," said the grafter, "that this contract is worth a lot of money to me," and in order to prove it to him he showed him in plain figures just how much it is worth. Then he explained that the pottery company allowed him a commission of 15 per cent., or 30 cents for each jardiniere. The graft- er paid his canvassers 20 cents each for every contract secured, leaving him a profit of 30 cents on each con- tract, which, together with 30 cents more on each jar- diniere, made him a profit of 60 cents on every contract taken, and 500 a day meant to him a clear profit of $300, or $1,800 per week, as the convassers paid their own board and all other expenses, except railroad fare. This was a revelation to the laundryman, who l>\ this time began to realize the sort of game he was "up against," and instantly began to plead for a settlement PAID OUT THE I OIN. "ILiw much are you willing to give to be released?" the grafter asked. "You tell me the least you will lake ami Lei me out of this muss." "Well," the grafter replied, "you can figure, if it takes about three months to finish this city, that will means about 13 weeks of six working days each, which means 78 days, and if my profits are $300 per day, you can see that my gross personal gain for that length of time will amount to $30,400 cash."' By this time the grafter had his victim walking the floor; and, anxious to settle on the spot, he once more asked for bottom figures. "Well, I'll tell you. I'll take $G,000 in cash and call the deal off." This, the grafter explained, was always his compro- mise offer, and while had, on two different occasions, re- ceived that amount, he figured on getting $5,000, and wouldn't refuse half that amount if he couldn't do bet- ter. A BORX GRAFTER. After the grafter had finished his story, I said I thought he could make the scheme a legitimate and well paying one by going into a large city and contracting with several different laundrymen to secure, for each one, from 5,000 to 10,000 contracts, and keep up the business, in a business way ; or, if he could find a laun- dry concern -with a large enough plant and sufficient money to back up the scheme, they could all make big money out of it. He laughed and said : "Yes, I know that is true, be- cause I struck one concern, a stock company, who had several different laundries in the city, and money and nerve enough to carry it through, and I made money very fast, as did the canvassers and the laundry firm. But," he added, "there was no excitement or fun in that, as it wasn't grafting." I then asked him to explain how he could satisfy his. canvassers, who worked on a commission, and who after the first,' or possibly the second day's canvass, would be out of work. "Oh, that's easy," said he; "while they are waiting for me to make another laundry contract in a new city, they are all out canvassing under the management of my brother, for a clever little household article that goes like wildfire, and which keeps them all busy. Be- sides, as I guarantee each one a certain amount per week — and a good amount, too — of course, they are sat- isfied."— J. P. Johnson in Cincinnati Enquirer. 42 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Oil Products of the Palm. Tht re are on the home market, to say nothing of sub- stances prepared and consumed in the localities where the parent trees are grown, a variety of oily products which have their source in the various specits of palm tree. Within comparatively recent times, these oils have become marketable article's, and the demand for them is now so great that they have actually proved a very im- portant factor in the opening up and civilisation of Africa. Trade is the principal means of bringing the natives into contact with the white man, but whether this is an unmixed blessing for the former is a matter which need not be discussed here. Africa is the country, or more correctly, continent, to which we owe a very large part of the'fats and oils, pro- ducts of the palms, which we receive; but we are also indebted to India and the Malay archipelago, and South America for part of our supply. Some notes on the source, preparation and properties of these oils may be of interest, as showing the number and variety of the products obtained from a single class of tree. Cocoa-nut Oil. The cocoa palm, from the fruits of which this oil is obtained, is a native of the South Sea islands and the East Indian archipelago, but it is now grown practically in all tropical countries. The fruit is oval in shape and almost as large as the football used in the Rugby game. There is a thick, outer shell with much fibrous matter within it and finally there is the kernel, which is the cocoa-nut as it comes on the home market. Before it ripens, this kernel is filled with a soft, almost completely liquid, whitish mass, which as the fruit de- velopes, gradually dries up, adhering to the sides of the nut, and leaving a little watery juice in the nut. It is from this .white fleshy material that the oil is obtained. The native method of extraction, like all native meth- ods, is very crude, and leaves much to be desired. In some of the islands in the South Seas, the shells are broken, the flesh extracted from them, and simply crushed and laid out in vessels with perforated bottoms, where the heat of the sun causes the oil to flow out. Needless to sa3r, there is an enormous amount of loss of oil. A more satisfactory method, employed in some of the islands, is' to boil the flesh from the nuts with water and then crush it to a pulp. This pulp is then pressed, whereby part of the oil is obtained, and finally boiled with water again, the oil which rises to the surface be- ing skimmed off. In Ceylon large quantities of cocoa-nut oil arc pre- pared in factories fitted with modern appliances. The dried flesh from the nuts, commonly known as "copra," is ground to flour and pressed by hydraulic power, much better results being obtained than is possible by native methods. Within recent years the preparation of cocoa- nut oil has become a European industry, the nuts being collected aneL opened by natives, the kernels dried and sent home in the form of copra. Cocoa-nut oil is a solid fat in our climate, except in the hottest clays of summer. It has a pleasant smell and taste when fresh, but is apt to turn rancid and then loses these characteristics. By pressure it can be sep- arated into two parts, an "oleme" and a "stearine," and the latter is used as an edible fat by the natives. The oil usually contains a considerable quantity of free fatty acids. When freshly prepared from fresh nuts the percentage is usually about 7-8, but in oils prepared from copra it is much greater, often reaching 25 per cent. (Lewhowistcli) . The amount of free acid present has an influence on the melting point of the fat, as the acids have a higher melting point than the neutral fat, and naturally as the acid value increases so does the molting point. The melting point of fresh cocoa-nut oil is about 72° E., but in commercial varieties it is usually from 7-l°-7G° F. Cocoa-nut oil is not readily saponified by dilute alka- li;-, even when heat is applied, but a strong solution of alkali saponifies it even in the cold. It is largely used in the prepaiation of various soaps. If the proper pro- portions be used, a hard soap can be obtained by simply adding the lye to the melted fat, mixing thoroughly and allowing to cool. The mixture congeals to a hard mass •:-ontaining the glycerine liberated, and the water from the lye. If no excess of alkali has been used in the prep- aration a very pleasant and useful soap is the result. Cocoa-nut oil is also used in the candle industry, but it is first subjected to pressure anel the liquid portion, or "oleine," removed. As an edible fat, cocoa-nut oil has found a large out- let within recent years. So-called vegetable butters are mostly made from it or from the "stearine" obtained from it by pressure, and they are pleasant, harmless and almost as readily digested as cow butter. In the manu- facture of many kinds of confectionery this fat is also used. Many of the cheaper makes of chocolate contain a large proportion of cocoa-nut oil which is used to re- place cacao fat. As the melting point of the latter is much higher than that of cocoa-nut oil, it is necessary to express the "oleine" before incorporating the fat with the chocolate. Of course only the best qualities of oil are used in these industries, and there can be no objec- tion to the practice. The only difficulty is to have the chocolate sufficiently high' in melting point. Many cheaper varieties will melt in the pocket at the least in- crease of temperature, and this is very often due to the use of cocoa-nut oil. Palm Oil. On the West Coast of Africa there is a huge belt of forest consisting of African oil palms. There are various varieties of the tree, but as they all AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 43 yield oil which is sold to us as palm oil. the differentia- tion of them is no! of much importance. The trees grow best in moist ground, and find an idea] location in the long, low-lying marsh) snip of land ly- ing uear the coasl of Guinea, wheTe there are huge damp valleys clothed entirely by palm trees. Brazil and other stait s in the tropical belt of America also produce va- rieties of the oil-palm, and .-mallet- quantities grow in the milder climate of the Canary islands, etc. The tree grow- besi in a damp soil, and the soil has a very important bearing on the yield of oil. In about five years from the time of planting, the tree begins to yield frail and continues bearing for fifty or more years. The fruits grow in large bunches, and a single tree gen- erally produces five or six of these each year. In the different varieties of the tree the fruit varies in size and color, the best, from the oil-yielding point of view be- ing the smallest, which resebles a deep orange-colored plum. The other varieties are larger and vary from red to black in color. The native mode of preparation and extraction of the oil is (according to an official report) as follows. When the fruit is ripe, it is collected and put into a bole (lug- in the ground, where fermentation soon begins. The fermenti d mass is then taken out and boiled with water to soften the fiber, and then beaten in a stone trough with wooden pestles until all the fiber is loose. The pulp thus obtained is allowed to stand for a day, during which time some beat is developed and oil begins to exude. The mass is then treated with hot water and the fiber pressed by hand. The oil obtained in this way is separated from the water by boiling and skimming. By the above method a "hard" palm oil is obtained; that is to say, the early treatment causes the setting free of a large proportion of fatty acids which have a higher melting point than the neutral oil. "Soft" oil is pre- pared from the fresh fruit by boiling with water, beat- ing up the softened pulp in troughs as described, then boiling with water and skimming off the oil as it rises to the surface. This "soft" oil contains a much smaller percentage of fatty acids than the "hard" oil, and when fresh has a pleasant smell and bright orange color. It is greatly esteemed by the natives as an edible oil, and is practically all consumed by them. Even when fresh, however, the oil contains a much larger proportion of free fatty acids than most other oils, and the proportion increases very rapidly. The oil, as it comes on the market, has usually a smell far from pleasant. "Hard" oil. by the time it reaches this country, contains, as a rule, 40-50 per cent, of free fattv acids and melts at about 42-44° C. It is from orange to dark red or brown in color and varies greatly in hardness. Formerly advantage was taken by the na- tives of the red color of the oil to admix with it a fine earth of a reddish color as an adulterant, but this sophis- tication is not carried on now to any great extent. \< wrili, les, there is often a I'airU large amouni of min- eral matter present. Th< crude method of extraction renders this unavoidable and anything under 2 per cent, i- considered quite reasonable. If the proportion of min- eral impurity i> great r than that, allowance is general- ly made for it in the contract. As palm oil is obtained from various varieties of the oil palm, and a- the vasl extent of country throughout which the tree i< cultivated naturally lead- to wide di- vergence in the conditions of growth,' it is not to be wondered at that the oil as it comes on (he market varies \fvx much in quality. The oil from Lagos is generally considered to he among the best, and From it the var- ious grades fall to Saltpond oil, which is usually amongst the cheapest and poorest qualities. Mention has already been made of the high color, varying from orange to red, of palm oil. This color is very permanent and, nnhss removed by artificial means, will appear in the finished soap made from the oil. There are many bleaching processes in use. The old- est is probably that in which the combined action of aii-. heat and light are brought into requisition. The oil i- heated in a tank at a low temperature not much above it- melting point, until the solid impurities have settled to the bottom, and is then decanted into another tank, leaving these impurities behind. \n this second tank- it is heated to a temperature which varies greatly with the opinion of the operator (different authorities advise temperatures from 100° to 190° ('.). When the oil has reached the maximum temperature it, is carried tip into the air and allowed to fall hack in thin streams into the tank. This is accomplished by various appliances; some- times the oil is pumped up, carried up in sieves, or by means of a revoking wheel with shallow sieved buskei-. The great drawback to this process is its slowness and the large amount of work it entails, and it has been dis- carded in favor of bleaching by beat alone, or by chemi- cal bleaching. If palm oil he simply heated (here again there are dif- ferences of opinion with regard to the most suitable tem- perature, but 240° C. is the greatest heat recommended ) rapidly and regularly to a temperature of 160° C.-240 ('., and then allowed to cool, it is found to be bleached sufficiently for many purposes. By blowing air through the liquid during the process of heating beneficial r< suits are obtained. It is not necessary to describe here the chemical meth- ods of bleaching plam oil, as the most widely used of them has been discussed in O.C.D. for December, L904. The greater part of the palm oil which comes into this country is used for the manufacture of -nap and candles, and its non-drving properties have caused it to be in- troduced into the tin-plate manufacture. Tt is ueeessary to protect the heated surface of the iron from the action 44 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST of the air, or the tin coating will not be complete. For this purpose palm oil is used as it has no corrosive action on the metal. Palm-kernel oil. For every ton of palm oil that is ex- tracted there are over two tons of palm kernels remain- ing behind. It is not practicable for the natives to ex- tract the oil from these themselves, as it requires more plant than they have at their disposal. The only method that has been attempted by them is to bury the fruit in the ground in stone vessels and then place fire on the spot. Naturally the yield is not all that could be de- sired, nor is the product of very high value. Nowadays, however, the native finds it much more to his advantage to collect the kernels left as refuse in the preparation of palm oil, remove the hard shell and sell the kernels. The nuts, then, come on the market ready for use, but they still require special machinery to crush them before they are fit to go to the oil press. They are reduced to meal in special mills put on the market for this purpose, and then pressed in the usual way, or ex- tracted by solvents. The oil prepared by the latter pro- cess is allowed to remain in the liquid state at a slightly raised temperature so that the slight impurities may settle out. The kernels contain a very large proportion of oil, usually about 50 per cent., though much greater percentages have been found. Good palm-kernel oil is pure white in color, and when fresh has an agreeable smell and taste. Free fatty acids soon begin to be formed, however, and the varieties that come on the market contain from 3 to 15 per cent. The melting point of the oil varies a good deal, and depends very much on the amount of free acid present, but com- mercial samples usually melt between 24° and 27° C. In some cases the oil is subjected to pressure and separated into an "oleine" and a "stearine," in which case the melting point of the latter is considerably higher. In many ways palm-kernel oil bears a strong resemb- lance to cocoa-nut oil, and for some purposes the two are interchangeable. Like cocoa-nut oil, palm-kernel oil has taken its place among the edible oils in European countries, and is used in the manufacture of vegetable butters. It is also used as a substitute for, or adulterant of, cacao-butter, and for this purpose it is first expressed in order to get an oil of higher melting point. The "oleine" obtained in this way is used up in soap making. The greater part of the poorer qualities of oil, unsuitable for internal use, is also used for the manufacture of soap. Para Butter. The cabbage palm yields a fruit from the kernels of which an oil is obtained. The tree is in- digenous to Brazil and the surrounding countries, and the oil is consumed entirely there. The fruits are col- lected, and the kernels obtained from them are broken up and boiled with water. The oil rises to the top and is skimmed off. Para butter belongs to the class of semi-drying oils. As it is very difficult to obtain specimens of the oil in this country, very little is known of its chemical con- stants and composition. A sample of it has been exam- ined by Bassiere,, who found it to have an iodine value of 13G. Oils from other Palms. Although the oils mentioned above are the best known, they are not by any means the only palm oils. Other species of palms yield oils, and these are extracted and used in their native countries. ('onion oil is obtained in South America and is said to be a semi-drying oil. It is prepared in the same way as Para butter. Coliune oil is very similar in appearance to cocoa-nut oil of inferior qualities. The palm tree from which it is obtained grows in large forests in British Honduras. The nuts are about the size of plums, but in appearance resemble cocoa-nuts even to the holes to be seen in one end of the nut. The melting point of the oil is the same as that of cocoa-nut oil. Macaja butter, also called Mocaya oil, is the product of a tree growing in Brazil, Paragua)', etc. It has ap- peared on the market in this country, and bears a strong resemblance to cocoa-nut. oil. It is very largely used in South America in the manufacture of soap, which is very similar to cocoa-nut oil soaps. The oil has a more yellowish appearance than cocoa-nut oil. Maripa Fat is obtained from a West Indian palm. It is very similar to the above, and is used as a food. 15he Bankrupt Law. At the annual meeting of the American Bar associa- tion, held recently at Narragansett Pier, R. I., the com- mittee on commercial law strongly disapproved of the bill pending in congress to repeal the present bankrupt law, and states that while the "law is by no means per- fect or incapable of improvement by amendment," the members of the committee regard it as drawn upon cor- rect lines and capable of perfection without drastic amendment." The report of the committee is as fol- lows : To the American Bar Associatioil: Your committee on commercial law respectfully re- port: At the meeting of the association in 1897, a paper by Mr. Walter S. Logan, a member of the committee, en- titled "A Broader Basis of Credit," was referred to this committee with instructions to report what, if, in their opinion, any legislation was necessary to carry out the suggestions contained in the paper, and to report such bill or bills as, in the judgment of the committee, should be deemed advisable to carry out such suggestions. Before the meeting at which the committee was to report on this subject, the bankrupt law, approved July AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIS. I.", 1. 1898, was passed ami wem into effect. This law pro- vided !>> a considerable extent a remedy for many of the evils pointed out in the paper referred to. hut in the judgment of the committee and of this association was far from being perfect as a piece of legislation. In the years L898, L899, L! L902, 1903, the com- mittee made reports upon the bankrupt law and upon proposed amendments to it. All of these reports were approved— generally unanimously — by the association. In the year 1899 the committee, after discussing the subject, summed up its conclusions as follows: "Your committee on comnw rcial law are of the in in ''on • I. Thai a bankrupt law is wise and beneficent legisla- tion. •••.'. That the general features of the present bankrupt law should have the approval and support of the bar and the commercial community. "■:!. That whatever amendments are made to the pro- ms of the law relating to voluntary bankruptcy should be in line of a better protection to the creditor against fraud in the bankruptcy proceedings. "4. That the amendments to the provisions of the law relating to involuntary bankruptcy should he along the lines of a better remedy for the creditor for fraud, actual or contemplated on the part of the debtor previous to the institution of bankruptcy proceedings. '"'5. That the ideal bankrupt law is one that — "(a) Allows every honest debtor to procure a speedy discharge from his obligations upon the surrender of all his property. "(b) Gives even- creditor a complete remedy against actual or contemplated fraud on the part of the debtor. "(c) Punishes all fraud on the part of debtor or cred- itor with relentless severity." At the conclusion of the reading of this report it was moved by ^Tr. Robert D. Benedict of New York, and sec- onded by ^fr. Everett P. Wheeler of New York, that the report be approved and adopted, and, further, that the committee be instructed to continue its study and inves- tigation of the practical workings of the bankrupt law. and to report further thereon at the next meeting of the association, with anv amendments thev may deem neces- sary for the perfection of the statute. This motion, after considerable discussion, was unanimously adopted. At the meeting of the association in 1900 a report was made bv the committee covering 14 full pa°res in the as- sociation's report, in which the amendments then pend- ing before eonsross, in what is known as the Bay bill, were discussed at length and approved and other recom- mendations made in relation to the amendment of the law. The report was fully discussed at the meeting of the association, the discussion occupying the greater part of nun entire session. TTon. E. C. Brandenburg. Assist- ant United States Attorney-General,, haying charge of bankruptcy proceedings, was present and was invited to participate in the discussion and did ao. After a com- paratively unimportant amendment, the report was un animously adopted. In the report of the committee for tin year L901 the Kay bill was fur her discussed and it> passage advocated, and at the conclusion of its reading the follow bag resolu- tions were unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That the report of the committee be ac- cepted and approved, and "Further resolved, That the c mittee on commercial law for the ensuing year be authorized and instructed to continue the line of work of its predecessors, looking to the perfecting of the bankruptcy law." In the winter of 1901 and 1902 the Ray bill passed the Bouse of Representatives by an overwhelming majority, but was not acted upon by the Senate. In tin- report of your committee for 1902 the proposed amendments were still further discussed at considerable length and it> conclusions unanimously approved and adopted, and the committee was again authorized and directed to advocate and urge proper legislation by congress on the lines rec- ommended by the report. On Feb. 5, 1903, the bill which had been so long and so earnestly advocated by the committee and supported by the association, after having been passed by both houses of congress, received the signature of the pri si- dent and became a law. In the discussion of the subject before the committees of congress your commercial law committee took a leading part, and its chairman was present in the rooms of the senate judiciary committee at the request of^the chairman of that committee when the bill was finally reported and put upon its passage mi the senate. The bill as amended was not by any means all tb.it your committee on commercial law desired, but if was so great an improvement on any previous bankruptcy legislation, and embodies so much that your committee bad long recommended, that your committee considered its passage a great triumph for the association. In the work of securing the passage of these amendments your committee co-operated with commercial bodies through- out the nation, and the adoption of the Bay bill seemed to give general satisfaction to the legal and to the com- mercial community. Tn the report of the committee for 1903 your commit- tee again took strong around in support of the bankrupt law, and, althought their conclusions upon subjects other than the bankrupt law met with somewhat determined opposition in the association, their conclusions upon the bankruptcy question were acceupted without question. Tt thus appears that for seven consecutive years the committee on commercial law have reported in favor of substantially the bankruptcy legislation which now ap- pears upon the statute books of the United Slates, and 46 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST that the association has at all times, with practical un- animity, sustained the committee in their work and adopted their conclusions. If there is anything that the American Bar associa- tion would seem committed to as a part of the permanent jurisprudence of the United States, it is a bankrupt law embodying the essential features of the present law. The lines upon which the battle for the bankrupt law has been fought are those laid down by -the American Bar association, and the existence of the present law is due in very large measure to its continued approval by this association and the constant contest which it has made in behalf thereof. A bill is now pending before congress which proposes to repeal this very bankrupt law. Your committee look upon this policy with the utmost disfavor. They believe that the bankrupt law, brought to its present improved state largely through the influence of this association, should be and remain a part of the legal policy of the nation. It should be perfected in all respects, in which further improvement is possible. It should be made as far as possible a relief for the honest debtor, a protection for the honest creditor and a means of punishment of all fraud in connectino with bankruptcy. If there are fallts in the legislation they should be remedied by amendment. They should be eliminated by perfecting the existing law. If at any place or at any time this law is found to work injustice, its administra- tion should be improved ; but the body of the law should remain. To repeal the present law, only to re-enact another at some future time, full of the crudities of new legislation, seems the height of legislative folly. If the law remains, modified only when necessary to make its provisions more logical and its administration more accurate, the business community and the legal profes- sion will readily accomodate themselves to the changes as they have already accomdated themselves to the body of the enactment. If, on the other hand, a bankrupt law is to survive its enactment for a few brief years only, and no national system is to exist for an ensuing period until a new scheme of federal policy is aelopted, as has been the past history of bankruptcy legislation in this country, the path of the business man is made harder both by the enactment of the law and by its repeal, and the course of justice runs not on an even keel, but inter- ruptedly, intermittently and unsatisfactorily. The present law has its enemies. One of its unpopu- lar features in certain quarters is that which prevents preferences and compels all creditors of a bankrupt to share ratably in the division of the estate, a feature which your committee highly commend. Many creditors think that in the race an dscramble for a preference they are in a position to fare better than their less fortunate or less favorably situated neighbors. But, however much they might profit by possible preferences, the business community and the general public suffer, and the policy is mischievous. "lour committee cannot conceive that the people of the United States woulel ever be willing to go back perman- ently to the methods prevailing at times when there was no national bankrupt law. No state statute could take its place, for in these days of world wide commercial re- lations no one state can have the requisite jurisdiction. It woulel, in the judgment of your committee, be a reactionary and retrogressive movement to deprive the community of this enactment, which allows an honest but unfortunate debtor to start life anew on the condi- tion of surrendering his whole property to his creditors, and which permits creditors, by taking the initiative, to rescue the salvage of an otherwise hopeless wreck, and to pursue this course without engaging in an unseemly scramble for preferences as among themselves. Your committee, therefore, recommend that the American Bar association adhere to the strong stand taken in years past in support of a bankrupt law as a part of the permanent jurisprudence of the United States, and in support of the present law as being on the whole the best law hertofore enacted. Your committee specifically recommends the adoption of the folowing resolutions : "Resolved, 1. That the American Bar association ap- proves now, as it has heretofore frequently approved, a bankrupt law as a permanent part of the jurisprudence of the United States. "2. That the association regards the present law as by no means perfect or incapable of improvement by amendment, but as drawn upon correct lines and capable of perfection without drastic amendment. "3. That the association disapproves of the bill now pending for the repeal of this law and earnestly asks congress not to pass it. "4. That the committee on commercial law be and they are hereby authorized and requested to oppose the passage of the act before the proper congressional com- mittees and its signature by the president, if passed. "5. That the members of the association, in sympathy with the conclusions expressed by the committee, be and they are requested to communicate with their senators and representatives in congress to that effect." Origin of Soap. It has been doubted whether 'soap was known to the ancients. Some authorities assert that it was not, but there is undisputable documentary evidence that it was. We find no mention of the use of soap or similar sub- stances amongst the Greeks. When Homer speaks of ISTansicoa washing linen in company with her servants, he represents them as treading it with their feet, but makes no mention of any cleansing substance. That it AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 47 w,i- otherwise amongst the Komans is certain; soap, ao aouot uuieienc num me niouern arucie, um soap uever- tne itss, was used by them nom tue nrst ceutury of our era. lim\ tn« ruder, who cupped nuo evtrytuing, us m the senn-scientihc, semi-superstitious style of thai age: "serotinous humors arc resolved by the • of a aonJkey s or horse s hoof, mixed witn oil." Ashes implies soda or potash,, and the mixture of ashes and Oil certainly suggests soap, whose properties were evi- dently known, limy also observes that tiic Hauls were the ■■inventors'* of soap and that they used it chi< ii\ for the hair; this soap was made from tallow and ashes, the best from oak grease, and beech ashes; it was of two kinds, hard or soft, and, he adds, the men made more use of it than the women. In the excavations at Pompeii, a soap making establishment lias been dis- covered, well supplied with apparatus and raw material. This is irrefutable proof that soap was used in more ancient times. In the third century Serenus Gaminon- icus, physician to the Emperor Severns, gives this salu- tary maxim in his poem on maladies: Attrito sapone genua purgare memento. "Remember to wash thy cheeks with soap." However, for bleaching the Romans use of the mucilaginous matter yielded by the root and stem of the soapwort, ground and powdered. It is chiefly to this fact that recent doubts as to the existence of soap amongst the ancients must be attributed. Pliny fre- quently refers to soapwort as being employed in washing and bleaching substances intended for textile fabrics. He says: "Soapwort supplies a juice suitable for wash- ing and bleaching wools and making them wonderfully white and pliant. It may be cultivated anywhere, but that which grows spontaneously in Asia and Syria, in rough and stony places, is preferred." And elsewhere: "Soapwort, which the Greeks name slnrlliion, is used by dyers to prepare wools." The exact origin' of soap is uncertain. A legend has it that the name soap (savon) is derived from Savona, an Italian city near Genoa, where a fisherman's wife, having heated soda lye in a vessel that had contained olive oil and was still impregnated with it, found a composition which was none other than soap. But it would appear from other evidence that it originated in Germany, where an Anglo-Saxon name was applied to it. — Les Corps Gras Industriels. Indicting the Perfume. "The lilac and heliotrope which one buys in bottles have that whiff of crudeness and exaggeration which is meretricious in an accurate sense." This indectment of the modern perfume, which ap- pears in the classic pages of the current Saturday Re- view, cannot be lightly passed bv in the eyes of the BritisJi and Colonial Druggist. This paper thinks that the writer apparently is inspired in a measure bj .Mr. 1' . \\ ■ UUruiUgi s I.'.IHM puUilSUeU "XXJOii 01 tue y Led ( rarui a. j i - nj who has unproved a u.iiuraiiy line eniacion organ i>\ due practice will be liKeiv to snrink from mans con- trivances of Bweet savours aJmosi mure rescivuy tn.in he does from the nianuiacture of foul ones, ami addo that no man of science has ever taken the trouble to classify the world of smells and to t< II US, after the analogy of noise ami music in the realm of sound, what. are scents and what ought to bear the good old names of stench and stink! This is pretty strong, and to couple it with the statement quoted at the head of this note is to convey a gross exaggeration. The imitations or adaptations of A a lure issued from the modern per- fumer's laboratory are dehcatc applications of scientific discovery in the world of odors. Those in the trade Know that the scent of to-day, generally speaking, has reached an exceedingly high standard of perfection in respect to subtle mimicry of the flowering garden. Of course, as in every industry, the "cheap and nasty" is discoverable, but it is not typical of the present day perfume. The possibility of even the temporary admit- tance of this class into the retailer's stock is much re- duced by such articles -as the one before us, which un- doubtedly is calculated to stimulate the public to greater exactitude in respect to their perfume supply. But the writer, in our opinion, not only libels the trade, but in- accurately gauges the public sense in this matter. Those gentlemen of the perfumery houses who have had as a birth-gift a "really fine nose" — to quote our friend- will hardly argee that "nine men out of ten appear te feel no more discomfort from the sulphurous fumes and cab-horse breezes of a railway terminus than they do of pleasure in the breath of trodden thyme or clover in the sun." A basis of truth for this statement is provided by the enervating conditions of life nowadays in the towns, but surely the spirit of exaggeration again prompts the Saturday Review in saying that these cir- cumstances arc leading to a general disuse of the nos- tril's functions. No, no, a thousand times that is not so. The condition of the perfumery industry to-day belies it. True that women and not men are the chief users of scents to-day, but males make, retail, and buy them. True, these may be men of the "really fine nose." but we doubt very much if they are abnormal to any- thing like the extent suggested by the author in ques- tion. He describes the smell of the pansv as "a sort of fairy quintessence or sublimated soul of the violet" — a pretty phrase for a label— and tells us that this odour is unknown to many! And we can see the tears of joy in his eves as he expresses the pious hope tint the en- iovmenf of o-oorl smells will alwavs escape reduction to "the rigid foxm* of science." We are not aware that the severities of counterpoint and perspective rules have 48 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST spoilt the pleasure of music and sight, nor do we think the application of "the rigid forms of science" to per- fumery matters likely to minimize the satisfaction im- parted by good odours or adversely affect their popular- ity. The general effect of such observations as have been given in the review in question is to elevate public taste in perfumes, and, in the absence of the real flower, to increase the demand for Nature's extracted product or the best of synthetical imitations. 15he Sapindus Tree; A Substitute for Soap. The sapindus tree, which was imported into Algeria in 1845, produces a glaborous fruit about as large as a chestnut, with a smooth, spherical black seed containing an oily kernel. The tree is of rapid growth, entering into profit in about six years, and increasing in product- ivity for many years afterwards. It produces 50 lbs. to 200 lbs. of fruit, which is gathered late in the autumn. Livache, who was invited by the Governor-General of Algeria to investigate the fruit with a view to its in- dustrial utilisation, finds that if the air-dried fruit be freed from the seed and simply treated with water, a soapy solution is obtained, but the operation is retarded by the gummy matter present, whilst great difficulty is experienced in crushing the fruit with the idea of accel- erating its solubility. An attempt was then made to overcome the difficult}- by roasting the fruit, after re- meiving the seed, for three to four hours at 130° to 140° C. This gave a product which could easily be reduced to powder, and was at least equally soluble in water with the air-dried fruit, M ore over, the proportion of mat- ters insoluble in cold 90 per cent, alcohol is reduced from 21.23 per cent, to 15.33 per cent, whilst the apparent proportion of saponine is increased from 52. G9 per cent, to 63.56 per cent, (in consequence of the loss of moisture by evaporation). This percentage of saponine is very high in comparison with Quillaya bark, which does not contain more than 8.65 per cent, The dried powder does not readily take up moisture from the air, but will keep without change for some time when packed in bag's. It may also be made up into cakes, like soap, by mixing- it with 26 to 28 per cent, of water, whereupon it turns n il and then brown, whilst at the same time the pectin bodies present swell up and form a binding material. The paste may be moulded into tablets or bars for sale. Care is needed in finding the right proportion of water, since if too small, the paste is too stiff to work, and if in excess the mass will not retain its shape after moulding. The tablets are dried slowly in the air, and by the time they have parted with about one-third of the added water they are perfectly solid, and do not crumble when used for washing, but retain their shape like soap. If the dry sapindus powder be mixed with tepid water it lathers at once, a good detergent being produced by taking 1 to H per cent, of the weight of water used, the only precaution necessary being to rinse the washed material thoroughly in order to remove the yellow stain due to the alteration of some of the constituents in the roasting process. To get rid of the small insoluble frag- ments of the powder it is advisable to strain the solution before use. Sapindus powder possesses an advantage over ordinary soap in that it does not contain any free alkali capable of injuring the color of the articles washed. The kernel in the seed is oily, but as the oil is non-drying it does not seem adapted for extraction; but the seeds themselves can be utilised as a fuel for roasting the fruit, since they constitute nearly one-half the weight of the latter. Hence the roasting process could be carried out with very little outlay for fuel, and with comparatively simple appliances. Perfumery Production In Australia. In the countries of the Commonwealth, so rich in plants yielding delicious perfumes and valuable essential oils, little or nothing has been done, so far, to utilize the advantages thus afforded. Systematic flower farm- ing is, says a Syncley correspondent, still in its exper- imental stage, and there exists an almost untouched field of illimitable extent at the command of those possessing the necessary capital and experience in the manufacture of perfumery and essential oils. In Australia all the garden flowers of Europe and Asia, especially those emitting the richest fragrance, are found growing in unsurpassed luxuriance, many being obtainable nearly all the year round. Several of the essential oils ob- tained from the leaves of native plants are really per- fumes, and their chief use is in scenting soaps and other preparations. The quantities used are small, most of the plants being wild. Among the native perfume-yield- ing plants which remain unutilized are several varieties of acacia. The Acacia farnesiana, which is largely cul- tivated in Italy and the south of France — the well- known pomade called "Cassia" being produced by plac- ing the sweet-scented flowers in melted mutton fat or olive oil until the latter become impregnated with their odor — grows plentifully in many parts of New South Wales and other States; and another species of acacia, familiarly known as the golden wattle, is equally useful as a perfume plant, as is also the native laurel, or mock orange. Among the plants from which sweet-scented and other oils may be obtained are the native sassafras, peppermint, bloodwoocl, blue gum, mountain ash, white gum, ironbark, woolly butt, spotted gum, tallowwood, messmate, reel gum, poplar box, and other species of eucalyptus; ridge myrtle, tea-tree, native peppermint, dog-wood, and tumeric. It may also be mentioned that the olive, castor-oil plant, and linseed grow luxuriantly in the Commonwealth, and are easilv cultivated. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 19 PATENTS AND TRADE-MARKS. The following list of recent I'd tent* and Trade-Mai ks is reported by W. G. HendbRSON, Solicitor of American and Foreign Patents and Trade-Marks, Xorris Bidg,, Washington, D. C. A copy ot anv ol the following will be furnished by him for 15 ctnts. PATENTS. 798,163. Soap-dispenser. William T. Carter, Chicago, Hi. LABELS. L2,376. Title: ''Antiseptic Sanozol Soap.'" (For Medical Snap.) Augusta P. Price, Brooklyn, New York. 1 2,329. "Dr. Dirk's Veterinary Soap." (For soap.) Dr. Dick's Malted Stock Food Co., Devenporf, Iowa. 1,404. 15,709. 1:5,724. 15,1 13 15,782. 1:5,879. 46,216. 46,363. 46.364. PRINTS. 'One of tht 20." (For borax soap.) Pacific 1 oast Boras Co., New York. \. Y. TRADE-MARK REGISTRATIONS. Toilet soap. Mulhens & Kropff, Xcw York, X. Y. The word "Marquise." Toilet and laundry soaps. The Beaver Soap Co., Dayton,- Ohio. The words "Grandma's Soap." associated with the picture of an old lady with spectacles holding a paper in her hand having the words "Beaver & Co., Grand- ma's Soap, Dayton, Ohio" in reverse letters. Perfumery. Mulhens & Kropff, New York, X'. Y. The word "Rhine." Scouring and toilet soap. East River Com- pany, Brooklyn, X'. Y. The word "Silexo." Toilet soap. The Cincinnati Soap Company, Cincinati, Ohio. The word "Renaissance." Perfumery. F. Hoyt & Company, Limited. Philadelphia. Pa. The facsimile signature of F. Hoyt & Co., and the representation of a circular border inclosing said signature, an angular-shaped figure extending from said border, and quadrilateral-shaped figures, the latter being inclosed one within the other and within the limbs of the angular-shaped figure. Toilet and laundry soaps. The Beaver Soap Co., Dayton, Ohio. The words "Grandpa's Wonder Soap," together with a bust-picture of an old man with spectacles raised upon his forehead. The word "Grandpa's" appears upon a scroll above the picture and the words "Wonder Soap" appear below the picture, the word "Soap" appearing in white letters upon a black background. Toilet and laundry soaps. The Beaver Soap Co., Dayton, Ohio. The words "Grandpa's 16,422. 46,465. 46,491. 15,618. 45,619. 46,741. Wonder Soap," and the bust-picture of a man smiling, wearing spectacles, and shown with whiskers b( low the chin, extending up each side of the lace. Perfumery. Frederick Stearns & Co., De- troit, Mich. The word "Czarina." Toilet soap. .Mulhens & Kropff, New York, X. Y. The words "La Parisiene." Perfumery. The Schaefer-Martin Co.. chi- igo, 111. The words "Fuma Bath." Liquid and powdered soap. Ezra L. Post, New York, N. Y. The representation of five posts, associated with which are words "Post's Liquid Soap." Bar Soap. Sschaeffer Bros. & Powell Manu- facturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. The word "Boss." Medical toilet and shaving soap. Pasfield Soap company, Brooklyn, X". Y. The word "Cuticle." TRADE-MARKS ALLOWED. Ser. X*o. 95?. Laundry soap. J. G. Haas Soap Co., St. Louis, Mo. The word "Presto." Ser. No. 958. Laundry soap. J. G. Haas Soap Co.. St. Louis, Mo. The words "White Pearl." Ser. No. 952. Soap powder. ' J. G. Haas Soap Co., St. Louis, Mo. The word "Brightlight" appearing above the waves of the ocean, there being a representation of a ship on the ocean adjacent the representation of rocks, on which apears a lighthouse. Ser. No. 2,767. Soap and soap powder. Pacific Coast Borax company, San Francisco, Ca. The word "Borax- aid." Ser. No. 2,768. Toilet and bath powders. Pacific Coast Borax company. San Francisco. Cal. The name "Boraxo." Ser. No. 4,711. Soap. McCaw Manufacturing com- pany, Macon. Ga. The hyphenated letters "C. P.," in- closed within a black border, within which is an inner border of red. Ser. No. 4,712. Washing powder. MeCaw Manufact- uring company, Macon. Ga. The representation of a checkered field alternating blue and white, having upon the upper portion a curved panel, below which appears a horizontal panel, both of blue, followed by a blue field inclosed within an ornamental border formed of scroll- like curved lines, which field in turn is followed by two horizontal panels. Ser. XTo.. 5,866. Soaps. William F. Comstock, Kan- sas City. Mo. The hyphenated word "Kan-Clean." the fetters ""K. (.." and a hand holding a can. upon which is a facsimile of the trademark, associated with the phrase "The Soap That Does It!!" followed bv excla- mation points, all upon an elliptical background of con- trasting color. 50 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST AROUND THE SOAP FACTORIES. iNewis-Hem»»eui us oy our reauera win unu piuiiipi aueuuuu lu Llils column The Standard Soap Co.. Ltd., of Calgary, Alberta, has completed its new factor}'. The main building is 60 by 100, four stories high, and built of stone and brick, making a very imposing ap- pearance. A good view of the building can be had from the car windows on either the main line of the C. P. R., or the line running into Southern Alberta. The boiler and power house are separate from the main building. The company are putting in their own electric light plant and the entire premises will be steam heated. A large Tumbull elevator is placed in the center of the building, greatly facilitating the handling of heavy ma- terials. All of the big iron boiling tanks, vats and re- torts are of the most improved type, the plant being so conveniently arranged that the raw material is first taken to the top fiat, and finally comes out on the first floor in a perfectly finished state, and ready for shipment. P. T. Weir is the manager of the firm, and A. H. Jones is the superintendent of the factory. A new soap firm, Boris Co., of East Boston, Mass., have just finished installing such machineries as are nec- essary in the manufacturing of up-to-date soaps. They have a large factory and will be able to make all textile, toilet and laundry soaps. Mr. Boris, the soapmaker, has had very wide experience in soapmaking. Plans have been prepared by a Chicago architect for an addition to a factory to be built at Fox and Thirty- first streets for the Holman Soap company. _ It will be 3-story, 48x60 feet, have concrete foundation, pressed brick and stone front, composition roof, and cost $4,000. Here is a sample of California enthusiasm : "Recognizing the wonderful medicinal properties of the lemon and the well known worth of this fruit for the scalp and complexion, John J. Braum of Los Angeles is manufacturing "The California Lemon Toilet Soap/' "Lemola," which he is making one of the purest toilet soaps put on the market, and made from the medicinal properties of the lemon. The cake of soap is the exact size, shape, color and odor of the lemon, and gives a most delightful effect to the bath,: leaving the skin soft and smooth after using. Lemon juice has long been one of the most popular complexion tonics, and this prop- erty may also be accorded to "Lemola" soap. It is also unexcelled for nse in the hair and on the scalp, and makes' a most delightful shampoo. The California lemon is the finest -product of its kind in the world, and a soap combining both the excellence of purity and the medi- cinal effects of the California lemon makes one of the most aesthetic toilet accessories to be bought. Mr. Braun has but recently begun the making of tne soap and is making remarkably reasonable otters to both the con- sumer and the trade. For the purpose of introducing it he is selling the soap at 10 cents a cake and 25 cents a box of three cakes. He is also offering just now to deliver to any express office in the United States four boxes for $1.00. Mr. Braun has his office in the Hunt- ington building. Fhone, Main 2771, Home 6774. The soap and candle factory of C. T. Perry & Co., Helena, Mont., destroyed a few months ago, is being rebuilt, and in fact practically in running order again. Muscatine, Iowa, has for years been aching for a soap factory to prosper "in its midst,'' and as a result the Muscatine Soap Co. lias been organized just now. Re- sults will be reported later. Charles Wcntz is the new proprietor of the former Lehman Soap Co. of Parkersburgh, W. Va. New York, Sept. 2. — The Board of Health reported yesterday that it had driven from the city one of the many soap factories in the lower West Side that fill the surrounding air with an intolerable odor. The factory was located at 613 West Forty-ninth street, and it was run by Edward Leary. It was known as the Waldwick Soaj) Works. The factory has twice, been closed at the order of the Health Department, which insisted upon the pro- prietors making a number of improvements. The im- provements were not made, it is alleged, and finally Mr. Leary notified the health board that they would not be made as they would cost entirely too much. He said, however, that if the department would allow him to run until Oct. 1 he would then remove his plant from the city. The health board accepted the offer. Emil Werk, of Cincinnati, Ohio, died at his summer home near Detroit, a few days ago, after returning from Carlsbad, Bohemia, where he had gone for his health. " Detroit, Mich., Sept 23. — Fire of unknown origin caused loss of $20,000 at plant of Schulte Soap Com- pany at 945-949 River street. Interior of factory was ruined, only brick walls being left standing. A shed containing cement belonging to Henry Houghton dam- aged $5,000 by water. St. John, N. B., Sept. 16. — To-day work was begun on another addition to a local factory. This will be a three-story building 30x60 feet adjoining the present AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 51 factory of the Welcome Soap Company. Mr. Robert Maxwell, M. l\ l'.. has the contract and to-day se1 his men at work clearing up the lot preparatory to putting down the foundations. In addition to the main build- ing there will be a boiler house 1.6x26 Mr. deB. Carritte, manager of the Welcome Soap Company, said they have purchased the lot, on which the addition is to be built, and that the new factory will mean an important extension of their business. One new feature will be the establishment of a glycerine plant for the manufacture of glycerine from spent lyes. The Dunwood} Brothers' Soap Company of Denver, Colo., has purchased the plant of the Geyserite Soap Manufacturing Company of the same city, and hereafter the soap business of Denver will be practically con- trolled by the Dunwoodys. This brings to an end a fierce competition that has been carried on in the soap industry in Denver for over 15 years. "It is our plan.*' said Foster J. Dunwoody, "to run the old plant full time hereafter, and the Geysi rite plant will he dismantled, the entire business being conducted under one roof. The Atlantic Soap (ompanv, of Toronto, Can., has been incorporated with a capital of $40,000, to manu- facture soaps, chemicals, etc. They will acquire the business of the Atlantic Soap and Oil Company. The Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co., we observe, is still advertising it* soap as of old, throughout its complicated experiences in the courts, with the variation only of attaching the words: "Elkhart County Loan and Trust Co., Eeceivers,'' to the announcements. The Philadelphia Grease company of Philadelphia, Pa., has been incorporated with a capital of $10,000. Philadelphia. Pa.,, Sept.. 9. — Ten years after its erection the great factory building built in Camden. X. J., opposite Arch street wharf by the Segel Sugar com- pany, is to have its first occupant. The property has been purchased by J. Eavenson & Sons, Incorporated, soap manufacturers, and will comprise one of the largest soap manufactories in the country. The great factory building was erected as a threat against the Sugar Trust and at its completion was pur- d by tin' American Sugar Refining company to pre- vent rivalry. The property is 1,200x319 feet, and com- prises a warehouse, a pan house, a filter house, a melt- ing house, together with sheds having an aggregate length of 1.011 feet. Being upon the Belt Line, and hav- ing excellent frontage upon the Delaware river, the fac- tory offers unusual advantages for shipping goods. Si \ era! month- ago it was reported that the building had been sold to a Southern rice company, hut this deal fell through. The price paid for the property In .1. Eavenson >\ Sons is not made public, hut the propertj has been as- ! for $248,000. After preventing competition by the purchase of the plant, the American Sugar Refin- ing company never occupied the building, which is thus perfectly new. as much care has been bestowed in keep- ing it in condition during the long period in which it has been vacant. The -oap business of the new owners has outgrown its ' - m quarters, and the purchase of the above described property is believed to have been a fortunate solution of a problem for room in which to expand. Are Your SOAP BRANDS on our Records? ■ THE MILWAUKEE BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, if if if if if w E BLANK BOOKS. MEMORANDUM BOOKS, STOCK SHIPPERS' . RECORDS, VEST POCKET DIARIES, M CARD CASES, COIN PURSES, A MATCH CASES, K CURRENCY CASES, AND E ENVELOPES. ififif 218 and 220 THIRD STREET, MILWAUKEE, WIS. 52 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Are Your Soap Brands On Our Records NO CHARGE! WORTH MORE! In writing' to any of our advertisers please mention the American Soap Jrl. & Mfg. Chemist. WHITE-TAR-OIL FOR MANUFACTURE OF WHITE-TAR-SOAP ALSO FOR Transparent Tar Soaps PENSACOLA TAR & TURPENTINE CO., PENSACOLA, FLA. Address all inquiries for prices and samples to Sales Department, 1407-1408 Security Bldg., CHICAGO, ILL. oap J)rj)ing £i)d Reasoning l&)i)e]s Save TIME, SPACE, STEAM, LABOR, INSURANCE, INTEREST and CAPITAL INVESTED. Moderate cost of Plant, in comparison to its capacity. Small operating expense. FOR PARTICULARS WRITE TO Alex. P. Mende, 120 LlBERTY St- new york' AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 53 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OK1 THE BRANDS OF SOAP MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES Including also the Brands of Foreign Manufacture Registered as Trade-Marks in this Country. NOTE : This list is compiled with the greatest possible care, but the publisher does not assume any responsibility other than to correct and to complete the list according to data obtained from official sources or famished by the trade. Brands registered in the patent office as trade-marks or labels are given with the name of the party registering same. Brands Or names marked * are these which were found to be used by more than one firm or the owner of which could not be ascer- tained. «r SEE THAT ALL YOUR BKANDS ARE ENTERED IN YOUR NAME. 8 Liberty Mfg. Co., Chicago. U) Pock Manufacturing i .... Dee Mi ilnec Iowa, 314 Home Snap Co., N.Y. 345 Columbia Ref'g A: M'f'g Co. Ll '1 . Ne n I >i*leans. ij'i Beanmoni Soap Co , Mav- tield. Ky 317 Lockwood Soap Co., Kan- sas City, Mo si- Oklahoma snap ,t oil Co., Oklahoma City. 809 M. F. Windsor Soap Co , Kast Buffalo. N. Y. 350 Florida Cotton Oil < Jacksonville. Flat 351 Brown Soap Co., Dayton. Ohio. 853 southern Soap Co.. Bir- miogham, Ala. 354 '/.'nu city Soap Factory, Zioi; City. III. 866 I'alatni Co.. Boston, Mass. 356— II. E. Wotford Co., Balti- more, Md. 357— Fox River Soap Co., Green Bay, Wis. 358— Lever Bros. Co , Cam- bridge; Mass. 859— Lever Bros. Ltd . Port Sunlight. England. 360— Royal Soup Co.. Goshen, Ind. 361— Standard Soap Co., Calgary. Canada. Abrado. Floridine Mfg. Co.. New York. A Happy Home 4 A Happy Home Maker 4 Alabama Tar 3 All-need it 286 A 11 pi tie Tar .337 Amazon Coc 3.'!7 Amber Rose 346 Ammo Wash. P.— F. L. Fraser, Detroit. Mich. Ammonaptha 347 Anchor Castile 3 Angelas 54 Angelo Olive 54 Antelope 3 Aiitilliu 2 Antler 337 Anty Up 340 Apple Blossom 337 Aq.aid.neck: F. P. Garrettson <fc Co.. New York City. Aroma de Clavel 51 ■ Carbol 4 Ascage Carpet 4 Asrage Floating Baih 4 Asrage For The Bath 4 Ascage For The Teeth 4 AscageFor Shaving 1 Ascage Massage Cream 4 Ascage Shaving Cream 4 Ascage Snlphur 4 Ascage Tar 4 Aseptine— J. A. Simonds, New York, N. Y. Atlantic Turkish Bath 16 Atoka 346 Auto-Asrage 4 Baby Mine 8 Bannock 3 Barbers' Bar 4 Barbers' Cream Shaving 4 Bauty 32 Beauty Belle 151 Beauty Pura 4 Beaumont's Shaving 346 Beef Oil 340 Bell's Benzene 343 Bell's Brown 343 Bell's Naphtha 343 Ben Hur 3 Bestever 286 Bicycle 3 Big Cannon 357 Big cape. Cape City S. Works., Cape Girardeau, Mo. Big Eye 353 Big I hycerine 3 Big Inj: Big Liiek 3511 Billy. Coat 340 Bi >apiba - Bleaehem Soap 341 B to- Re-Mo 338 Blossom Bouquet 3 Blue Cliip34U Blue C ond 2 Blue Co.-,. 310 Blue Fain if] 340 Blue Monday 340 B'.iie Olive 310 Boast 3 Bora- N apt ha % Boro Myrr 54 Botica Francises 3 Bouquet Chic 3 Bouquet Reverie 3 Brazilian Bath 3 Breath of Heliotrope 337 Breath of Lilacs 337 Br.-aih of Rose* 331 Breath of Violets 337 Bright Home 356 Brightshine 106 Bristo (forCanadai SSI Bunny— Hewitt Bros. Soap Co. Davton, Ohio. Bur;ight 4 Buster Brown 351 Cade-ola 3 Calcutta Castile 337 Calumet 8 Camille 3 Cannon 357 Carbolized Castile 113 Cascade 16 Ceral — Gustave Lohse, Berlin, Germany. Ceske Slovonsky Ceske Polski 3 Chancellor 16 (. hi;- : i: tus C r. am Skin S — Geo. Catlin. Chicago. Chlorine 340 Clavel 51 Cleaneasy 286 Climax Chip 54 Climax Turkish Bath 16 Cloth Pin 340 Cloths Pin 340 Coa Nut 346 ■ Coaster 32 Coca Foam 3 Cocoabuiter Shaving 4 Cocoabutter Toilet 4 Cocoa Castile 4 Cocoa Cura Almond 4 Colombo 351 Columbia 3 Conto & Elroy Castile 3 Cream Naptha 343 Credential Shaving Stick 16 Cricket Soap Powder: Davis & Mar-ton. New York City. Crown Princess 337 Crystal Honey 346 Crystal Sulphur 3 Crystal Palace 3 Crystal Transparent Tar 3 Carbolic 3 Cuban Rose 3 Cucnmbei 4 Cupid Rose 16 Cuta Alba 8 Cultoderma Medicated 3 Cu-Te-Na 351 Cycle 3 Cygnet 74 Dactylis 11 Delicia 16 Delicia Pink Carnation 16 Der-Foda 3 Dermic ma 327 Diadem 3 Disinfectant I Dog 4 Dollie i Filtered i Blue 859 Dollv Yarden — A. W. Wilwid .V Co., Newark, N. .1 . Don't Worry ■; I Druggist's Transparent 3 Dr. Aliens Medicated 3 Durango Best. Durango(Colo.) Soap Co. Dylissia— Vin lia('o.,Lld.. Lolidon, England. Eagle 16 Ebony 351 Egg Shampoo 4 Egg Tar: Lee Special t j Co., Detroit. Mich. Eiderdown 337 . Elk's Bouquet 316 Elgin Milk and Bose I "El'te For The Complexion" 4 El Merito 16 Empress Eugenie 1 15 , Empire Geranium 837 Eueryl Eucryl Ltd.. Hull, England. Eureka 3 Evergreen 286 Expert 286 Faeine 340 Fair bank's Prim rose 2 '• Scouring 2 German Fam. 2 Glycerine-Tar 2 MotCedGerm'n Olive 2 Navy Blue 2 Fantasy 11 Fawn— Cumberland (Md. Soap Co. Federal Family 1 Feliine 352 Figaro 10 Flaco 350 Flannel 2 Flip 345 Floating Panel Bai h 4 Floating Panel Ascage I Floral Feast 115 Floss 113 Force. Cincinrati Soap Co.. c lincinnali. Ohio. Four Leaf Clover 54 Fragrant Honey 2 French Yiolelte 3 Frog 340 Full Hand 353 Fuzz 113 Gasene inr, Gasoline Laundry Soap 120 Gem Wash. Compound, C ara Pearee. Phi adel| l.n . Georgia Oleine2fl Geronne Violette 3 Geyser 343 Giant 3 Gloriola 20 Glycerated Tar 846 Glycerderma 3 Glyco Tar 54 Golden Dawn 3 7 Golden Dragon 54 Golden Rose 3 Golden Star 357 Golden West (for Canada) 361 Gold Medal 106 Gold Seal Soap Flour 340 Gondola 38 Goodhair. Goodbair Remedy Co.. Newark, Ohio. Grand Duke 353 Grand Dnke Washing P. 353 Grandma's Ammoniated Pow- dered Soap 38 Grandma's Borated Powdered Soap 38 Grandma's Borax Powdered Soap 38 Granular Ascage 4 Gray-braid Green Oil soap 341 Green Olive Chip 340 Green Palm 840 Green Seal Chip 340 (lusher 340 Hard Maple 155 Ilar\ard 16 Hasn't Scratched Yet ; lion Ami ( o.. New York city. Heliotrope d' Ameriqhe 16 Heliotrope Blanc 8 Heliotrope Ideal 334 Helix 51 "High 5" 113 Hi l.o96 Hoefner's Ammonia S. 55 Hold Fast Shaving 16 Home Castile 3 Home Pride 347 Horse Oil Harness 340 Homstead (for Canada) £61 Hots Springs Bath 3 Hy Lo96 Ideal Bouquet 3 Ideal Family 3 Idvllwild 54 I-Lika-l" 286 Hollo 340 Imperial Crown 3 India Castile 3o7 Tndia Cocoa 16 Indian Tar 357 Individual Toilet 51 Iowa Belle 113 Iroquois Maiden. 1 15 It 4 Jack & Jill 310 Jack Pot 340 Japanese Bath 3 Jerone Bouquet 3 Jewel 2 Jiffy 360 Jus de Framboise 3 Kaska Bouquet 340 Kazan 343 Keno 106 Kimola. Bell Mg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. King-Solomon's Hoelc Oil S. Miiross Jenkins. X. y. Kitcholine 113 Klondike Nugget 16 Klondike Tar 16 Kokoabutter Shaving 4 Kokoabuttei Toilet 4 Koko-Oil 54 Kold-Wata 54 Kremo Soap Compound 852 La Bate.-. 2 La Fiesta 54 Lakeside (Scouring) 2 La Mariposa 54 Lamsuet 3 La Platte 337 I.aseo Napthol 54 Last Long 286. La Virtho. John S. Nichols. New York. La Vogue 16 Lavender 16 " •• Musk Rose 16 •' " Narcissus 11 White Violet 16 Lazarre Castile 357 Le Fameux 16 Le Fameux Rose de Seville 16 Le Fameux Violette deSevi 11 16 Le Fameux Peau d'Espagne 16 Le Famenx Jockey Club 16 Lemola Toilet. Lemola Soap Co . Los Angeles. Cal. Lemolive 54 Lemonine. E. H. Kraut, Cincinnati. Letter Box 38 Lettncc < ream 3 l.'-vanlo 16 Libertya London Transparent 3 Liberty's Quartette 8 Liberty's Genuine Bouquet 3 Lily Blossoms :j:{7 Limberlne, E. a. Warren, 51 Paul, Minn. Lion : Liquid Ascage i-or Shampoo i Lisetto 8 Little Sweetheart Llama 3 Long Shot 345 Lotus Bouquet 8 Loins Honey 8 Lotus Glycerine 8 Lunelle 358 Lustro— F. L. Hunt. Cincin- nati, Ohio. Madeira 16 Madeira Almond Cream 16 Madeira Cucumber Cream 16 Madeiia Lettuce Cream 16 Madeira Olive Cream 16 Magnolia Bouquet 16 Magno 106 Marigold 100 Marjorie 387 Marveline 300 Marvelo. Natioval Process I o Rochester, N. Y. Massage Cream 4 Matador 16 May Field Bouquet 846 kina Skin 346 Maxine Elliott 337 Mechanics' Asrage 4 Medical Lake 3 Medicated Witch Hazel 3 Mellofoam 361 Mentholatum Corn Oil S. 1 61* Merry War. (ape CiiyS. Wks., Cape Girardeau. Slo. Mexicano 54 Michigan Fain ily 2 Mildred 337 Mil'ens ( resni 3 Milieus Toilet 3 Millens Antiseptic Millens Tar 3 Mi In K6 Miners Tar 3 Milk Balh 3 Monahan's Green Soa 341 Monroe 3 Morning clow 3C0 Mi.-- Rose Borax 3 Mox-Nix340 Naphtha Toilet 340 >aphthal 34(1 Napthol 340 Naptbolive 34(1 Naptha Washing Powder — (for Canada) W. H. Judd & Co. Hamilton, (tin. Naptha Washing Powder- Hunt Mfg Co.. Cincinnati, Ohio. Natural Gas 340 Natural Soap 4 Navarino 357 Xext-To. Phoenix Cheni'l Co New Y'ork. Nolabor340 Northern Star 3 Noxlabor 340 Noxwork 340 No. 81 Whit..- Rose Glycerine 3 No "725 White Ro»e Glycer- ine 3 No Name 3 Norway Tar 349 O. K. Tar 348 Oilex 348 Old English B r o w n Wind sor 846 old English Blue 3 Old Linen 3 Old Man 4 Old Time Tar 3 if 54 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Oleo— Germ. Amer. Soap Wks. New Orleans. Olive Bath 3 Olive Branch 354 Orchid Blossoms 337 Oriental Tar 337 Orinoco 337 Orris Unscented 337 Osmosis Soap 4 Otis Lightning, C. H. Water- house, Essex, Conn. Our Baby's Bath 3 Our Own 3 Oar Special 3 Oxolive 340 Oxigen 340 Ox Oil 340 Oxykali 16 Pal ami 355 Palam Handwhite 355 Palami Silverwhite 355 Palami Sunbright 355 Palestine 16 Palestine Honev 16 Palm-De Rose 360 Palmo 340 Palm OilS. Powder 340 Palm Soap Flour 340 Panel Bath 4 Papoose 348 Parisian Toilet 54 Passion Rose 298 Violet 298 Pink 298 Lily 298 Peace 340 Peach Bloom 356 Peach Bine 340 Pearl Borax Chips 74 Pedicura 4 Peerless Country Club 337 Peerless Forest Violet 337 Peerless Lily of the Valley 337 Peerless New Mown Hay 337 Pen Yen 340 Pei-feeto 121 Persian Bouquet 16 Persian Rose 16 Persian Violet 16 Pike 16 Plan to 1 Lever Bros., Limited Please-Lenox Spraver & Ohem Co. Pittsfield, Mass. Pluto 353 Polar Bear 106 Pompeian Massage Soap F. W. Stecker. Cleveland. Ohio. Port Sunlight, England. Poncine Erasive 3 Pony Up 340 Popular Blossom 3 . Postman's 38 Power Soap — F. Martin, Columbus, Ohio. Pow Wow 348 Prairie 72 Premium, Davenport (Iowa) Soap Co. Premium W. Powder, Daven port (Iowa) Soap Co. Preventionette, Willard Che- mical Co., Maiden, Mass. Prisma] 106 P. S. W. 4 Puck's 113 Puck's Mechanics 113 Puck's Shaving 113 Puck's Tar 113 Pure Large Oval 3 Quaker Castoria 4 Quaker Cuti-Medico 4 Queen Complexion S Queen Regent 337 Quick and Easy 56 Quo Vadis 337 Radiant Violet 3. Radio 106 Radium— Natl. S. Corporation. Boston. R ven Tar 337 Red Apple 353 Red Hot 38 Red Raven 346 Red Snapper 337 Regal Oatmeal 16 Reve d'Amour 3 Kex Cremo340 Rex Family 340 Rex Liquid Soap 340 R ;xolene 340 Rexolive 340 Rio Grande 337 Riviera Jockey Club 16 Rock ford Scouring!? Romola 3 Rose Blossoms 337 Rose d'Or 3 Rose Glycerine 3 Rose Immortelle Royal Lily ltt Roval Kose 16 Royal Violet 16 Rozin*— Frank Ilarr'son, Norfolk. Va. Rubbo, Lever Bros., Limited, Euglana. Safeguard Carbolc 53 Sa'd* Turkish Bath 16 Sam-on's Transparent Tar 8 Sandalwood 3 Sanitary Tooth Soap 4 Sani-Tari skin. Citizens Wholesale Supply Co., Columbus, O. ' Santa Rex Castile 2 San-Tar 351 Sanitarian Pine Tar 16 Sanitarian Carbolic 16 Sanitarian Sulphur 16 Sapoma Cream 3tf3 Sauer's Complexion 3 Savon a la Rose 4 Savon White Rose 3 " Jockey club 8 " Violete de Panne 8 " Hyacinth 3 Savon Carnation 337 Savou Fleur de Lis 54 Savon Heliotrope 337 Savon Lilac 337 Savon Queen Regent 337 Savon Quo Vadis 337 Savon Rose Marechal Niel 33' Savoy Alpine Violet 337 Savoy Carnation 337 Savoy Jockey Club 337 Savoy Primrose 337 Sayf Syde. Sayf-Syde Soap Co., " Cincinnati. Senator 16 Sentinel 340 Sentry 340 Sbampoo Cream 4 Signet 74 Snow Float .348 Snowhite 113 Snow Violet 3 Soapex; W. R. Hollingshead Co., New York City. "Soaps That Think" 4 Solos Laundry.Nelson Mfg. Co., Iowa City, Iowa. Sorosis340 Spanish Blossom 4 Spick and Span 106 Spotless 350 Stainofi. D. M. Steward Chattanooga. Stainilgo, Kendall-Davis Co , Boston, Mass. Star Mottled 2 Star Tar 286 Steamboat 350 Stellar 106 Strajuso— Frazer Soap Co., Chicago, 111. Strawberry Juice Transparent Glycerine S. No. 202 — Frazer Soap Co.. Chicago, III. Summer Blossoms 337 Success ScouringSand Soap Tacony Soap Co., Phil'a Sunburst 106 Sunrays 360 Snperrine Brown Windsor 16 Superfine Elderfiower 16 Superfine Witch Hazel 16 Superior Transpaient Glycer ine 3 Sweet Blossom 2 Swift's Pride Washing Powder 337 Talcum 337 Tan A Freckle 4 Tar Egg 347 Tarlex 348 Tarline 349 Tew-Fer 96 Thanksgiving 313 That Think 4 The Two Tars 286 This Is "It" 4 This Is "It" For Shsving 4 This Is "It" For Bathers 4 This Is "It" For Mechanics 4 Tode 340 Top Notch 106 Toula Toula 334 Town Market 3 Trade Mark Barbers Shaving 16 Trade Mark Carbolic 16 Trade Mark sulphur 16 Trade Mark Birch Tar 16 Transparent Brilliant 337 Transparent Rose 337 Trash Mover 286 Trix 54 Twin 2 Twin Rose 3 Two Jacks 340 Type Soap— Type Soap Co., Uncle Sam's Floating 120 Uncle Tom's Pine Tar (for Canada) 361 Universal Disinfectant 16 Universal Cleaning Mixture 4 U-Lika-Me286 Pierre, S. D and Chicago. Up-To-Date 16 U. S. Hygienic Toilet 4 Veg-Oil 113 Veget-ore 4 Vegeiable Toilet 4 Ven best 286 Vernon 72 Vegetal Bouquet 3 Vestal Carnation 16 Vestal Lilac 16 Vestibule 3 Vineta 3 Vinola Cream 3 Violet Blossoms 337 Violette Grandfleur 334 Violette Revee 3 Violet de Parme 387 Volcano — F. L. Hunt, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Vulcan's Wonder Tar 353 Washaway — Washaway Mfg. Co., New Bedford, Mass. Wego 96 Weir's Pine Tar (for Canada) 361 Wendela 3 Whale 3 Wheel 32 White Dawn 357 White Fairy 2 White Linen 113 White Man's White Tar 357 White PineCastile344 White Purity 349 White Rock (for Canada) 361 White Rose Glycerine 8 White Rose Honey 3 White Saxony 3 While "Wonder 346 White Zephyr 349 Windsor 2 Winner 29 Wise Bather 4 Wise Shaver 4 Witch Cream Shaving 4 Witch Hazel Baih 3 Witch Hazel Bouquet 3 Witch Hazel Cream Shaving 4 Witch Hazel Shaving 3 Wofford's Complexion 356 World's Fair 2 World's Work 53 Yellow Dog 340 Yellow Palm 340 Yellow Rose 3 Yellow Star 357 Yellowstone 106 Yule Tide 16 Yule Tide Bouquet 16 Zingarella 3 Zion City White Dove 354 Zo-Zo White Tar 3 Zanette 3 The DOPP Style "A" CRITCMER The basis of this machine is a "DOPP" absolutely seamless, Steam Jacketed Kettle. No Rivets. Tested to 150 lbs. pressure. This apparatus will make soap by cold process in the most economical and best manner. With- out an equal. as a general utility mixer, crntcher and remelter. Catalog No. 4 "D" cheerfully furnished upon request. H. W. DOPP CO., SS&i -1310 St., BUFFALO, N. Y„ U. S. A. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST THE PREPARATION OF Caustic Lye I from Soda Ash, by means of | STRUNZ PATENT LYE APPARATUS AND CONVERTING KETTLES reduces the process to a very simple and profitable opera- tion. The expense for labor, fuel, and lime being less than by any other process now available, for the following reasons; The entire process is completed in a single operation. No Driving Machinery. No Vacuum Pumps. No Air Pumps to operate by my method. F. B. STRUNZ, 708-716 BINGHAM ST., PITTSBURGH, PA. 56 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST Advertisements under this head will be inserted at the fol- lowing rates, strictly payable ivitli the order in tverv case ; Situation Wanted : $1.00 the first time, and 50 cents for each subsequent insertion. Help Wanted : $2.00 the first time, and $1.00 for each subsequent insertion. Factories and Machinery Foe Sale or Wanted: $2.00 the first time, and $1.00 for each subsequent insertion. These rates are for advs. up to five lines in length; additional lines more in proportion. In answering any of these advertisements never send original docu- ments, testimonials, etc., especially when the advertisers' identity is not disclosed. Don't waste time asking us for the names of parties advertising in this column without giving their address, as they will not be revealed. POSITION WANTED. Position Wanted: By competent and reliable soapmaker es- pecially good on flue milled toilet and transparent soaps. Ad- dress: C. W. S. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: Desire to make a change. Am capable of taking full charge of factory in both laundry and toilets. Can make good, saleable soap from cotton seed foots, also the very best grade of boiled down soap. Can recover glycerine from spent lye. Best of references. Address: X. X. Y., care of this paper. Situation wanted bj' competent, soapmaker and chemist. Ad- dress: C. D., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: By a good practical soap maker of over twenty years experience in the making of laundry and textile soaps, including castile, settled resin of all grades, tallow chip, fig. base for toilet, cold soap &c. Address: "Savon", care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: Correspondence wanted with Cottonseed Oil Refinery or Soap Factory, by a practical man with any references required. Address: W. 15, care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. • Situation Wanted: By an expert, up to date soapmaker, chemist and perfumer. 26 years' experience in making all kinds of laundry, toilet, textile, scouring and powdered snaps; Caustic Soda. Caustic Potash, Sal Soda and Perfumes. Familiar with the latest and most approved soap machinery and the recovery of glycerine from spent lye. Address: A. S. A. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: By au up-to-date soap maker, 25 years' experience in making ail kinds of laundry and toilet soaps; in- including all kinds of textile soaps, chips and soap powder, recovery of glycerine from waste soap lye, with the best obtain- able results. Best references. Address: H. H., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Position Wanted: Chemist and refiner, strictly up to-date in cottonseed oils and soaps, can produce the finest grades of oil with my patent bleaching process and with the lowest possible loss; am prepared for employment. Strictly sober and can fur- nish the best of references. Address: M. F., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. Situation Wanted: By a practical soapmaker and chemist. Twenty-two years experience on all kinds of settled and cold made soaps. Address: F. W., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. If you want a real soapmaker upon whom you may depend to make your soap just right, without spoiling, write me. I make all textile, laundry and toilet soaps on the market. If you are in trouble with your soap I am the one to aid you. Make soap in the quickest possible way Address: S. B., care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. POSITION WANTED. The advertiser, capable of making- the finest of laundry, toilet and textile goods, desires position as superintendent of a modern plant. Experienced from A to Z in managing a factory. Strictly temperate and reliable, On long term contract will make investment if desired. Best of references. Address: L. E. S. care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. SOAPMAKING TAUGHT. By a successful soapmaker who has had 21 years actual experi- ance in all kinds of soapmaking. Modern formulae furnished and explained, so that any intelligent person can make good saleable soap. Write and tell me what you want, and I will tell you what it will cost. Satisfaction guaranteed. Address : Theodore, care of American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. FOR SALE. For Sale: Soap Plant and Cotton Seed Oil Refinery. Cash, or part deferred payments. Capacity 3,000 to 5,000 boxes soap per month. Refining capacity 350 bbls. oil per day. Business established 23 years. Best reasons for selling. Located in lead- ing city of the South, 125,000 inhabitants, ten railroads, very cheap rates, healthy and desirable place in which to live. For further particulars address "D. D. 10," care American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. ' For Sale: Soap factory and vaseline plant for sale. Will sell for less than one half of the original cost. Part cash and bal- ance in payments to suit purchaser. The factory is located in Titusvillc, Pa. Address all comunications to J. C. Robinson, Paola, Kansas, care of Paola Refining Co. GOOD REPRESENTATION. Am open to represent firms throughout Austria-Hungary. Am very thoroughly introduced wiih buyers of soaps, perfumes and toilet articles and am traveling throueh the provinces. First- class references. Address: Friedrich Unger, 61inke Wienzeile, Wien, Austria. WARNING. Warning. Notice to the world of my proprietary rights to the trade-mark names SATIN, SATIN SKIN, SATIN-SKIN, (hyphenated), SATIN SCENT, &c, as applied to toilet prepar- ations, soaps, perfumes, &c, is given by U. S. patent office registrations No. 21.618, 24,186, 27,854. 37,662, 42,297.— Canadian 399,444. — I promptly prosecute infringers, imitators and sellers of substitutes (Signed) Albert F. Wood, Detroit, Mich., Mfr. andPropr. of Satin-Skin Cream, Satin ToiletandTalcumPowders, Satin Skin soaps. Satin tooth preparations, Satin Scents, &c, &c. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Cyclopedia of Receipts, Notes and Queries 12,500 RECEIPTS. 708 PAGES. Price, $5.00 in Cloth; S6.00 in Sheep; $8.50 in Half Morocco— Prepaid. Formulas for use in every industry. This book sent, Express Prepaid, to any address on receipt of price. ADDRESS AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, Milwaukee. Wis. ASKINSON. Perfumes and their Preparation : 312 pages, I vo. 32 illustrations. $3.00. CARPENTER. —A Treatise en Soap ami Candles, Lubricants and Glycerine : Second revised edition, 446 pages* 12 mo., 104 illustrations. By Wm. Lant Carventku. (Moth, |4.00. Manufacture of Cotton Seed Oil and allied products. | GATHMANN— American Soaps : A complete treatise on the manufacture of soap, with special reference to the actual practice and formulas of American manufacturers; written with the assistance of several of the best informed American soap makers, and embracing especially the practical side of the art, including formulas for special soaps, soap powders, <fec. $15.00. REDWOOD— Practical treatise on Mineral Oils and their By- products : By I. I. Redwood. 336 pages, 8vo., 67 illustra- tions, 43 tables. $6.00. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA OF RECEIPTS. A compilation of oyer 12, Olio of the most useful receipts in nearly every branch. 680 pages. $5.00. WRIGHT— Oils, Fats. Waxes, and their Manufactured Pro- ducts : A treatise on the preparation, properties, and chem- istry of animal and vegetable fixed oils, fats, butters, and waxes, and the manufacture therefrom of Candles, Soaps, and other products. By C. R. Alder Wright. 550 pages; 144 illutrations. 8vo. $7.50. Any of these books will be sent to any address in the United States, Express prepaid, on receipt of price. Address: American Soap Journal, Milwaukee, Wis. American Soaps. mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm THE REVISED and CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED new issue of the well-known work "AMERICAN SOAPS" is finished and now ready for delivery. (For a de- scription of the book in its present form see circular mailed on request). The increased number of pages in this book is due chiefly to new practical material collected from many sources during the years which elapsed since the appear- ance of the first edition, and will, no doubt, add greatly to the usefulness of the work. The first edition of "AMERICAN SOAPS" having been so favorably received, that a copy of it may at present be found in almost every soap factory in any English speak- ing country, care has been taken in the new edition to adhere largely to the original plan, simply adding such material as the changes of time or the collection of new information suggested. In offering this new work to the trade we confidently bespeak for it the same favorable reception which was accorded the original edition in so large a measure. A copy of this new edition will be sent, EXPRESS PREPAID, to any address in the world, on receipt of $15.00. Address: AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. Tandem Four-Roll Soap Grinding Mill Finest Mill For Toilet Soaps Made. ooa|) -Machinery Toilet v<^ Laundry ot^c Scouring Complete Installation or Parts. J> Soap Powder Outfits — large or small. Everything Needed by the TJp-To- Date Manufacturer. Soap Dies and Box Plates a specialty Correspondence Solicited. noucniN £. nuBER, y Third street Brooklyn New York Silicate of Soda ^ ^ ^« All Grades For All Purposes ^'^ ^ Manufactured by The Grasselli Chemical Co. MAIN OFFICE CLEVELAND. O. WORKS EAST CHICAGO, IND. FORTVILLE. IND. For Sale by Branch Offices In. NEW YORK 60 Wall Street CINCINNATI. O. ST. PAUL. MINN. CHICAGO. ILL. . . 117 Michigan Street ST. LOUIS. MO. BIRMINGHAM. ALA. NEW ORLEANS, LA. Also by Abner Hood, Kansas City, Mo. O. L. Hall, San Francisco. 519 Mission St. ism soiip-niE sm CHX RE ADJUSTED WHEN WORX TO UT THE DIES. Costs no more than the ordinary kind and will out- live a halt dozen. The ma- terial used is the hardest obtainable. Made for any shape or size of cake. For foot or power presses. WILLIAM SCHRIDDE, 35 South Clark St. CHICAGO, ILL. Send me your ideas, rough sketch or sample cake, and I will send designs and estimates. Let me figure on your BOX PKIHTINO DIES. ^<v« CORRESPONDENCE INVITED v<^ I (Not Incorporated.) F. C. Christy, Proprietor. Soap Dies 1 Printing Plates A SPECIALTY. 60-64 North Clark St., Cor. Michigan St. CHICAGO, ILL, U. S. A. Send for Designs and Estimates. THE <^> J5MERICAN 0OAP jToUffNAL MANUFACTURING CHEMIST. Knf red at P. O. at Milwaukee, Wis., as Second-Class Matter, Oct. 3, 1900. -Published Monthly. Vol. XVI. Milwaukee, Wis., November 1, 1905. No. 3. ch, Holme & Clark Co. 383 West Street NEW YORK. Soap Materials Mill Supplies MAKE A SPECIALTY Prime Green Olive Oil Foots, Cocoanut Oil, Palm Oil, Saponified Red Oil, &c , &c. HEADQUARTERS FOR HELI0TR0P1NE CRYSTALS AMANDOL OIL OF WINTERGREEN FOIN COUPE HYACINTH VANILLIN CINNAMON COUMARIN NEROLINE, Ac. Lowest Market Prices, Also Special Fur Contracts. COLORS:— Green, Red, Brown, Yellow. Can be used in Alkaline or Alcoholic Solutions. An interesting offer concerning RHODINOL II. OIL OF ROSE S4.00 PER OUNCE An experiment with a free sample will demonstrate why it is preferred by so many manufacturers to the best natural oil. If you are not in need of t lie very finest, and merely wish to have a Rose substitute such as we understand others claim to have equal to our RHODINOL II, please note that our RHODINOL I, is far superior to anv of them and the price is but $2.00 per ox. As this is a matter which is of importance to you to ascer- tain, and you have nothing to lose and everything to gain, why not try an ounce of RHODINOL II, or an ounce of each, or a free sample? Awaiting reply from you to-day concerning the above, or request for samples and pamphlet concerning Synthetics, we remain, Yours very truly, Fries Bros. MFG. CHEMISTS OS READE ST. NEW YORK Wood Products Co. BUFFALO, N. Y. Sole Manufacturers oi Columbian Spirit A Perfect Article for use in makirg Transparent Soap sole CLAYTON ROCKHILL, asent "Used by Largest Soap Makers, Must be a reason for it." CENTURY" RUBBER BELT CONVEYORS Are made in lengths to suit the BUYER'S NEEDS. -€^« Material in Bulk or Package Handled wi h Equal Facility. Catalogue 67 A on Conveyors illustrates many different types Mailed free with others on Elevating, Convening, Power-Transmitting, Chains, etc The Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A. v ' " ' ' ' ' 6. K. Williams i Co., ^^a Pioneers iu the Mining aud Manufacturing' of $tfefe For Soap .«... Manufacturers TALC j. & * j. EASTON, PA, •* <* <* <* Pliiiadeioliia Quartz 60.. MANUFACTURERS of SILICATE OF SODA in its various forms WORKS PHILADELPHIA. PA. ANDERSON, IND. OFFICE 121 s. Third St., ;Pa. All communications should be addressed to our Main Office, 121 S. Third St., Philadelphia, Pa., or supplies , may be obtained from the following: BUFFALO Buffalo Warehouse & Distributing Co. CHICAGO M. L. Barrett & Co., 219 Lake St. CINCINNATI Hosea & Co., S. W. Cor. Main & Front Sts. CLEVELAND Fred. 0. Clark Co. NEW ORLEANS-R. Vallon, 345 Carondelet St. NEW YORK Welch, HoIme&ClarkCo,, 381-383WestSt. PITTSBURGH _.«eo. A. Kelly Co.,' 421-423 Seventh Ave. ST. LOUIS Wlutelaw Bros., 409-411 N. Second St. SAN FRANCISCOMeigs & Co., 218 California St. MONTREAL, (Quebec), Wilson, Paterson & Co. SILEX THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO., ESPECIALLY PREPARED FOR SCOURING AND LAUNDRY SOAPS. Full information and samples furnished upon application. New Milford, Ct. 55 Fulton St., New York. 231 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa. 7 W. Lake St., Chicago, III. Tub American Chemical 60. OFFICE AND ^OBKS 640, 642, 644 and 646 Carr Street, and C. H. & D. R. K., Long- Distance Telephone West-379 CINCINNATI, OHIO. Caustic Soda Soda, Ash Sal Soda Ground Caustic Soda — ALL strengths BICARBONATE OF Soda Glaubers Salt Saleratus Ami tRICAN Carbonating Po WDER American NhuTkalizing Powder Soduxite Bleaching Powder — in casks, drums and 10 lb. cans (1 2 cans to the case) •', '■' Special attention given to prompt shipment and spot orders. Write for prices, terms, etc. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 57 The Latest Complete Edition of Our List ot Soap brands was published on Jan. 1st, 1902. All new brands and changes that have been re- ported since that date are contained in the "Supple- mentary List" published on another page of this paper. DRUGS, OILS AND PAINTS, Rooms 644 and 646 The Bourse, PHILADELPHIA. A Monthly Journal devoted to the interests of the Drugs, Oil, Paint and Chemical Trades. The most practical trade publication issued in America. Subscription Price, $2.00 per annum. Sample Copies Free. Advertising Hates on Application. 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Marks Designs Copyrights &c. Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munu & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year : four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co.36,Broadwa^ New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. C. KNIVES FOR BOX WORK. Special Prices for All Grades and Sizes. Loring Coes & Co. Worcester, Mass. New Edition of AflERICAN soaps Now Ready! jj* Pnce, $15.00, Post=paid. ADDRESS; AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL, 2707 North Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A. 58 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST NOVELTIES IN SOAP PARTNERS WANTED For the introduction, 'mainten- ance and supply of our Liquid Soap Distributing Apparatus, and other Improvements, we need the cooperation of others interested in this line. 1" We arc ready to invest money, with those who show they are in a position to con- tribute what we need to protect ourselves against infringers and imitators, and for selling Im- proved Soa|>». For that purpose we want a partner in every distributing center. We prefer to co-operate with able, enterprising Soa|> Manu- facturer*, as there are already too many "outsiders1' skimmino; the cream off of the busi- ness of Soap making., ^[ Samples of our new Distributers for Liquid Soaps and other improvements will be for- warded to those only, who will write for same in a manner which gives us some assurance that thev are not intended as' models, or for the guidance of those desiring to imitate our original ideas. ADDRESS FOR. PARTICULARS Geo. A. Schmidt & Sons, 405=407 North Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. The American Soap Journal & Manufacturing Chemist, A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF THE MANUFACTURING CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. D*™Nort£™f™v*rt5^ MILWAUKEE. WIS.. November 1, 1905. VOL. XVI. No. 3. THE to supply Jiiiuiv recipients oJ o American Soap Journal S£^— £££■ M AND ANUFACTURING MIST. SUBSCRIPTION: United States, Mexico, and Canada, S2.00 a year Foreign Countries in the Postal Union 2.50 " PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. ADVERTISING RATES IN REGULAR ISSUE : 1 MONTH. 3 MONTHS. ! 6 MONTHS. 12 MONTHS. $30 00 18 00 10 00 6 00 $75 00 40 00 24 00 15 00 $135 0 1 75 00 40 00 24 00 $250 OU 135 00 75 00 40 00 SPACE ON COVER DOUBLE RATES. For Rates and other Information concerning small advertise- ments of WANTED and FOR SALE, see Announcement at the head of that page. 07JICB OF PUBLICATION: 2707 North Avenue, MILWAUKEE, WIS.. U. S. A. The American Soap Journal and Manufacturing Chemist is devoted to the interests of all manufacturing industries of a chemical character, and is an absolutely independent publication. It is the only newspaper of its kind in America and has also a large foreign circulation. For Subscription and Advertising rates see above. Communications on industrial subjects, news items, and any information suitable for printing in these columns, are solicited and will have due attention. Readers in search of machinery, supplies etc., not advertised in these columns, are invited to write us and we shall endeavor to supply the information. Address all communications to DR. HENRY GATHMANN, Publisher, 2707 North Avexue, Milwaukee. Wis., U. S. A. "Las! week the Strand Board of Guardians decided to supply future recipients of oul relief with bars of leir houses in a cleanh glisli Exchange. The idea is beautiful — in theory. In actual practice h reminds us, however of our noble red man. who for many years was the recipient of soap from our govern- ment, bul used it chiefly as a medium of exchange in the nearest whiskey shop. In this issue we begin printing, as promised last month. "Notes on some Improvements at the Bank Quay Soap Works." The original regulations on which these improvements are based we printed in The Amer- ican Soap Journal for December 1904 and January 1905. German soap manufacturers somehow do no! seem to feel satisfied that our American system of cutting, pressing and wrapping soap by machinery on a large scale is anywhere near perfect. They continue instead, their efforts along the line of cooling their hot soapj in dies or similar devices, to obviate the necessity of cut- ting and then pressing each cake separately. The late-! step in advance along this line is thus described: "Her Rodiger, of Madgeburg, has patented a method For casting cakes of soap direct into the wrappers in which they are to be sold, whereby all cutting of bar.s is obviated. The wrapping for each cake is made, the lining of a metal mould, and large numbers of these moulds are filled as rapidly as possible. The metal supports the paper or cardboard and make- it keep its shape during the solidification of the soap. As many moulds should he put together into a frame as possible. and the soap should be poured in very hot. But com- bining these two conditions the cooling of the soap is made to occupy the maximum time, and the proper for- mation of the grain is not vented. Filled soaps musi not be poured too hot, however, and if it is wished that there should he no grain, the temperature must be kepi as low as is consistent with filling the mould-."" At first sight such a process hardly seems practicable, but it must be admitted that the Germans have rather successful in accomplishing results with their "cooling presses" and will no doubt make further im- provement. 60 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST A number of Borough Councils about London are struggling with a deep puzzle. A soap manufacturing firm has offered to supply the boroughs with free trans- parent soap tablets, for use in the public lavatories and offices, with the understanding that these tablets carry certain advertising matter. So far as- returns are in, it seems that pretty uni- formly each borough at first balks at the idea of being used for advertising purposes, but subsequently the thriftyness of the councilmen prevails and the offer is accepted, "Subject to being rescinded at pleasure of the Council." Alcohol Irv Transparent Soap. The National Wholesale Druggists Association met in New York last month. One of the aims of this body is to promote the greatest good to the greatest number in respect to cheap alcohol used in the arts — soap mak- ing among others. From a very voluminous report made on this subject by the Committee on Legislation; we extract the following on Transparent Soap, as taken from the testimony submitted to Congress by .lames S. Kirk & Co. "Transparent soap is the finest soap manufactured, and the sales throughout the world are enormous; the annual sales of one manufacturer, Pears, of England, in the United States alone have been about f()0,()00 gross, or 14,400,000 cakes. "The cost of manufacturing transparent soap in this country is increased over $5 per gross on account of the internal-revenue tax of $2.07 per gallon on alcohol. This is what effectually prevents our competing with foreign manufacturers of transparent soap in our own country, and keeps us from entering foreign markets, where we dispose of many thousands id' gross of ordi- nary toilet soaps annually. Under present conditions Pears can undersell us about $2 per gross, and the sav- ing of the $5 per gross clue to the tax would give the American manufacturers the advantage. With free alcohol the home market would be absolutely in the hands of American manufacturers, and they would secure a large percentage of the foreign trade in addi- tion. In soap manufacturing alone free alcohol means the employment of thousands of additional hands." More than 10,000 factories, representing 30 distinct industries, with ah aggregate capital exceeding $500,- 000,000, and employing 300,000 hands, use alcohol, a solvent derived from alcohol, or an inferior substitute, as a raw material of manufacture. In all these fac- tories the cost of manufacture is greatly increased by the tax on alcobol. In many the cost is more than double. The growth of domestic trade is thus greatly hampered and the development of the foreign trade ren- dered impossible. The cost of alcohol free of tax would not exceed 13 to 20 cents per gallon. The tax of $2.07 per gallon increases the cost twelve to fifteen times. The removal of this excessive burden of taxation would result in on enormous expansion of both the domestic and export trade in all the alcohol-using in- dustries. The extent of this increase it is, of course, impossible to estimate. In the aggregate it would cer- tainly provide employment for at least 60,000 additional workmen in the alcohol-using industries already estab- lished, and in addition to this tax-free alcohol would result in the re-establishment of those industries which have been destroyed or driven to foreign countries by the excessive tax and the creation of thousands of new factories, thus providing employment for many more. The smaller alcohol-using establishments employing only a few men each are not included in the above. If these were included 20,000 additional establishments would have to he added to those already given, and even I his would be far from completing the list, or of tbose which would find it profitable to use it if free of tax. In addition to the above the great increase in the use of alcohol as an illuminant, as fuel for cooking and heating, and for the internal-combustion engines, which would follow the removal of the tax, would result in a widespread demand for special lamp apparatus, stoves, and internal-combustion engines of all kinds. The alcohol incandescent lam] is would be in demand on the farms and in the country, and to supply this demand the lam}) manufacturers would have to employ addition- al help, and would be rushed with orders for months to come. It would be the same with stove manufacturers. The 1900 census report states that there were 1,414 factories. with 20.000 employees, in these two industries. Thus in these two industries alone the employment of thou- sands of additional workmen would be certain. The influence on the manufacture of incandescent mantles Mould be even more marked. Opening up the rural districts and making every one of the residents of the smaller cities and towns and the 5,737,000 farmers of the country prospective customers would so extend that industry as to make the present large. output of in- candescent mantles comparatively insignificant. Lecture On Soap Makingv By Me, Tiros. A. Cook, London England. (Concluded.) 5. Engineering in Relation to Soap-Making. — I asked Mr. Bertram, a member of your Institute and a man of varied experiences, who is adding to them by running the engineering department of a soap works, to give me a few notes on this subject. They are so inter- esting that I quote them in extenso : "Soap-making presents a great number of interesting problems to the engineer, such as the handling of acids AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 61 and alkalies, the mechanical conveyance of Eats and oils. and the manipulation of the soap itself. In the ease of acids, lead or earthenware pipes arc the presenl means iif conveyance, and require special care in jointing and special support. Alkalies do not affect metals 30 strong- ly as acids, but their action on wood and brickwork snails constant vigilance as to the condition of iloors and walU. The conveyance of fats through pipes requires consideration, as. if the fats arc heated to make them run freely, chemical changes may take place, and i:' not wanned sufficiently they solidify in the pipe. In the making of bar soap there seem to be traditions which bar the way to a more rapid production. It is deemed iK'cessary that the bar should show a grain, though how that affects its washing properties it is hard to deter- mine. There is a possibility of pumping the soap directly from the pan. through a water-cooled pipe, into a squeezer, and producing the hard bar at once. There are openings for invention in stamping soap, and a simple wrapping machine would soon pay for itself. Electricity, which can he applied cheaply to mechanical processes, bas not yet been used to boil materials on a largo scale, though the West Ham Corporation are sup- plying current at 2d. per unit for domestic cooking pur- poses, and I have no doubt that in the near future methods will be found of boiling cheaply by this means. The saving to a soap-maker is not to be measured by the coal bill alone, but by the boiler and bunker space saved, by the cleanliness gained by the abolition of pipe lines. and by the reduction of the small army of attendants." I believe that the Institute of Marine Engineers is at present deep in the subject of standardisation, and I think a standard size in soap-making would be of material bciielit to US, for we have so many sixes of bars that stock must be kept uncut until we know what size bar is required. With regard to the first part, is seems impossible to make a soap such as is loved by the house- wife of England — a yellow soap with a wavy grain or '•feather.'" as it is called in the north of England — except by the first process described. And you all know that ••the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world." So as long as the British matron requires this class of soap, unless a way of quickly producing it can be found, it will have to he produced slowly. With regard to standardisation, I think that public opinion will do much, and that the full pound as sent out from the factory will be facile princeps. But soap will dry. however well made: therefore the maker cannot guaran- tee that the customer will buy a full pound. I offer a prize of one guinea for the besl suggestion for a solution of this problem. 6. The Selling ok Soap. — Tn the dim long ago. T am told that people bought things only on their merits, and that honest goods at fair prices would always sell. 'Tis not thus to-day. Granted that you can only sell honest wares, and that you cannot expect for long to sell at higher prices than your competitors, the fact remains that the public buy what is known, what 1- talked about, what i- advertised. In this connection 1 musl speak of the office. As the laboratory is. to my mind, the embodiment of the senses of a business — the eyes, nose. ears and mouth — so the office seems to me to be the nerve centre. It musl be in touch with the works, the travellers, the directors, and the foreign agents, and it must keep all these varied interests in close touch with the wholesaler, the retailer, and. lastly, the public. An up-to-date business is run by the public through it- directors and its office. The works may say. "We can't do this or it would be cheaper to do that." The public say, "Blow the expense, we wan! it." The directors and managers must buttonhole the works and say, '•See here, old man. it's got to lie. Can you say how? Or shall we?" The work's man goes away sorrowful, but come- back beaming. "If so-and-so were done it could be done, and cheaply." Then there is peace and the great public gets what it want-, and the office gets orders and tlie works are busy, and the bands work full time, and the public, if it holds shares, stands a chance of earning dividends. Yes, but that is not quite all. You have to let the public know this, and here comes in the work of the publicity department. Here, orglnality, brightness and versatility are the prime necessities. A big adver- tiser once -aid, with regard to his particular product. "For every £1,000 I have spent, the next man will have to spend t'o.lHHl." And he was not far wrong; the only alteration is that the other'man mighl spend the same amount but to better effect, and this I hold always to be possible. Eor instance, take magazines. The now almost daily birth of new magazine is heralded with a big splash of publicity. You would think it hardly pos- sible to get a new idea, ami yet only last week a pub- lisher woke up with a startling idea — Would it not be cheaper to give the first number away! It sounds like a platitude to say so. but there are more ways of advertising than in the Press or on the hoard- ings. Take bazaars — these wells of pure charity. Not a day passes but we are inundated with imploring, bullying, or cajoling appeals to give goods for deserving objects, the usual bait, generally in a postscript, being. "We will display your advertisements." We cannot give to all. so we often offer to sell a cheap assortment which will realize a good profit. This reminds me of a lady who in reply sent a remittance for ten shilling set. After the bazaar she -cut us a further cheque for about thirty shillings, saying -he thought this was what the goods had realized, but if it was not enough we must let her know. How she thought her charity was to benefit we failed to see. so we politely returned the second remittance. T should divide advertisers into three classes — (1) those who employ bullion; (2) per- sistency; (•'!) originality. There is success in either method. The first is possible only to the few, the second 62 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST V to all, and the third to those who make advertising a specialising is the only real road to success. Whether you he an engineer, a hawker, a physician, or a soap boiler, you must specialise. Look at the success of your president, the Hon. C. A. Parsons, who specialised in turbines ; or Edison, in inventions ; or, again, Marcomi. They are like the plums in sailors' duff — few and far between, but they stick out when you come to them. The universal provider deals in more commodities than other people, but specialized in getting just what is wanted promptly. While on this subject I must tell you of one matter very interesting to the advertiser — namely, trade names. Suppose you advertised Jones's cucum- ber hair-wash; say, spent thousands on it this week. Next week Smith, Brown and Robinson would be sell- ing cucumber hair-wash. So you must start by regis- tering a name. Here the law comes in. You know what Mr. Bumble said about the law. Well, the law, among other things, says, "Thou shalt not register any name which is descriptive, geographical, a mis-spelling of a word in common use, or a proper name unless by consent." There are a few more difficulties; but that's another story. Now try to think of a new word regis- terable for a toilet soap, all names of flowers being barred in this particular class. The fifteen puzzle in its youngest days was a fool to this one, yet it is done, and every day. I once put up for the membership of a club. There was a group of friends around me, and the secretary filled up the form — name, address, then quali- fication. I said "Soap maker" but he filled it up "Literary." There's a testimonial for the trade ! I am afraid I have rather wandered from the straight path of my subject, after all, if soap were not sol] it coidd not be made, unless to be given away with a p.-und of tea. Which reminds mo < f another branch of r.dvcrli?- ing, and that is "giving av r.y." It bu: been ?ai>! ii •■• folly to believe that you can get something for nothing. This is probably true with regard to the community, but not with regard to the individual. In these days those who trouble to follow the advertiser can get any- thing, from a toothpick to a gramaphone, a bicycle, or, I should think, even a white elephant. (I have heard that some of the watches given away might be so described.) I shall conclude by a brief reference to a most important subject. 7. The Treatment of Employees. — All blame and no praise makes work a heavy burden. Good work is more often got by a pat on the head than by a smack in the eye. But with the suaviter in modo must be com- bined the foriiter in re. You have to rate a man when necessary, but not too often ; fire him -sooner that let him spoil your temper and capacity for calm work. To quote Lorimer again, "The first banana skin that a lot of fellows step on when they are put over men. is a desire to be too popular. Of course, it's a nice thing to have everyone stand up and cheer when your name is mentioned, but it is mighty seldom that that happens to anyone until he's dead ! You can buy a certain amount of. popularity anywhere with soft soap and flavors, but you can't buy respect with anything but justice, and that's the only popularity worth having." To run a manufacturing business rightly, you must exact punctu- ality, honesty, and regularity; but you ought reward en- thusiasm. Erom the office boy to the head clerk, from the stable boy to the manager, each can help or hinder. Good prose if often akin to good poetry, and I think the prosy business of soap-making, if attuned by the key of enthusiasm, is more like a poem than many would imagine. I will now proceed to illustrate a few points in the paper just read. We have here a large vessel containing distilled water. To show how extremely delicate some of the tests are for free alkali in soap, we will add to this distilled water a drop or two of phenol-phthalein. We have also a small bottle containing a few drops of caustic soda solution; we touch the point of the stirrer with the latter solution, and stir the distilled water and phenol- phthalein, which, from being colorless, becomes a beau- tiful bright pink color. Next, I have a piece of quite neutral soap, which does not contain a trace of either free caustic or free carbonated alkali. We rub on its surface a few drops of phenol-phtalein and some nitrate of silver, and let it stand ; no discoloration will take place, as I will presently show you. We next have a piece of soap with no free caustic, but a trace (about .01 per cent, of free carbonate of soda) of the solution on being applied to its surface very quickly turns pink. We have another piece of soap containing no free car- bonate, but a trace of free caustic soda. A few drops of nitrate of silver in solution very quickly turn brown on being applied to its surface. This is to show how easily our laboratory can detect with these delicate tests any slight divergencies from that which we aim at — absolute purity and absolute neutrality. I will now show you illustrations of the old-fashioned bar of household soap, weighing nearly 7 lb., and awk- ward to handle; the old-fashioned box of brown winsor toilet soap, roughly-cut tablets, hand-stamped. Con- trast these with the modern packing and wrapping of toilets soaps, with their beautiful litho work on box and wrapper and delicate moulds, and the modern way of packing household soap equally luxurious, from one to three tablets wrapped each in its own wrapper, and packed in separate carboard box; each tablet moulded into twin pieces, readv for cutting into a convenient- sized piece of soap, with rounded edges ready for the wash. I have here a silver casket containing three pricepieces of toilet soap; if these caskets were retailed their price to the retailer would be about £1,500 per gross. These T now show you are toilet soaps named _ "Throne" and "Riviera," while for household use there AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 63 i- the '"Lightning Soap,*' but the varieties are man) according to the service and purpose. The antiseptic Boap for hospital use, as its name implies, is medicated tor special Use. The next thing 1 have to show you is a tablet illus- trating a novel way ol marking soap, so that the print- ing nun be read as long as the tablet may be in use. This is effected by immersing the tablet in an emulsion ol' insoluble color. Needles set up in the form of the lettering which is required to be marked in the soap penetrate half through on either side, and are then with- drawn, leaving a number oi' small holes — each a vacuum — which suck in the fluid color. The color, being in- soluble, is harmless to the skin, and sets to about the consistency of the soap. These tablets are largely used by steamship companies, hotels, restaurants, etc., and they are also of great use as an advertising medium. Tablets costing a penny or twopence, while in use for mam weeks, will advertise any article, provided always that you cannot use very many letters for this style of advertising. I also show you the difference in appearance between a "'milled"' soap and a "boiled*" soap, as referred to in my paper. On cutting with a penknife either end of a tablet of "milled"5 soap you will notice that it cuts away with a granular breaking, and leaves a hard polished surface beneath. The "boiled"' soap cuts more like cheese, but, this all depends on the age of the boiled soap. The importance of using "milled" soaps for the toilet is that in this process a super-creaming or super- fatting material may be introduced, which either saves in the process of washing the removal of the natural grease from the skin., or assists in replacing this when removed with the dirt. A "milled'' soap, too, is abso- lutely homogeneous, can be scented with more delicate perfumes, and keeps its shape for any length of time. In conclusion it may interest you to hear that we can stamp soap in an innumerable number of sizes; the largest size we send out stamped is, as a rule, not larger than two to the hundredweight, but I have here samples nf soap tablets which go from between 7,000 to 8,000 to the hundredweight. I shall he pleased to answer any questions which any of the audience may like to ask. Mr. G. W. Xewall said the lecture had been most in- teresting. For many years he had been searching for a recipe for making soap bubbles, and perhaps the lecturer would be good enough to assist him in getting a solution for soap bubbles that would last from twenty to thirty minutes. Some eight or ten years ago, at the Institute conversazione held in the Town Hall, Stratford, a series of experiments were shown in soap bubbles by Professor Boys. Many of those present would no doubt remem- ber the occasion. Some of the bubbles, about 12 in. to 1-1 in. in diameter, were displayed and remained for quite ten minutes. Some were blown with oxygen gas. then fitted with light metal rings with three silk cords. attache! to which was a paper ear, which, when reles iioateo 10 tlie ceiling like a miniature balloon; ami, lur- iiier, man) would remember that some bubbles were blown by air, ami afterwards a second bubble was blown within it but tilled with hydrogen gas, which caused the second and smaller bubble to float up against the inner top side of the large one, whilst a tlurd bubble was blown inside the large one containing CO,., which sank t<> the bottom inside the large bubble, the whole of them resting on a soaped ring lixed to the table. These ex- periments the speaker had tried for years to imitate, and always failed for want of a solution that would hold up a soap bubble for at least twenty minutes. He had tried various solutions of all the soaps he could lay his hands on; in fact several times he had collected bottles and vessels galore with soapy water and glycerine in. but to no purpose. The best results he ha'd obtained was from the use of Castile soap and glycerine, but could not reproduce the experiments as seen at the Town Hall by Professor Boys. He had promised to give a small demonstration on soap bubbles, but at the last moment. for some reason the solution used became poor or was decomposed, so that the results were not as successful as those he had a few days previously from the same solu- tion. If the lecturer could in any way assist him he should feel extremely obliged, as a demonstration would be given at the Institute on some future occasion. Mr. Cook replied that he should be very pleased to let Mr. jSTcwall have such a mixture if it could be ob- tained at all at the works. Mr. Xewall further stated he had searched many chemists' shops for various soaps, and when expressing what they were required for, many of the shopkeepers appeared to think he was somewhat wanting. Besides his attempts to obtain a soap bubble from soap and gly- cerine, he had gone into mixtures dealing with india- rubber solutions^ and various gums and varnishes, hut to no purpose. Unless a bubble would remain a good strong, healthy bubble at least eight to ten minutes it was not much use trying to form balloons or inflate other bubbles inside of them containing various gases. Besides soap-bubble making, thin films could be experi- mented with, producing many beautiful colors, and these could be thrown on to a screen; also experiments to prove Hie strength of various solutions could be tried by making a film on a ring, placing a soaped paper on it. and loading the paper until the film should break, when, on weight the load, much surprise was often ex- pressed at the weight such films could carry, and so on: an endless number of small experiments could be carried out with what was often looked upon as simply a childish amusement. Air W, McLaren (Member) said: Would Mr. Cook kindly let ii< know whal properties are in soft, soap that make if such a good lubricating agent, especially on fired "-uides — that is. heated friction surfaces caused 64 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST thr.uigh some defect with the oil lubricant, or neglect, the soaj) in its solid state being applied with a water spray? You also get the same effectual results from white lead. Mr. Cook replied that soft soap was an extremely valuable. lubricant, as it not only lubricated, but, owing to the certain amount of water that it contained and with which it was mixed for this purpose, it had a ten- dency to keep th lubricated part cooler than ordinary lubricants would do. Mr. W. C. Roberts proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Cook for his interesting lecture. This was cordially agreed to. A vote of thanks to the chairman terminated the pro- ceed in°\s. • Naval Stores Matters. The Committee on Xaval Stores, of the Xational Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, which met in an- nual convention at Chicago, on October 10 to 12, sub- mitted the following summary of the present situation : The situation in the naval stores industry for the past twelve months has been one of exceeding interest. The enormous advance in price of all products (including turpentine and rosin) has been a surprise to all of us. There have been various theories accounting for this out of proportioned advance and your committee has tried, as far as possible, to gather for you the most plausible reasons. For the last naval stores season, ending March 31, 1905, the Xaval Stores Turpentine Operators' Protec- tive Association, being greatly dissatisfied with the tac- tics employed by the large exporters and buyers of this product, Avent into open rebellion and after two or three Avell attended meetings of the representative prodiicers decided on a minimum schedule of prices at which they would dispose of their production, namely, a price of 30 cents on spirits of turpentine and from $3.50 on water Avhitc rosin to $2 on the commoner grades. OAving to force of circumstances and the fact that this association had not been thoroughly organized Avhen offerings of naval stores productions became plentiful and buyers' needs not pressing, the market fell below the figures set by this protective association of producers, and no finan- cial provision having been made for sustaining the mar- ket b}r heaAry purchases, the prices named Avere not up- held and the old line exporters and buyers treated the threats of this association as a joke. This year, Iioav- ever, under neAv leadership, a very much closer organiza- tion Avas effected and a producers' exporting and buying company incorporated (composed of the vrealthiest rep- resentatives of this industry) and the tactics of the Pro- ducers' Association considerably amended. The major- ity of producers making up this aggregation refused to contract their receipts in the Jacksonville market (as they had for the two preceding years) and because of continued increase in these receipts at the ports of Jack- sonville and Fernandina, the export buyers could not see their Avay clear to offer to buy as a Avhole this large percentage of the receipts. (The receipts of turpentine in Jacksonville and Fernandina alone for the last season having been in excess of the receipts of Savannah.) This caused a failure of negotiations betAveen the large old line exporters and the producers in again renewing their arrangement for removing this large percentage of the receipts of turpentine from the market. The failure of the reneAval of the old line exporters to purchase as a Avhole the receipts of turpentine at Jacksonville and Fernandina caused the producers to make good their threat of an independent export company to take care of these receipts and had the still further effect of de- flecting a large proportion of receipts of naval stores which had previously been going into Jacksonville and Fernandina to the port of Savannah, which will to some extent account for the increased receipts at that parti- cular port. "Knowing ones" coincide in the opinion that there will be a decrease in the j^roduction this season, esti- mates varying all the way from 4 per cent, to 20 per cent, decrease over last year, but the best posted placing the shrinkage in the crop from possibly 12 per cent, to 15 per cent. A shrinkage of 12 per cent, on an aver- age production of GOO, 000 barrels of turpentine would amount to 92,000 barrels shrinkage. EXPORTS. The government printed figures on the entire exports to foreign countries, as compared with the exports of same period for the preceding year, sIioav for the tAvelve months ending June 30, 1905, a shrinkage of 26,159 casks of spirits of turpentine. It is generally conceded that very small stocks, if any, Avere carried over last season ; yon can therefore figure that if the domestic demand, on the present high plane of prices, continues relatively as good as it-did the past year, that this Avill be another year of high prices. To this opinion, Iioav- ever, there are dissenting voices — fhose avIio claim that the Producers' ProtectiAre Association is banking up at interior points both turpentine and rosin and that its financial backing will be sufficient to carry them over to another season on the present high plane of prices, and that in the event these stocks are throAvn on the market there may be a disastrous slump in prices. As a contrary argument producers claim that the cost of pine lands suitable for turpentining have more than quadrupled in the last feAV ye<ars ; that labor is now more difficult to secure than eArer before and that in addition to this climatic conditions have been against them. The opinions of people Avho have heretofore been ac- cepted as experts are so conflicting that your committee can but lay before you the arguments of each side, so that vou can draw vour OAvn conclusion. Statistical AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST figures are extremely misleading. When the receipts at the Atlantic porl — Wilmington, Charleston and Sa- vannah, used to be accepted as th b) which to measure the naval stores production, as explained above, the receipts al Jacksonville and Fcrnandina las! year were in excess of the receipts at Savannah and no ac- curate figures arc obtainable from these particular ports (ami from the large receiving ports on the Gulf), caus- ing a considerable amount of uncertainty as to what stocks of turpentine are being hold hack by the large in- dependent producers, and corresponding difficulties in giving any accurate estimate of the general crop — hear- say evidence being largely accepted. WOOD TulilMATINK. The \ei-\ high plane of prices at which spirits of tur- pentine have ruled has been an enormous stimulanl to producers of wood turpentine. Your committee sent out a uumber of letter- to ascertain3 if possible, to what extenl wood turpentine was being used as a substitute for pure spirits of turpentine. The result of these let- ters was extremely disappointing — the following being the nut shell conclusion: — That manufacturers success- fully using wood spirits, if they had a ''good thing*' did not care to advertise the fact; that the manufacturers who had attempted to use and made a failure con- demned entirely the use of wood spirits. Xotwithstand- ing this your committee feels that the output of wood spirits in the last year has materially increased, being favored by the high existing prices on pure gum spirits of turpentine and. they regretfully believe that the larg- est percentage of this wood spirits has been disposed of by unreliable dealers in the adulteration of the live wood product. VALUE OF WOOD SPIRITS VS. PUKE QTJM SPIRITS. The government, through the Department of Agri- culture, Bureau of Chemistry, has sent out a very in- teresting circular letter, a copy of which we append to this report, as information for those desiring to follow this branch of the industry and as results have not yet been announced we recommend to the attention of your succeeding Naval Store- Committee the very interest- ing report of the government that they may follow this investigation and further recommend that this associa- tion, as a trade body mo-f interested in the result of this report, draw ui> resolutions commending the Hon- orable Secretary of the Department of Agriculture for the effort beinsr made to enlighten the consumer and the trade, as to the relative merits of wood turpentine as against pure gum spirits of turpentine from the live tree. Your committee further feels that trade bodies like this association should continue to agitate and draw at- tention to the successful work iu the line of forestry heino- carried on bv this uro<rres-iyp administration. through the Department of Agriculture. Tt is onlv through the education of the people through such government assistance that the existence of tin- mag- nificent bodies of virgin pine timber land in the South- en] pine fields can he prolonged; and in this waj per- petuate and save from entire destruction the naval stores industry. It may he years before tin- destruction is made complete, and attention may he called to the fact thai the cry of "Wolf!" ha- been sounded for the pa-t twelve or fifteen years; nevertheless, it is possible to perpetuate the c\i-le|lce of thc-e magnificent bodie- nf pine, as has been proven by experiment- in other coun- tries, and to make them an everlasting source of income ami wealth to this country and the preseni high prices (which are primarily due to the rapidly enhancing value nf such tracts of timborland) should urge us, a- the most interested body of tradespeople, to still further agitate and commend this branch id' the government's worlc. KOSty. The enormous advances registered in rosins have even out-tripped the price on spirits of turpentine, though as far as your committee can learn from parties most interested in this industry, the consumers and dealers are accepting the situation — paying the price, and the volume of the business shows no apparent shrinkage. Rosin was ranging about the one dollar mark three or four years ago is now selling at from $4- to $5 per bar- rel. Prices on spirits have advanced about 100 per cent, in the same time. If the cause of this advance is na- tural and the locations for turpentine farms hard to SB- cure and arc being exhausted, then the producer should not be critized for getting all the money he can out of what he holds. If the cause is speculative, a very short time should demonstrate. But we point out to you that these advances have been going right straight along for the past several years, and that it is about time for such organizations as this to urge the government on in its forestry work and its protection of the young trees. A young seeding pine tree, if properly protected from the ravages of cattle and tire, for the first three or four years, is comparatively safe and in thirty year- should be a producing orchard tree. But the turpentine farmer of the present day is hardly looking out for his grandchildren and the only way that we can see clear is to look to our "Uncle Sam'" for the protection of this industrv. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry. Washington, D. C, April "3. 1905. Leather and Paper Laboratory. Dear Sir: — We have begun an investigation of the chemical problems involved in the production of tur- pentine from cut wood. Tt is our aim not only to study the processes and yields, chemical ami physical con- stants of the material, but also its industrial applica- 66 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST » in ' tion as a substitute foi* turpentine obtained by distilla- tion of the gum from the living tree. We understand that there is considerable objection to the use of this material as a substitute for ordinary turpentine in the paint and varnish industries, and we desire to learn in what particular the wood turpentine is inferior for these purposes, from the manufacturer's, the painter's and the consumer's point of view. Is its solvent power less than that of ordinary turpen- tine? Does it dry as well as ordinary turpentine? Does it make an inferior, more inflexible varnish which is more liable to check or to deteriorate than var- nish marie with ordinary turpentine? Is it more difficult to work, or does it differ in any way in manipulation from ordinary turpentine? Does the covering power of paint or varnish made with wood turpentine differ from that of these articles made with ordinary turpentine? What objections are raised by painters? What objections are raised by consumers? By answering these questions vou will not only con- fer a favor on us, but may assist in placing this material on a proper basis. Please address reply to M. P. P. Veitch, Chief, Leather and Paper Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, Washington. D. C. Other pertinent information with regard to the re- coverv, uses and value of this material will be duly ap- preciated. Respectful! v. H. W. Wilev, Chief of Bureau. Approved : — James Wilson, Secretary. The President: — This reuort is presented to the con- vention by the Board of Control, as a matter of infor- mation. Mr. Arnold: — It seems to me that the time has now arrived where this organization should take some ac- tion in regard to naval stores. What I might say would be perhaps things that you have heard before, but I think it would be well to give a slight outline of the condition as I see it, so as to come to some conclusion as to whether you all think that it is time to do some- thing or not. As I understand it, the Consolidated Naval Stores Company started in to buy all the land they could in the turpentine belt. The idea was that they would have the land to give to an operator, in case he wanted more to use ; they then say to the operator, "We have plenty of land and plenty of money; come to us and we will let you have whatever land you want; if you haven't enough money to run your business we will furnish the capital." Then they are in a position to say to him. "You send your supplies to us for sale." They wouldn't give him this land unless he wovdd agree to send the supplies to them. This followed along for quite a while, and they found, as I understand, that they were turn- ing over the products to certain distributors, as they came in, upon an understanding that they be taken at the price on the Savannah market on the day they were delivered. This continued until the operators found that in order to increase the price they must have an organization by which they could curtail the product. So they got together and formed this Turpentine Oper- ators' Association, and then, as I understand it, got up an agreement that they would not sell any turpentine at less than fifty cents. In order to maintain this agree- ment they found that they would have to take care of some of the weak ones, who could not afford to wait for the fifty cents; and then they arranged for a tank company where they could store the turpentine until such time as the market would arrive at a price where they could get out. In doing that they found that the better plan would be to divert a great deal of the tur- pentine from Savannah to Jacksonville and Fernandina. and in the last year or two the bulk of the goods for sale have been in Jacksonville instead of Savannah. Now they come together and form the Naval Stores Export Company, and put in offices in Chicago, New- York and different places to sell this accumulation. When I was South two years ago, I got copies of the agreements of the Turpentine Operators' Association, and I took them to Mr. Garfield, at Washington, and told him it seemed to me this was entirely against the law, that the operators could combine in several States to advance prices and curtail the product; and he asked me to leave all this matter with him and he would inves- tigate it. I wrote him about it a month ago, and he said he had not had time to do anything Avith it at all. and suggested that I turn it over to the Attorney Gen- eral. It seemed to me that the thing to do was to bring it here and put it before the convention. If we have lined up against us the operators at the South, who are de- termined to advance prices, and do not make any bones about having their convention openly and signing agree- ments to curtail their output and advance the price, why should not we, the buyers, combine to sec whether they are doing this in accordance with law? Thc}^ have had in years gone by an arrangement with different distributors, to take over this turpentine at the market. Well, when they would not agree to throw open Jacksonville and Fernandina, and let the product, which was coming in there so much over what Savannah was getting, the distributors refused to take it or make a contract with them to take it. That is what forced them into this selling or export compairy, as they call it, so that they could sell their own product. It seems to me if we could appoint a committee with powrer and money sufficient to take this matter up at Washington and carry it along, and see whether we could not ourselves do something to stop this, that that AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 67 would be better than just letting the thing drift, with the idea that they might overburden themselves with so much stuff and so much money to put out, that they, could ilo it. Notes On Some Improvements At Bank Quay Soap (Si Chemical Works. 1900-1905. 1. Every person, who lias been in the continuous employ of the Firm for 15 months on April 1st, is al- lowed a week's holiday with full pay, during the summer month-, the choice of date being left as much as possible to the individual. The conditions Cor these holidays, based mainly on punctuality and regularity, have each year till 1903 been made more stringent, yei the per- centage of workpeople obtaining them has each year increased. ENTITLED TO HOLIDAY. : 190U— .->;'; 1901—63 190:2— Hi;'-' 1903—77% 1904—84% 1905—87% Leave of absence from work at other times is always allowed if sufficient reason is advanced. •.'. A Company of the 1st Volunteer Battalion i P.W.V.) South Lancashire Regiment is furnished ex- clusively by the Works. Every encouragement is given to .Manager- to become Volunteer Officers, and during the past six years eight members of the Firm's Staff have joined the local Corps. Two of these served in the South African War. Every Volunteer is allowed to go to Camp each year for the full fortnight, the Firm paying full wages for one week and the difference be- tween the wages and the regimental pay for the second week. The men in the Works' Company are further allowed to put in an hour's drill per week during work- in-- hours at the Firm's expense. Arrangements have been made for different departments to furnish sections to the Company, and thus to introduce friendly rivalry. ■'>. The Directors, Managers, Foremen and a large number of the men are members and ardent supporters of the National Service League, heing convinced that Universal National Service is very desirable in the in- terest of all manufacturers as it would improve the na- tion physically and mentally and create and develop in all classes a desire to serve the community. The inter- est taken by the Firm in this greal question has ma- terially helped forward the Warrington Branch of the League. During the past year, various meetings have heen held at which tiie effect of universal training has been dealt witli from different standpoints by such ex- perts on the subject as Mr. Warren. Mr. T. C. Horsfall, Mr. Geo. Shea and Mr. Quelch. That these meetings have had g I results i> shown by the fact thai the Warrington Branch now numbers uearlj loo member and associati l. The dam Brigade consists of in men who are chosen on account oi the nearness of their homes and their ability to discharge Fire Brigade duties. Twenty of these are permanently, on the .Mam Brigade and the others arc passing through a course of instruction in Fire duly. After training, these men go out into the work- a- auxiliary men and other- lake their places on the .Mam Brigade, thus gradually giving all the work- men some idea of Fire Service. This system ha- an- swered well, and in many cases first aid ha- heen effec- tively rendered. There are -i\ men attached to the Brigade who act a- lire police. There i- al-o a Pompier Team who carry pompier hook- on their belts. Service in (he Brigade is so arranged that any young man in the Works may have a chance of joining. The drills are made a- interesting a- possible, with the result that competition for membership i> keen among the work- men. The Brigade in three years ha- grown in num- bers from 12 to 16 and the training is continually revised to he in accordance with modern practice. 5. Wet and dry steamer work. Eescue by Escape (ladder and canvas shoot). and by jumping sheet and life-line-. Scaling by pompier ladders. &c. (J. All girl- employed in the various departments are made acquainted as far a- practicable with first-aid fire appliances. The girls are regularly drilled in the quickest and calmest way of leaving their departments in case of lire, and, at the same time, leaving a clear way for the first aid fire apparatus to come along. L20 occupants of a Department can he out of a room in 30 seconds from the alarm, as each has an appointed exit. Each Department has a whistle to give the alarm. 7. The Brigade attends all outside fires when re- quested, charging the ordinary Fire Brigade rates. 8. Ten firemen are always in readiness in the Works during the night. 9. When the Brigade attends outside lire- each mem- ber is insured by the Firm against accident under the following scale: — (1.) Death or Permanent Total Dis- ablement, £200; ('.'.) Permanent Partial Disablement. £100; (■;.) Temporary Total Disablement (not exceed- ing '.'<> weeks for any one accident ) £1 per week: ( I.) Temporary Partial Disablement (not exceeding "id week- in any on<.' accident ) 5 per week. .\s regards ac- cident- inside the Works the men are entitled to the same benefits a- they receive from ordinary injuries happening during the course of their employment. Hi. An outside Fire Experl inspects the Brigade. it- apparatus and all the fire appliances throughout the Works every three month-. 11. The Firemen have formed themselves into a SELF-SUrPORTING Club for social, intellectual and phy-i- 68 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST cal recreation. At the weekly meetings papers are read and discussion held on subjects connected with Fire Brigade work and the evening concludes with physical ' exercises and drill in the gymnasium. Among the papers read before the Club may be mentioned "Acids in relation to a Fireman's duties/' "Ten years in a mo- dern Fire Brigade," "Automatic Fire Alarms/' "An Account of visits to up-to-date Fire Brigades." 12. Apart from the general equipment — such as two steamers, automatic harness, telephone service to lire- men's houses, electric fire alarms throughout the Works, automatic fire indicators, fire queens each with its own squad — there is the following special apparatus, chiefly of the Firm's own designing: — A dry main throughout the Works, which can be im- mediately coupled to cither the larger steam fire engine or to the water tower. An instantaneous 6-in. suction coupling on the larger steam fire engine. Life-saving attachment on the Escape. Hose Beels charged with water under constant pressure from the main and with control at the delivery end. Oil Fuel to smaller steam engine. Large collecting breechings. Armoured Fire-proof Doors closing automatically on melting of low temperature fuse. Underground Suction Tanks at various points about the Works filled from tower or town mains. Steam Fire Engines in station connected to the Works' steam boilers and thus always with pressure up. 13. The Works' Brigade is affiliated to the National Fire Brigade LTnion and a Challenge Shield has been given by the members of the North-Western District. Last year the Tournament was held, on the Firm's in- vitation and the Shield won by Darwen Fire Brigade. A Works' Tournament is also annually arranged with competitions between teams from the Liverpool and the Warrington Works and a healthy spirit of emulation is also stimulated between different squads of the same Brigade. 14-. The workpeople proposed that it be a condition of employment that id. per week per person be contri- buted to a fund for providing and maintaining a Bowl- ing Green, a Recreation Ground for Cricket, Football, Tennis, &c, and other means for rational amusement and social and physical recreation. Later, the Offices and the Chemical Laboratories became contributors. jSTowt the Athletic Club, which has hitherto controlled the Cricket, Football, Athletic and Bowling Sections, has been merged into this Recreation Club. Ten acres of Ground have been acquired and are being laid out and equipped for Cricket, Football, Bowling, Lawn Tennis and Athletics. 15. The Bowling Section has a large membership and had a sucessful Annual Main on Saturdav, August able to save the life of a little girl who had During the year an Angling Association has 13th, 1904. Entries were much more numerous than on any previous occasion. 10. The Cricket Section Showed considerable im- provement last year and is in a flourishing condition. During that season the team played 19 matches: win- ning 12, losing 5, and drawing 2. During the last five years the Rugby Football Team has twice won the first and once the second prize in the annual Warrington Works' Competition. IS. The Association Football Club has clone well for a first season, having won 13 games, lost 6, and drawn 4. 19. The Second Annual Athletic Sports were held on May 14th last year and proved a great success. 20. Every lad in the Offices or the Works, whilst 15 years of age, is taught to swim. Two squads go each Aveek during working hours to the Corporation Baths in charge of an Instructor from the Works. The time lost and the cost of the Baths and Instructor are borne by the Firm. At the end of the season there is a com- petition for prizes given by the Firm. In connection with this scheme, it is very pleasant to be able to record that one of these lads, within two months of learning to swim, wa fallen into the canal. 21 been formed and already numbers over 60 Members. The Annual Subscription is 6/-, and by arrangement with the Warrington Angling Society, the Works, Asso- ciation has the right to fish over 120 miles of water, including amongst other rivers, the Conway, Dee and Severn. At the Open Annual Competition on August 27th, 1904, ninety-four took part. The Firm and Managers support a full Brass Band consisting of 26 workmen, which has in the few years of its existence risen to be one of the best Bands in the neighborhood. Since the beginning of 1903 thirteen Contests have been attended and 11 prizes won in com- petition with 154 Bauds. On October 1st, 1904 at the National Brass Band Contest at the Crystal Palace, in contest with 25 bauds, it carried off the 1st prize in the Junior Section. The Firm provides uniform and in- struments and pays the Works' Band Master and a Professional Instructor on the sole condition that the Members shah regularly attend the two practices per week. Consequently the average attendance per practice is 95%. In May, 1905, a Brass Band Contest, promoted by the Firm, will be held and £100 will be given as prizes. It is hoped thus to still further encourage Brass Bands and make this Contest an annual one. 23. There is a second Brass Band which serves as a school for the Senior Band. This Junior Band uses the set of instruments formerly provided by the Firm for the Senior Band and is taught and trained by the Works' Band-master. 24. The Male Choir and Mixed Choir have sung with success at several of the Works' Musical Socials. AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST <i«j 25. The girls in certain Departments are taught to part-songs and arc encouraged to sing theni at cer- tain hours. wMLe at their dailj work. In this connection i i- worthy of remark how difficult it is to obtain good settings [or female voices of the standard old English Song.- in two, three, or four-part harmony and without accompaniment. vMi. The Draughts Section is just concluding its season with a tournament for which there are over SO entries. 27. The uewly-fonned Dramatic Society has recently given excellent performances before the workpeople. SJ8. A Works' Orchestra has recently been formed and has rendered good assistance at the .Musical Socials and the dramatic Performances. 29. The first Annual Eisteddfod, confined to those employed by the Firm, was held in March and brought forward good \ocai and literary talent. 30. A new Gymnasium in the Works lias now been equipped by the Recreation Club. One night per week this is occupied by the girls, one night by the lads and one night by the men. on each occasion an experienced teacher being present. 31. There is now being erected a Dining Kooni for the workpeople, to replace the present temporary one. Bath-. Dressing-Booms, etc., will be provided. 32. A room in the Works is provided by the Firm for use of a Luncheon Club for the Directors and Heads of Departments. This is used in the evening by the Workmen's Council, the Draughts Club and the Dra- matic Society. When the Offices now in course of erec- tion are completed, they will contain a Lunch Room and a Reading Room. '■'<'■>. A Library of technical books, journals and best catalogues is provided by the Firm for the technical Staff, and here standard chemical works and the current papers on all technical subjects may be consulted. • 11. In order to keep the Works clean and wholesome, special men devote the wdiolc of their time to tin- object and printed rules are posted in Hie Works enjoining habits of order ami cleanliness. Spitting for example, is prohibited on pain of instant dismissal. All dust, soot, fumes and smoke are avoided as far as possible and the principal departments arc lighted by electricity. Where the entrance of dust into a room would be very injurious the interior of this room is kept under "plus pressure." Girls, who work in places where dust is likely to occur, are provided with special uniforms ami hoods. Similarly, wen who work where the dust is cor- fosi e are provided with overalls, goggles and rubber gloves. To large extent the objectionable results insepar- able from dry brushing and dusting have been obviated by the adoption of wet methods of cleaning. Experi- ments are now also being made for the purpose of find- ing out the most satisfactory way of dealing with dust in all cases where the dr_\ method of removal is lb'' onl\ one possible. :;.>. the problem of how to burn huge quantitii common bituminous slack without smoke has been solved at the Work.-. Before attacking this question a lew years ago, the Linn was frequently lined for emis- sion of smoke and if the methods then in vogue still obtained the weekly consumption of coal would be more than L000 ton- over and above what it actually is. In fact, so successfully has the problem of smoke preven- tion with economy been solved that the Works i- known in the neighborhood as "The Works with Smokeless Chimneys.'3 Consequently on this success, so many re- quests for assistance have been addressed to the Firm that n ha- been necessary to form a Department whose sole duty is to deal with water purification, prevention ol smoke ami economy of fuel. 3G. The Works possesses a Sick Club which is SELF- SUPPORTING. During the past year a Girls' Sick Club has been formed on similar lines to the Men's and 85% of i he girl- are now members. This also is SELF-SUP- PORTING. The Firm provides free a consulting doctor and also subscribes to Infirmaries and Hospitals, in Warrington and Manchester, in order to be able to take full advantage of them for the benefit of its workpeople. 37. At the request of the Men's Sick Club the Firm have made it a condition of employment that no man, boy or girl is now engaged without passing a medical examination. 38. As a preventative of dysentery, the drinking of cold water during hot weather is forbidden in the Works. Oatmeal and water and tea (hot or cold) are provided free in every department. During the hot months of' duly and August, 1904, 80 gallons of tea per day in the former and 120 gallons (over half-a-ton) in the later month were distributed to the workpeople. This arrangement resulted in a striking diminution of sick- ness. 3!). Special attention has been given to the mental development of the lads and girls employed. A few- years ago it was found that only a small percentage of the lads in the Works and Offices made use of the oppor- tunities offered in the town for their educational benefit in the shape of Evening Classes. Only 11% of those under 1? years of age were attending. To increase this proportion the Firm offered to pay the fees for all courses taken, if (50% of the possible attendances were made, and further promised a money prize equal in value to the fco> paid to all who obtained from their teachers a good report of progress and behavior during the session. This scheme raised the attendance in the next year to 38%' of the lads employed. The scheme was then extended to all males under 20 years of age, and the result -Lowed thai in 1902-3 73% of the lads ami vouth- attended the Evening Classes. 70 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST PERCENTAGE OF YOUTHS ATTENDING: 1900-1—14 % 1901-2—38 % 1902-3—73 % 1903-4—100 % 1901-5—100 % Having achieved such a good percentage, it was de- cided that in future attendance should be compulsory for all lads under 17 years of age. Thus, in the last 2 sessions, ever}' lad attended the Evening Classes. When '•under 20" is the compulsory limit, lads who enter the Firm's employ at 11 will have six years of compulsory schooling with repaid fees and an equivalent amount as prize money, as explained above. The Director of Edu- cation in the town has arranged courses for these Students. In 1901 80% of the lads attending put in over 85% of the highest possible attendances and 17% of these lads put in 100% attendances. In September last, two Examination Papers were set to the lads under 17 to test their knowledge of everyday matters. One paper was done in the Works without assistance and the other at home with any assistance that could be obtained. The results were curious and instructive and attracted the attention of the Director of Education in the town, H.M. Inspector and others interested in education. 40. No lad who has not passed the YIth Standard is now taken into employment. If a lad has passed the VHth Standard he starts work and continues at 1/- per week higher in wages than a Vlth Standard lad. 10% of the lads now coming into employment have passed the VHth Standard. 41. With regard to the girls employed the Directors are desirous of removing certain deficiencies common to girls who work in factories. By means of the scheme of refunded fees and prizes, girls are being induced to attend Evening Classes on two nights per week to learn Needlework, Dressmaking, Cooking and Domestic Econ- omy. Employing, as the Firm docs, several hundred girls, it is hoped in a few years, to effect a very great improvement in this town. The attendance at these has been optional, but is now obligatory for all under 17 and optional for those over 17 and under 20. 42. No girl who has not passed the Vlth Standard is now taken into employment and those who have passed the VHth Standard are employed in preference to those ■who have passed the Vlth only. 43. At the end of the Cookery Course last session. all who had made 85% attendances entered into a Com- petition promoted by the Firm for prizes for the best cakes produced from two recipes in which the Firm's Vegetable Butter or "Vebekine" had to be exclusively used. The Evening Class teachers, who conducted the examination, reported that they had great difficulty in awarding the prizes as so high a standard of excellence had been reached. 73% of the girls in over 85% of possible attendances and 20% put in 100%. 44. Advantage is being taken of the equipment of a Laundry to meet the requirements of the Works, to give the girls, during working hours and at the expense of the Firm, instruction in Laundrywork. 45. Each girl, who leaves the Works to be married, receives from the Firm a Wedding Present in value according to length, of service. 46. Every person oir completion of 25 years' contin- uous service with the Firm is presented with £5 and anyone Avho has been 50 years continuously employed is awarded £20; these presentations taking place in the presence of the workpeople. Three men over 50, rest over 25 years' service. This year, one more completes 50 years and two more reach 25 years' service. 47. For general instruction, the Firm' is supplying from time to time Courses of Lectures on subjects of technical importance. For example, a Course of Lec- tures on EJectricity with practical demonstrations has been given by one of the Professors of Electricity of the Manchester Technical School to those especially inter- ested in this subject. Also a course on Motor and Motor Cars, theoretically and practically considered. 48. Popular Lectures on scientific subjects, illus- trated by experiments, are given by the Managers to the workpejple during the winter in the Assembly Room. 49. Concerts, Dramatic Performances, Draughis Tournaments, Smoking Concerts and Social Evenings are arranged for the winter. During the winter 1903-4 fourteen Dances were held in the Works' Assembly Eoom and over 2000 attended, and during the past Avinter 21 dances were held and 300 were present, the Works' Band supplying the music. 50. The Firm arranged for the workpeople to elect a Workmen's Council. The object of this Council is to collect, direct from the workmen, suggestions for the improvement of their surroundings, and to put the matured proposals before the Directors for approval. The suggestions are not in any way connected with the terms of labor, but refer to the amelioration of the con- dition and surroundings of their daily work. During the year many excellent suggestions have been made to and subsequently carried out by the Firm. 51. Pepresentatives of this Council have visited Firms interested in Social Eeforms for their workpeople and return visits have been received. This interchange of ideas, it is hoped, has been of benefit to all parties. 52. The Firm possesses an Ambulance Brigade of over 50 members, two of whom served through the South African War. Men on passing their third year are given uniform. There are five stations in the works where first-aid can be given and. each centre has posted the names of the men of the Brigade in that section. To still further assist recognition, badges are worn by these men. The main Ambulance Station, situated near the main Chemical Laboratories, has a resident staff of two AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST 71 men. The equipment consists of : — stretchers, splints, chair-, tables, ho1 and cold water, bandages, lint, carbo- lised water, alcoholic ferric chloride, corron oil, olive oil, picric acid, solution of bicarbonate of soda, &c. The Sub-stations arc furnished with: — lint, bandages, car- bolized water, carron oil, olive nil. picric acid, plaster. wash howl, sponge and sissors. At the main Station a record is kept of all cases treated throughout the Works, and each month these are classified under the heads of nature, cause and where occurring. These analysis are -cut to the Department Managers to enable them to pre- vent <>r minimise a recurrence. All lads and men are encouraged, by free lectures from qualified doctors, to learn Ambulance Work, and one hour per week is allowed out of the Firm's time for Ambulance practice. 'I'o further stimulate interest, a Crosfield Division of the Warrington Corps of the St. John Ambulance Brigade has heen formed, the members being required to put in certain number id' drills to keep them efficient in Ambu- lance Work. They are also encouraged to form teams tn compete for Ambulance Prizes at Open Ambulance Tournaments. Lectures on Ambulance Work and Sick Nursing, with practical work, have been given to the girls also and have been well attended. 53. Five years ago, the Firm gave a Challenge Shield to be competed for by all Corps in the Xo. 4 dis- trict of the St. John Ambulance Brigade. Col. Trim- ble. V.D., M.D., C.M.G., the Deputy Commissioner, states that this Shield lias stimulated, in no small degree,, the interest in Ambulance Work in the Xorth of Eng- land. Won by : — 1899 — PRESTON ( ORPS. ]900 — BLACKPOOL CIVIL DIVISION'. 1901 KENDAL DIVISION". 1903 — BRIEEEIELD DIVISION". 54. It has always heen the firm's desire to reduce the hours of labor as far as possible, without diminish- ing the earnings of its workpeople, and it has been aide to avoid very early and late hours in many Departments. In these, the men's time has heen reduced from 10 hours a day to 0, while giving the men the same wages as they had before. The working hours per week in these Departments are now 49% (in some eases 4G1 •_. ) against the -j.jI/j formerly. The girls' working hours have also been reduced from 55% to 46% while retaining the 55} o hours' wage. 55. The Firm has tried Profit-saving Schemes in a few Departments and the success has heen sufficient to induce it to extend the principal as far as possible. The Schemes are adapted to the varying conditions in the different Departments, hut the main principle is that QUALITY as well as QUANTITY of output .-hall he con- sidered in estimating the profits. In different Depart- ments increments from 14% to ?.">% on the weekly wages are earned. The adoption of the Metric System in the Works has been considerably extended during the year. Through- out the Snap Departments it is nov universal and in many other Departments ii is now universal and in many other Departments it is almost universal. 57. In June L904 the Office Hour- were altered to commence and conclude half-an-hour earlier (i.e in be from 8.30 to 5 p.m. on five days and 8.30 and L2.30 on Saturday) and the alternate Thursdaj afternoon was given as a holiday to all clerks who had been punctual ami had Inch1 work up to date. The experiment has been so satisfactory to the Firm and so thoroughly appreciated by the Staff that this arrangement, which was primarily intended for the summer only, has been extended to the whole year. 58. A Eortnight i> allowed to clerks who have been three years in the Firm's employment ; ten day- to those with two years' service; seven days to those with one year. oi). A weekly Programme of forthcoming events in connection with the Recreation Club and Societies i> published and posted at several centres in the works. ,60. Amongst the questions of National character not having any direct bearing on the work of the Firm. which have been actively supported, may be men tioned: — the national service league. ALCOHOL FOR INDUSTRLA.L PURPOSES. The former has already been referred to elsewhere. In connection with the latter, Lectures have heen given locally and in Condon before the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland; in Glasgow before the West of Scotland Automobile Club, dealing with the economic side of the question : in London before the Lincolnshire Automobile Club treating on the agricultural side of the matter. Evidence has been given on two occasions be- fore the Government Commission on Industrial Alcohol and work of a practical nature i- being carried mil on the important subject of denaturants for Alcohol. 'The Firm are of the opinion that the cultivation of potatoes in Ireland on a large scale for the manufacture of Alcohol, Starch. Glucose, Dextrin and Caramel, would aid in the agricultural and manufacturing development of the country and would at the same time serve as a food reserve for the British Nation in case of necessity. It therefore seems reasonable that the Government should aid and encourage the cultivation and industrial utilization of the potato as is already done in other countries less favorably situated than ourselves as regards internal food supply. 61. Tn order to better keep in touch with movements and suggestions relating to the social welfare of it- work- people, the Firm has joined the British Institute of Social Service and intends to take an active interest in it. 62. As a precaution against accidents on the rail- ways within the Works, shunters wear scarlet coat- and 72 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST all passages leading directly to a crossing are closed by chains which take a few seconds to unlock and rehook after passing. ^ :.: „ CONDITIONS 01? EMPLOYMENT. 1. During the First Fortnight of Employment the Engagement is from day to day. 2. No person can leave employment until the expir- ation of a week's notice ; such notice can be given any day. 3. All persons guilty of willfully breaking any of these Rules, or of neglect of, or disobedience to the Fore- man's orders, or of improper conduct (including irreg- ularity of attendance and wilful waste of time and material) may be dismissed without notice, at the dis- cretion of the Manager or Foreman. 4. Any person leaving work without giving the above notice, and any person dismissed for neglect, disobed- ience of orders, or improper conduct, will forfeit all claims for wages unpaid at time of leaving or dismissal. 5. It is a condition of the engagement of Laborers that they may have to work overtime either at shift work or otherwise. 6. It is a condition of the employment of men work- ing on shift work that they may be put to laboring work at laborers' wages, without notice, in case any stoppage of plant. 7. All persons employed by the Company arc liable to be put on short time, without notice, in case of short work. 8. No person working on shift work may leave his work until relieved by his mate without special permis- sion from his Foreman. 9. Every person on being engaged as a workman may become a member of, and subscribe to the Works' Sick Club, and the subscription shall be deducted from his wages, by the Cashier, weekly. 10. It is a condition of employment of young persons under the Company, that they shall have passed the Vlth Standard in a Day School or Night School, ami that they shall have attained the age of 14 years. 11. It is a condition of employment that all lads under 17 attend Evenin School (at the Firm's expense when specified conditions are complied with.) 12. It is a condition of employment thatld. per week be contributed by every man and boy to the Becreation Fund. 13. It is a condition of employment that every per- son shall, before being engaged, satisfy the Medical Ex- aminer appointed by the Firm in the matter of health and fitness for the work he or. she will have to do. * * * RULES OF THE WORKS. 1. Non-arrival at starting time means exclusion till after the next meal time. 2. Non-employes are not allowed to take meals into the Works; they must transfer them to employes at the Time Office. 3. No person, except a shiftman or one specially allowed by Manager or Foreman, is allowed on the Works during meal times, and anyone having meals on the Works must not wander about. Admission during meal times commences 15 minutes before starting. I. jS'o person is allowed at any time in any depart- ment in which lie or she does not work, except by per- mission of Manager or Foreman. 5. No person must cease work before the bell rings (except when working short time), and anyone return- ing late from meals will come under Rule 1. G. No person must use a hoist or work machinery without special permission from Manager of Foreman. 7. Empty Soap boxes must not be used for any pur- pose other than packing Soap which is going to the Warehouse or Customer. Strong painted boxes and buckets are provided for all other purposes. 8. IE pilfering is suspected, the Firm hold them- selves a liberty to search anyone. 9. Smoking and Spitting are not allowed anywhere in the Works. (Shiftmen are however allowed to smoke in their departments during fixed meal times.) 10. Entrance to and departure from the works must be made at the Time Office only. (But departure at breakfast and dinner time can be made at the Glycerine Gate.) II. Soap is provided for washing hands and can be had from the Engineers' Stores by an order. No other Soap is allowed to be used. * * * works' notice to youths. It is desirable to point out to the youths in the Works, that the universal principle of all business transactions is to get the best value for your money and that the same principle underlies the filling up of vacancies in the Works. The fact that a person has been two or three years in the Works does not necessarily suffice to gain promotion if there are other candidates for the post (either inside or outside the Works) who, in addition to being able to do the work equally well, can contribute to the reputation or recreation of the Works and the Country by proficiency in Ambulance or Volunteer work, Athletics, Music, etc. Education does not stop at 17 years of age and the more "strings" to the "bow" the greater the chance of promotion. Prices For Subsistence Stories For T5he Army. At the Army Building, Col. D. L. Brainard. Com- missary of Subsistence awarded contracts for supplying the army with store for the month of October, as follows : Soap — L W F. "Ivory," cake, 3.92c; do, army cases, do, 3.92c, A. L. Degroff (if asked for) ; do, 3.53c, Col- AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIS'i 7.". gate & Co. (if asked for) ; do, "Hard Water," do, 3.50c Maross Jenkins; do, scouring, ^"J case, do, ti. L25c, W, !'>. Tiiiim-; do, toilet, "Cash Bouquet," 72 to case, do, Colgate A Co.] do, "Cuticura,'3 72 or 111 to case. L8c, John Wananiaker; do, "Glycerine/5 72 or 111 to case, do, 12 2-3c, Water jam iff (if asked Eor) ; do 72 or ill to case, do, 10 ll-12c, John Wanamaker; dOj ••Oatmeal." |> or I I I to case, do, 7.76c; do, >lia\ ing, do, 2.50c, Colgate & C.;do, bar, do, 3 Ll-12 ; do tr5Tankee/5 do, 6 43-72e, J. B. Williams (if asked for). On Emulsification. Although Emulsions are aol entered as such in the British I'liarmacopceia they are every-day experiences of the pharmaceutical chemist. Moreover, they play such an important part in non-official pharmacy and in other industries! examples of these two classes being found in cosmetics, disinfectants, leather dressings, boot pol- ishes, furniture creams, cotton finishes, and the like). that a consideration of the principles underlying their preparation appears desirable, particularly since so many failures are encountered in the endeavour to produce them in a stable form. Information supplied by the authorities — British, Continental, and American — on this head is not very exhaustive. Emulsions axe generally defined as milk- like fluids, containing oily, resinous, or waxy matters, suspended in water by the aid of a substance called an emulsifying agent, of which latter the most frequently employed is gum acacia. Hirsch, in common with others, divides them into Emvlsiones e semtmbus s. seminales, produced by crushing and grinding oily seeds with water (in which case the emul&ifier is contained in the seed itself), and Emvlsiones oleas, prepared by rubbing down oils (or occasionally balsams, resins and gum res- ins) ^th water by the aid of a "binding agent." Rem- ington takes milk as a type of a perfect emulsion, and describes it as consisting of "innumerable globules of a fatty substance (butter) enveloped in a thin membrane of viscid matter (casein) and suspended in water." This notion of a membrane around each globule is widely dif- d, although probably erroneous. Thus, the same authority says: "The object sought by the pharmacist in making emulsions is first to thoroughly divide the oily or resinous liquid into minute globules, and tin n in surround each globule with an adhesive envelope" (muc- ilage of acacia, yolk of egg, and etc). Lucas, in his ■■Practical Pharmacy," uses similar language. Professor eh in 1897 {Analyst, \\ii. 197) also argue in favor of the membrane theory. Droop Richmond, however (Analyst 1904, 185), shows that the reasoning of these gentlemen is faulty, since it serves only to refute their own contentions when properly interpreted. He has examined milk after staining in various ways and mag- nified with powers up io 3,000 diameters, and baa failed to detect an\ e\ ideiice df an albuminoid layer around the globules. Since, loo, milk treated by mechanical means in such a manner a- to break up the globules below ■"the diameter of the smallest natural globule cannot easily be churned, whereas upon the membrane theon churn- ing should be Eaciliated by this treatment, there strong grounds for dismissing the idea of a membrane around the globules existing in an emulsion. We musl seek other explanations. ()n examining the substances employed as emulsify- ing igents, gum arabic, tragacanth, yolk of egg, casein, and etc., we notice that they are colloids. It is true thai alkalies effeel emulsification of oils, and alkalies are nol colloids, but it must be remembered thai the action of these alkalies is to produce soaps which arc colloidal, so that no exception is to be found there. Now the resull id recent research upon colloid- is to show that they do not. properly speaking, form solutions, but exist in the form of a line network disseminated throughout the fluid in which the} seem to be dissolved. In tin1 case of trag- acanth mucilage we are dealing with innumerable gelat- inous masses, many of which may be seen under the microscope. This gives us the means of picturing the conditions obtaining in an emulsion. We must conceive of particles of oily or other insoluble matter so small that the attractive force existing between any two is not sufficiently great to permit of them forcing their way through the entangling meshes of the eelloid substance that impedes their motion in every direction; hence, the neighboring globules cannot unite and the emulsion is permanent. Warming lowers the viscosity of the col- loidal '''solution." /'. e., weakens the network, so that the globules would unite more readily, a theory which ac- cords with experience. If these suppositions be true, we cannot bopje to pro- duct' a permanent emulsion unless ( 1 ) wo employ a col- loidal solution of sufficient viscosity, and (2) adopt means to reduce the oily globules or resinous particles (as the case may be) io a sufficiently line state of divi- sion. The mechanical aids necessary to satisfy this sec- ond condition are usually of a very primitive character, a pestle and mortar, or a rapidly rotating device compar- able with an egg whisk or a pug mill : such contrivances are more or less gross and unscientific, although mosl excellent results have often been obtained with them. Other appliances have been proposed, as. for instance, those in which the components of the emulsion meet at the periphery of a rapidly rotating disc, being, so io -peak, thrown together by centrifugal force (artificial butter is said to be made in this way). We believe at- tempts have been made to further perfect the breaking down of the oily -lobules by driving the fluid through small orifices under high pressure, but inasmuch as any such orifices made by mechanical tool- musl of necessity 74 AMERICAN SOAP JOURNAL and MANUFACTURING CHEMIST be relatively enormous in comparison with the diameter of a fat globule in milk, or in good emulsion, even this improvement falls far short of what theory demands. The ideal machine must subject the mixture to very severe 2Jhysical strain, beyond mere passage through cap- illary tubes, the fluid should be compelled to force its wajr, possibly under a high pressure, between superficies separated from each other by little more than a math- ematical line, so that a film attenuated to so great a de- gree would be produced that no globule of any but ultra- microscopic size could find room between the two ser- vices; then conceivably could