USISSN 0013-872X JANUARY & FEBRUARY 2003 No. 1
TOMOLOGICAL NEWS
W.
£83
j Murray- Aaron: Forgotten First Editor of Entomological News
Kirland A . Kenney, Christine G. Galvagna, and Jorge A . Santiago-Blay
ery of the milliped Plenroloma flavipes (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) exas, and other records from west of the Mississippi River
Rowland M. Shelley, Chris T. McAllister, and Shelly B. Smith Possible reproduction of the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis
comalensis (Coleoptera: Elmidae), in captivity Joe N. Fries
A new species of Pteroptrix (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Argentina, the first known aphelinid with three-segmented tarsi
Jung-Wook Kim and Serguei V. Triapitsyn
A new species of Leptoglossits (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Anisoscelini) associated with the Amazonian palm Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidicaryeae) in Peru Harry Brailovsky and Guy Couturier
Winter aggregation of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a concrete observation tower Paul W. Schaefer
Review of the Middle American Lace Bug genus Macrotingis (Heteroptera: Tingidae), with a key and a new species from Mexico Richard C. froeschner
A new Nearctic Paracloeodes (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)
W. P. McCafferty and David R. Lenat
Ableptemetes: A new genus of Tricorythodinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Mexico and Central America N.A. Wiersema and W. P. McCafferty
A new species of the genus Tomocerus (Tomocerina) from China (Collembola: Tomoceridae) with a discussion of the subgenera of Tomocerus Yi-Tong Ma, Jian-Xiu Chen, and Kenneth Christiansen
A new record of Tomocerus baicalensis from China with its redescription (Collembola: Tomoceridae)
Yi-Tong Ma, Jian-Xiu Chen, and Kenneth Christiansen
Notes on the distribution of Leuctra carolinensis and L. variabilis
(Plecoptera: Leuctridae) in Maryland, with amended and new state records
Scott A. Grubbs
SCIENTIFIC NOTES:
The bee genus Mydrosoma in Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Charles D. Michener
Acerpenna sulfurosus, comb. n. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) N.A. Wiersema
A replacement name for Stagetus convexus White (Coleoptera: Anohiidae)
Gianluca Nardi
Otocryptops gracilis Berkeleyensis Verhoef, 1938, A synonym of Scolopocryptops gracilis Wood, 1862 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)
Rowland M. Shellev
10
18 23 29 33
37
41
47 51
54 55
56
57
BOOK REVIEWS:
Mites of Greenhouses, Identification, Biology and Control by
Zhi-Qiang Zhang Marjorie A . Ho y 58
A Color Handbook of Biological Control in Plant Protection
by Beil Helyer, Kevin Brown, and Nigel I). Cattlin Joanne \\halcn 59
Insects Revealed: Monsters or Marvels? by Jacques de Tonnancour
Lester H. Guthrie and Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 60
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MAILED ON APRIL 9, 2004
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0
Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomologi- cal Society which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195. United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows: telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; email aes@acnatsci.org; and website: http://www. acnatsci .org/hosted/aes .
Subscriptions to and Back Issues of Entomological News. Private subscriptions for personal use of Members of the Society are US $15 per year prepaid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as libraries, laboratories, etc. and nonmembers, are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the USA and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the USA. Back issues, when available, are sold by complete volume for US $15 to Members and $30 to nonmembers. Membership / sub- scription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/ subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed membership form to: Office Manager at the address above, or email aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561-3978.
Previous Editors of Entomological News: 1890 Eugene Murray-Aaron (1852-1940); 1890- 1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 1973-1974 R.W. Lake; 1974- 2002 Howard P. Boyd; 2002-2003 F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue.
New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Version 1.0.
Further guidelines can be found on http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm
Subject Coverage: Entomology, sensu lato. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution, morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology, among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied, economic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields.
Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author although papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society.
Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the Editor: Address.
All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomol- ogical News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, Distrist of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P.O. Box, please use this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: phone (202) 786-2876, Fax (202) 786-2832, web page http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm, e-mails santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu or blayj@hotmail.com. Books for review should also be sent to the Editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague for review.
Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to: first, not submit in parallel the same manuscript to another journal, and second, assign the copyright to the publishers of Entomological News (such assignment taking effect as soon as the author receives written confirma- tion of acceptance of the manuscript). Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, except for original art- work and photographs, which will be returned to the authors.
Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed- ing two printed pages. The main difference between these type of contributions and longer papers is that Scientific Notes and Book Reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the Acknowledgments and the Literature Cited.
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Vol. 1 14, No. 1 , January & February 2003
EUGENE MURRAY-AARON (1852-1940): FORGOTTEN FIRST EDITOR OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS1
Kirkland A. Kenney,2 Christine G. Galvagna,' and Jorge A. Santiago-Slav 4
When author JASB took on the editorialship of Entomological News (November 2003), he decided to learn about the early history of the journal. Until recently, Henry Skinner, Editor from 1890 to 1920, was cited as the first Editor of Entomological News. However, upon opening the first issue of the journal, we noticed that Eugene Murray- Aaron, herein abbreviated EM A, got the first two issues (January and Febru- ary 1890) off the ground when this journal was known as "Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia." In addition to entomology, EMA had diverse professional interests including natural history, geography, cartography, travel, human biology, cycling, government, etc. Murray- Aaron's literary fiction and scientific journalism writings are direct and captivating, often reflecting strong views. What follows is an abstract on the life of EMA taken from a much larger manuscript in preparation.
Eugene Murray-Aaron was born in Norristown, a small city located northeast of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States), on August 4, 1852. Reverend Samuel Aaron, an ardent advocate of temperance, antislavery, and scholarship in southeast- ern Pennsylvania and eastern central New Jersey during the middle third of the 19th century, was his step-grandfather. EMA served as the last Editor of Papilio (1884). Murray- Aaron's passion in entomology focused on skippers (Hesperiidae), an inter- est shared with his editorial successor of greater fame, Henry Skinner, with whom he co-authored only one paper (1889 Canadian Entomologist 21:126-131, 145-149). During the 1880s and early 1890s, EMA traveled extensively throughout the Carib- bean, Central, and South America. His major natural history books, entitled Butterfly Hunters in the Caribbees (1884) and The New Jamaica (with E. M. Bacon. 1890) were undoubtedly conceived there. While the reasons for his brief tenure as Editor of Entomological News are not completely clear, there seems to have been differences of opinion between EMA, Skinner, and Philip Powell Calvert (third Editor of Entomological News) on the best use of the printed space in Entomological News. During 1893 and 1894, EMA was columnist for the Sunday science section of The Los Angeles Times and other major newspapers in the USA. Murray- Aaron served as geographic editor for the George F. Cram Company from 1899 to 1917. While EMA did not return to the scholarly study of insects, his love for entomology remained with him until his later years. At 82, EMA was reported gardening in Chicago (Illinois) and living with assistance from the government as his investments had become worthless. Eugene Murray- Aaron died on September 19, 1940.
' Received on March 15. 2004. Accepted on March 16, 2004.
2 Benington College, Bennington, Vermont 05201 . U.S.A. E-mail: grntbuggh (« aol.com.
' Bennington College, Bennington. Vermont 05201 , U.S.A. E-mail: christinegalvai:na«< liotmail.com.
4 Department ol" Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum ol Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Wash- ington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. E-mail: santiago-blayC" nmnh.si.edu.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NLWS 114(1): I . January & February 2003 Mailed on April 4. 2004
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCOVERY OF THE MILLIPED
PLEUROLOMA FLAVIPES (POLYDESMIDA:
XYSTODESMIDAE) IN TEXAS, AND OTHER RECORDS
FROM WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Rowland M. Shelley,2 Chris T. McAllister,' and Shelly B. Smith'
ABSTRACT: Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, the westernmost representative of the east-Nearctic xystodesmid milliped fauna, is reported from Bowie County, Texas, the first record from this state. Other new localities from west of the Mississippi River are listed, one being a disjunct site in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, approximately 200 mi (320 km) south of the contiguous range; it is believed to represent an allopatric population. These sites extend the distributions of the species, genus, tribe Rhysodesmini, and family some 75 mi ( 120 km) westward in Oklahoma; the published locality in Ellsworth County, Kansas, is the westernmost in the Central Plains for these taxa.
KEY WORDS: Pleuroloma flavipes, Polydesmida, Xysdodesmidae, Mississippi River, Texas, Okla- homa, Louisiana.
The milliped family Xystodesmidae occupies three areas of North America in addition to those in east Asia and the Mediterranean region of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East (Hoffman 1978, Fig. 2; Shelley 1987, Fig. 1): the eastern United States and southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, from the Central Plains eastward; the southern periphery of Texas to El Salvador; and along the Pacific Coast from southern Alaska to Los Angeles, extending eastward into western Montana. Two species occur outside these areas in the United States: Stenodes- mus tuobitus (Chamberlin), in southern New Mexico and Culberson County, Texas, and Rhysodesmus chisosi Shelley, in Brewster County, Texas (Shelley 1987, 1989, 1992). The species with the greatest distribution in the family is Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, which is the westernmost representative of the east-Nearctic fauna from the Oklahoma/Texas border northward. Including the records herein, its contiguous range encompasses some 985 mi (1,576 km), north/south, in the west, 584 mi (934 km) in the east, and 1 ,130 mi ( 1 ,808 km), east/west. The northernmost localities are in Cass County, North Dakota, Ingham County, Michigan, Essex County, Ontario, and Franklin County, Massachusetts; the southernmost are in Cleveland County, North Carolina, and Madison Parish, Louisiana; and the easternmost are from Franklin County, Massachusetts, and the western shore of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (Shelley 1980, 1988; Hoffman 1999). Shelley (1980, 1990) predicted eventual discovery in northeastern Texas and shaded this corner of the state in his distribution map (1980, Fig. 29), and this prediction can now be confirmed, as the third author collected individuals of both sexes near Beaver Dams Community, Bowie County, in April 2002. They are de- posited in the invertebrate collection of the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences.
1 Received on June 6, 2002; Accepted on November 23, 2003
2 Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 430 1 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh, NC 27607, U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net.
'Biology Department, Texas A&M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX 75505, U.S.A.; CTM, E-mail: chris.mcallister@tamut.edu.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003
Pleuroloma flavipes was described and fully illustrated by Shelley (1980), as part of a generic revision; the characteristic configuration of the gonopods, the male copulatory appendages, is shown in Fig. 1 1 . It is a component of the tribe Rhysodesmini, otherwise represented in Texas by Rhysodesmus texicolem (Chamberlin), in the Rio Grande Valley (Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, Webb, and Willacy counties); R. chisosi, in the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park; and S. tuobitus, in McKittrick Canyon. Guadalupe Mountains National Park (Hoffman 1970; Shelley 1987, 1989). Shelley (1990) reported 5. tuobitus from Hidalgo County, around 984 mi ( 1 ,574 km) southeast of McKittrick Canyon, but this locality is implausible and is herewith deleted pending confirmation with fresh material. As in all rhysodesminines, the somatic features of P. flavipes are highly variable, while the gonopods are relatively constant. It is one of the few xystodesmids north of the Rio Grande that can be reliably identified from fe- males as well as males because of the diagnostic lobes on the caudal margins of the sterna, which are apically broad in the Bowie County specimens, in contrast to the subtriangular lobes in the North Carolina individual illustrated by Shelley (1980, Fig. 6). The species exhibits three color patterns - bimaculate, trimaculate, and banded - and the Texas specimens are bimaculate with a black dorsal base color and yellow paranota.
New localities for P. flavipes from west of the Mississippi River expand the distributions of the species, genus, tribe, and family westward by around 75 mi (120 km) in Oklahoma (Fig. 1). The range west of the Mississippi is shown in the accompanying map; the westernmost localities are in Noble County, Okla- homa (cited herein), Ellsworth County, Kansas (Shelley 1980), and Cuming and Lincoln counties, Nebraska (Kenyon 1893), with that in Kansas, located near the center of the state, forming the western limits for the species, genus, tribe, and family. No records are available from South Dakota, but P. flavipes surely occurs in the eastern periphery, along the Missouri, Big Sioux, and Minnesota Rivers. The new locality in Louisiana is detached from the contiguous area by around 200 mi (320 km). While P. flavipes may yet be discovered in intervening parish- es, much of this area, particularly the Kisatchie National Forest in Grant, Natch- itoches, Rapides, and Winn parishes, has been well collected without the discov- ery of a single individual. Consequently, we believe that an allopatric population exists in southern Louisiana. Published records from west of the Mississippi River are cited by Shelley (1980), and new ones are listed below. Acronyms of repositories are as follows:
EIL - Zoology Department, Eastern Illinois University. Charleston.
FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.
FSCA- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville.
ISU - Entomology Department, Iowa State University, Ames.
MCZ -- Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. NCSM - North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NDSU - Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo.
NMNH - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, DC.
OKSU - Emerson Entomological Museum, Oklahoma State University, Still- water.
OMNH - Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Ok- lahoma, Norman.
PMNH - Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
TBMNH - Thomas Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washing- ton, Seattle.
UAAM - University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum, Fayetteville.
UCD - Bohart Entomological Museum, University of California at Davis.
UCO - Biology Department, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond.
UMN - Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
UMO - Enns Entomological Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia.
VMNH - Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville.
WTAMU - Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon.
NEW RECORDS
ARKANSAS: Jackson Co., Newport, Cfcf , 99, 2 April 1961 , D. Combs (FSCA). Phillips Co., St. Francis Nat. For., Storm Creek Lake Area, 4Cf , 69- 16 June 1999, R. M. Shelley (FMNH, NCSM). Sebastian Co., Ft. Smith landfill, 4Cf but huge numbers in forest/pasture ecotone, 16 June 1994, C. E.Carlton (UAAM).
IOWA: Boone Co.. Ledges St. Pk.. Cf, 9, 4 June 1984, R. E. Lewis (NCSM). Delaware Co., Delhi, 2cf , 9- date and collector unknown (PMNH). Dickinson Co., Cayler Prairie, Cfcf . 99- date and collector unknown (ISU). Hancock Co.. Pilot Knob For.. 6Cf . 59- H. W. Levi (MCZ). Henry Co., Mt. Pleasant, 2Cf , date and collector unknown (NMNH). Pocahontas Co., Kaslow Prairie. Cfcf , 99 15 June 1966, K. L. Bean (ISU). Story Co., Ames, 9, 1941, collector unknown (NMNH).
KANSAS: Johnson Co.. Bonner Springs, Cf, 10 October 1973. W. S. Graig (UMO). County Unknown. Tall Oaks, Cf, 12 June 1964, H. S. Dybas (FMNH).
LOUISIANA: Lafayette Co., Lafayette, on ground at night, C?, 22 August 1996, L. A. Baptiste (UCD).
MINNESOTA: Anoka Co., Coon Creek, Cf , 19 September 1933, A. C. Hodson (UMN). Becker Co., Pickerel Lake, 2Cf , 9- 3 September 1975, A. Friskop (NDSU). Houston Co.. Mississippi River bluff, 29, 30 May 1941 , Wing (UMN); Mississippi River bluff N of New Albin Iowa. C?, 9, 23 May 1954, C. E. Mickel (UMN); and 3 mi (4.8 km) NE Eitzen, along Winnebago Cr., tf, 9, 23 May 1954, collector unknown (UMN). Martin Co.. Fairmont, in cornfield, Cf, 39- juvs., 7 July 1942. 20 June 1944, G.B.Simpson (UMN). Nobles Co. , Worthington, 3Cf, 59, 1 July 1941 , C. E. Slower (UMN). Wabasha Co.. W of Lake Pepin, 2Cf , 99- 4 July '907, collector unknown (TBMNH). Washington Co., Scandia, Second Lake, C?, 8 July 1958, L. V. Knutson (VMNH)
MISSOURI: Bollinger Co., Glenallen, 9- date unknown. A. Henderson (UMO). Camdcn Co., Camdenton, 2tf, 15 May 1953, G. T. Riegel (EIL). Clay Co., Coolie Lake, Cf, 30 May 1958, J. R. Heitzman (FSCA). Penis Co., 9 mi (14.4 km) S Sedalia, Friendly Prairie, C/1, 9 June 1978, collector unknown (UMO). Stone Co., N of Kimberly City, Table Rock Lake, Cf , 25 May 1974. S. E. Thewke (UMO).
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003
Fig. 1. Distribution of Pleuroloma flavipes west of the Mississippi River.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEBRASKA: Douglas Co., Waterloo (misspelled as "Wameloo"), 9- 26 February 1949, collec- tor unknown (NMNH). Sarpv Co., Bellevue, Fontanelle Forest Nature Center, Cf, 22 June 1986, Dietz & Benedict (NCSM).
OKLAHOMA: Cherokee Co., Greenleaf St. Pk., 99, juvs., date unknown, J. Brooks (UCO). Larimer Co., locality not specified, O\ 9- 9 June 1931.R. D. Bird (OMNH).Mm>5 Co., Locust Grove, Cf, 29, 20 May 1972. D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Mclntosh Co., Eufala, by lake, Cf, June 1994, W. D. Sissom (WTAMU). Noble Co., Perry, 9, 6 June 1965, D. C. Arnold (OKSU) Westernmost Oklahoma Record. Nowata Co., Lenapah. Cf , 9, 19 May 1965, D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Payne Co., Stillwater, on golf course greens, cfcf , 99- 26 June 1962, D. E. Howell (OKSU); and Ripley. Ghost Hollow, 9, date unknown, McKenna (OKSU). Pittsburgh Co., McAlester, Cf , 28 June 1972, J. Sallee (OKSU). Rogers Co., Foyil, Cf. 3 June 197 1 . D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Sequoyah Co., Gore, Cf , 20 April 1952, A. C. Cohen (SMUO). Wagoner Co., 3 mi (4.8 km) S Porter, Cf, 25 May 1977, D. C. Arnold (OKSU).
TEXAS: Bowie Co., ca. 9.5 mi (15.2 km) NNW DeKalb, along US Hwy. 259 at Beaver Dams Community.Cf, 29, 20 and 27 April 2002, S. B. Smith (NCSM). New State Record.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following professors, curators, and collection managers for loaning specimens, or providing access to the same, to the first author: R. C. Funk (EIL), D. Summers (FMNH), G. B. Edwards (FSCA), R. E. Lewis (ISU), H. W. Levi (MCZ), E. U. Balsbaugh (NDSU). J. Coddington (NMNH), D. C. Arnold (OKSU). H. P. Brown (OMNH). R. J. Pupedis (PMNH), R. Crawford (TBMNH). J. K. Barnes (UAAM), L. S. Kimsey (UCD), D. Blass (UCO), P. J. Clausen (UMN), R. W. Sites (UMO), R. L. Hoffman (VMNH), and W. D. Sissom (WTAMU). The first author collected specimens in Phillips County, Arkansas, during a field trip sponsored in part by National Science Foundation Partnerships-for-Enhancing-Expertise-in-Taxonomy (PEET) grant number DEB 97- 12438 to P. Sierwald and W. A. Shear. This research was also supported in part by a TAMU-T Faculty Senate Research Enhancement grant to the second author.
LITERATURE CITED
Hoffman, R. L. 1970. Random studies on Rhysodesmus. I. Notes and redescriptions of miscella- neous species. Radford Review 24:143-162.
Hoffman, R. L. 1978. On the classification and phylogeny of chelodesmoid Diplopoda. Abhand- lungen und Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaften Vereins in Hamburg 21/22:21-31 .
Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 8:1-584.
Kenyon, F. C. 1893. A preliminary list of the Myriapoda of Nebraska, with descriptions of new species. Publications of the Nebraska Academy of Science 3:14- 18.
Shelley, R. M. 1980. Revision of the milliped genus Pleurolonui (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Canadian Journal of Zoololy 58:129-168.
Shelley, R. M. 1987. The milliped Stenodesmus tuobitus (Chamberlin) (Polydesmida: Xystodes- midae) in Texas and New Mexico. National Geographic Research 3:336-342.
Shelley, R. M. 1988. The millipeds of eastern Canada ( Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1638-1663.
Shelley, R. M. 1989. Rhysodesmus chisosi new species, a biogeographically significant milliped from the Chisos Mountains, Texas (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Southwestern Naturalist 34:219-224.
Shelley, R. M. 1990. Occurrences of the millipeds Thrinaxorin lanipra (Chamberlin) and Stenodes- mus tuobitus (Chamberlin) in eastern and southern Texas (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). South- western Naturalist 35:96-97.
Shelley, R. M. 1992. Occurrence of the milliped, Stenodesmus tuobitus (Chamberlin), west of the Rio Grande (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Insecta Mundi 6:19-21 .
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003
POSSIBLE REPRODUCTION OF THE COMAL SPRINGS
RIFFLE BEETLE, HETERELMIS COMALENSIS
(COLEOPTERA: ELMIDAE), IN CAPTIVITY1
Joe N. Fries:
ABSTRACT: Endangered Comal Springs riffle beetles have been kept in captivity at the San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center since 1996. In 2000. beetle larvae were found in an aquarium that previously had only adults. None of the larvae survived for more than 8 months. One adult beetle survived for 19 months.
KEY WORDS: Heterelmis comalensis, Coleoptera. Elmidae, Texas, reproduction.
The Comal Springs riffle beetle (Heterelmis comalensis Bosse. Tuff, and Brown) (Coleoptera: Elmidae) occurs in spring-runs of the Comal River (Comal Springs), New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas (Bosse el al. 1 988), and a single specimen was found in the headwaters of the San Marcos River, Hays County. Texas, in 1992 (Barr 1993). The spring ecosystems of both rivers are dependent upon flow from the Edwards Aquifer which also provides high quality water to meet an ever-increasing human demand. Heterelmis comalensis was listed as en- dangered in 1998 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1997), primarily be- cause of threats to its habitat. Additionally, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1996) required the development of refugium populations for the listed species from the spring ecosystems of the San Marcos and Comal rivers.
Since July 1996, the San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center (NFHTC), San Marcos, Texas, has been involved in refugium activities for H. comalensis. Beetles were collected from rocks in Comal Springs during 1996-1998 and brought to the NFHTC. They were identified as Heterelmis using Merritt and Cummins (1984) and were presumed to be H. comalensis since the only other similarly-sized elmids known from Comal Springs are M. pnsillus (Arsuffi 1993: Barr 1993) and Stenelmis sp. (Bowles et al. 2000). Beetles were placed in flow-through (Edwards Aquifer water) aquaria with limestone rocks covered with algae from Comal Springs. Aquarium configuration was modified several times, changing flow pattern and rate, rock arrangement, and adding tem- perature-conditioned bio-filtered recirculated water. Although one beetle lived for 1 1 months, survival was poor and losses averaged about 24% per month.
In January 2000. 43 adult H. comalensis were collected at Comal Springs among leaf litter and rocks in the springs emerging from the edge of the spring- runs. Most of the beetles were aggregated on decaying leaves from anacua (Ehretia anacua), an endemic tree, and had attached protozoans which com- monly are found on riffle beetles (Brown 1987). The beetles were placed in an acid-washed aquarium containing a mixture of flow-through water and recircu-
1 Received on December 7, 2001 : Accepted on November 23. 2003
;U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center. 5(K) East McCarty Lane, San Marcos. TX 78666. U.S.A. E-mail: joe_fries<5 fws.gov.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
lated water, anacua leaves that had been air-dried, and limestone rocks from a ter- restrial source. The aquarium was fitted with a standpipe and small-mesh (about 0.5-mm) screening and was covered with tight-fitting plexiglass to exclude insects and other animals. IP April 2000, five early instar larvae were found in this aquarium and removed to a covered, 600-ml plastic beaker for rearing to adulthood. The beaker was modified for flow-through of well water and con- tained anacua leaves and a limestone rock for substrate. All of these larvae died within 5 months.
In September 2000, 33 additional larvae were found, mostly on anacua leaves, in the aquarium with the adult beetles. One larva was confirmed as Heterelmis using Merritt and Cummins (1984) and was presumed to be H. comalensis, as were the remaining 32 larvae. The larvae were removed to the 600-ml flow- through beaker. By December 2000, only 18 of these larvae survived and by May 2001 all of the larvae had died. Survival of adult Comal Springs riffle beetles during this same 8-month period also was low (11%). However, three adult bee- tles lived in captivity for 17 months and one of these lived an additional 2 months. Brown (1973) noted that adults of//, vulnerata can live for several years and those of M. pusillus can live for at least 9 years in captivity. While it is pos- sible that eggs or larvae were brought in from the wild and simply developed fur- ther in captivity, these life stages were never observed during collection. Thus, it is likely that either female beetles with fertilized eggs had been collected or fer- tilization and larval development took place in the aquarium. In either case, some level of early life stage development occurred in captivity. It is demonstrated here that adult specimens of H. comalensis can survive for at least 1 year, and possibly reproduce, in captivity.
Captive culture of the Comal Springs riffle beetle may become important for the short-term if spring-run habitat in the Comal River is degraded by loss of springflow or pollution. However, survival of//, comalensis can be assured only if springflow of high quality water is maintained.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Cathy A. Kaczmarek, J. Murry Owen, Paige A. Najvar, and Ruth Stanford for help col- lecting the beetles. I also thank David E. Bowles for his help in collection and identification of the beetles and for editorial comments. Thanks go to J. Randy Gibson for discovery of the captive-bred larvae. I am grateful for the editorial efforts of Loraine T. Fries, William M. Seawell, Paula J. Power, Thomas M. Brandt, and several anonymous reviewers.
LITERATURE CITED
Arsuffi, T. L. 1993. Status of the Comal Springs riffle beetle (Heterelmis comalensis Bosse, Tuff and Brown), Peck's cave amphipod (Stygobromus pecki Holsinger) and the Comal Springs dry- opid beetle (Stygoparnus comalensis Barr and Spangler). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report. Austin, Texas. 25 pp.
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003
Barr, C. B. 1993. Survey for two Edwards Aquifer invertebrates: Comal Springs dryopid beetle Stygoparnus comalensis Barr and Spangler (Coleoptera: Dryopidae) and Peck's cave amphipod Stygobromus pecki Holsinger (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report. Austin, Texas. 70 pp.
Bosse, L. S., D. W. Tuff, and H. P. Brown. 1988. A new species of Hcicn-lmis from Texas (Coleo- ptera: Elmidae). Southwestern Naturalist. 33(21:199-203.
Bowles, D. E., R. Stanford, and C. B. Barr. 2000. Preliminary habitat characterization and phe- nology of the endangered riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis and a coexisting species, Micro- cylloepus pusillus, (Coleoptera: Elmidae) at Comal Springs, Texas, USA. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report, Austin, Texas. 27 pp.
Brown, H. P. 1973. Survival records for elmid beetles, with notes on laboratory rearing of various dryopoids (Coleoptera). Entomological News 84:278-284.
Brown, H. P. 1987. Biology of riffle beetles. Annual Review of Entomology. 32:253-273.
Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins. 1 984. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 722 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic Ecosystems (Revised) Recovery Plan. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 93 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Endangered and threatened wildlife plants; final rule to list three aquatic invertebrates in Comal and Hays counties. Texas, as endangered. Fed. Reg. Federal Register 62:66295-66304.
ADDENDUM — In February 2004, larvae (F2) produced from captive-bred adults (Fl) were found, documenting completion of the Comal Springs riffle beetle's entire lifecycle in captivity.
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF PTEROPTRIX
(HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)
FROM ARGENTINA, THE FIRST KNOWN APHELINID
WITH THREE-SEGMENTED TARSI1
Jung-Wook Kinr and Serguei V. Triapitsyn2
ABSTRACT: A new species of aphelinid wasp, Pteroptrixfidalgoi, is described and illustrated from a single female collected in the Province of Misiones, Argentina. This is the first known representa- tive of the family Aphelinidae with three tarsal segments. The reduction in number of tarsal segments in Chalcidoidea is briefly discussed.
KEY WORDS: Pteroptrixfidalgoi, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, Argertina, three-segmented tarsi.
Trichogrammatidae are defined primarily by having three-segmented tarsi, and secondarily by the antennal structure, usually S-shaped wing venation, a broadly jointed petiole, and a short and straight protibial spur. Among Chalcidoi- dea, three-segmented tarsi occur in Agaonidae and Eulophidae (Delvare and LaSalle 2000), and also in Mymaridae (Huber and Beardsley 2000). A new spec- ies described in this paper has three-segmented tarsi and a broad petiole similar to Trichogrammatidae. However, it clearly belongs to Aphelinidae based on an- tennal characteristics, structure of the mesosoma and wing venation, and the presence of a curved and bifid protibial spur.
This unusual specimen of Pteroptrix Westwood (Aphelinidae: Coccophagi- nae) was collected by Patricio Fidalgo in Loreto, Misiones, Argentina, which is the type locality of many Argentinean Hymenoptera collected by the late Alejan- dro A. Ogloblin. All previously known species of Pteroptrix have four tarsal seg- ments. Other than having three-segmented tarsi, this specimen appears to be a normal Pteroptrix; it has no indications that it could be an aberrant form. The new species would key to Pteroptrix (=Archenomus Howard according to Hayat 1983) if we assume that it has four-segmented tarsi.
Generic placement of this species in Aphelinidae relies mainly on the anten- nal and tarsal segmentation, as well as on the presence or absence of a linea calva on the forewing (Hayat 1983, 1994). However, taxa with similar morphology, but with different segmentation of the antenna or tarsi, can be placed in separate gen- era without knowing their true affinities. For example, possible affinities of Bardylis Howard to Coccophagoides Girault and Pteroptrix to Encarsia Foerster have been suggested despite differences in the number of tarsal segments (see discussion of Hayat 1998). Furthermore, few studies have addressed the rela- tionships of Pteroptrix and related genera (Prinsloo and Neser 1990, Viggiani and Garonna 1993). Without convincing characters for supporting Pteroptrix, the monophyly of this genus cannot be assumed. We provisionally place the new
1 Received on January 10. 2002; Accepted on June 18, 2002.
2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 . U.S.A. E-mail of author J-W K: argids01@tamu.edu.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003
species into Pteroptrix, assuming that the 3-segmented tarsi have no distinguish- ing phylogenetic value. We do not attempt to assess the delimitation of Pterop- trix, which would require a study of the large number of species groups and a rig- orous phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, a single individual specimen makes it difficult to judge the phylogenetic significance of the new species. The support- ing characters for its generic placement are as follows: one seta on the submar- ginal vein, costal cell longer than marginal vein, and mesotibial spur longer than mesobasitarsus (Table 1). While these are diagnostic features of Pteroptrix (Vig- giani and Garonna 1993), unfortunately these characters evidently overlap with some other genera. As far as we know, there is no single character that supports the monophyly of Pteroptrix other than having all tarsi with a reduced number of segments (four-segmented). Only the combination of character states indicat- ed in Table 1, including this single species with three-segmented tarsi, can be used to define Pteroptrix. Additionally, this specimen has a long and slender 'socketed peg-like structure' on the mandible similar to other Pteroptrix (Fig. 1 1 , in Heraty and Schauff 1998).
The fauna of Pteroptrix in the Neotropical region is poorly known, with only three species recorded to date: P. bicolor (Howard) and P. dimidiata Westwood, both from Argentina, and P. howardi (Dozier) from Haiti and Puerto Rico (Noyes 1998).
Terms for morphological features used in the description follow those of Gibson (1997). Measurements are given in micrometers ((im) as length or. if applicable, as length/width. Explanations of measurements follow Hayat ( 1998). An abbreviation "F" is used: F = funicle segment.
Genus Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833
Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833: 344. Type species: Pteroptrix - dimidiatus Westwood, 1833: 344, by monotypy.
Pteroptrix fidalgoi Kim & Triapitsyn, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-5)
Description. Female (holotype). Color. Body and appendages brown except following pans dif- ferently colored: face, vertex, and head above occipital suture orange; antenna dusky orange; side lobe and posterior and lateral parts of midlobe of mesoscutum orange: scutellum white: trochanters. protibia, apical third of mesotibia, apical half of metatibiu, and tarsi orange. Wings hyaline except forewing blade slightly infuscated below venation, more so helo\\ marginal vein: venation bro\\n.
Head. Head width 1 .5 x of frontovertex width; eye length about 1 .5 x as long as malar space; torulus below lower margin of eye; distance from torulus to eye margin 4 \ diameter of torulus; a transverse sulcus on the posterior of the head. Mandible tetradentate, teeth very small: a long and slender, socketed, peg-like structure present.
Antenna (Fig. 1 ). 8-segmented. sparsely setose; flagellum spindle-shaped. Scape 5 x as long as broad; pedicel longer than combined lengths of Fl and F2; both Fl and F2 broader than long. Fl I .<•> \ longer than F2, F2 0.5 x as long as F3, F3 0.6 x as wide as F3, F3 appears to be part of cla\a rather than of funicle; length of two basal segments of clava as long as scape, basal segment of cla\a slight- ly longer than wide, two following segments notably longer than wide, distal segment of clava tapered at apex; funicle segments with I or 2 short longitudinal sensilla each: all three segments of clava with longitudinal sensilla each.
12
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
(b)
Figs. 1-5. Female of Pteroptrixfidalgoi, new species: (1) antenna; (2) mesosoma; (3) wings; (4) mesotibia and mesotarsus; (5) ovipositor.
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003
Mesosoma (Fig. 2). Pronotum divided medially, each lobe with cellulate sculpture and 3 setae. Mesoscutum and scutellum with irregular cellulate reticulation. Mesoscutum much longer than scutellum; midlobe of mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae, side lobe with I seta: axilla strongly pro- jected forward into side lobe of mesoscutum, slightly longer than wide, with 1 seta. Distance from scutellar placoid sensillum to anterior seta less than its diameter: posterior pair of scutellar setae much closer to each other than are the anterior setae. Metanotum and propodeum short and smooth appearing.
Wings (Fig. 3). Forewing (Fig. 3a) 5.6 x as long as broad; submarginal vein with 1 seta: costal cell with 3 setae medially and 2 longer setae apically: marginal vein 0.8 x length of costal cell, with 6 strong setae on anterior margin. Chaetotaxy of blade irregular, with a small bare area apical to stig- mal vein. Longest marginal cilia 0.8 x as long as greatest width of wing, marginal cilia on apical quar- ter of forewing more or less of same length. Hind wing (Fig. 3b) 7 x as long as broad; blade with a irregular row of microtrichia; longest marginal cilia about 1 .8 x as long as greatest width of wing.
Legs. All tarsi 3-segmented. Mesotibial spur markedly longer than basitarsus (Fig. 4).
Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 5) 1.7 x as long as mesotibia, about 4 x as long as third valvula: slightly exserted beyond apex of metasoma; external plate of ovipositor with 1 basal seta and 2 dis- tal setae.
Measurements. Body (length, without head): 582. Head (width): 193. Antenna: scape: 84; pedi- cel: 44; Fl: 18; F2: 11: F3: 22: clava: 157. Mesosoma (length): 215. Forewing (length/width): 455/ 82; longest marginal cilia: 109. Hind wing (length/width): 365/51: longest marginal cilia: 91. Legs (femur, tibia, tarsus): foreleg: 117, 91. 99: middle leg: 120. 146, 91; hind leg: 110. 153. 99. Meta- soma: 368; ovipositor: 248.
Male. Unknown.
Type Material. Holotype female on slide: Argentina, Misiones, Loreto, 23.viii.2()()(). P. Fidalgo. YPT [yellow pan trap] in Ruinas Jesuiticas [deposited in the collection of Fundacion e Institute) Miguel Lillo. San Miguel de Tucuman. Argentina (IMLA)|.
Etymology. The new species is named after the collector. Dr. Patrick) Fidalgo.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in the Province of Misiones, Argentina.
Host. Unknown.
Comments. The new species is unique among Pteroptrix which otherwise have four tarsal segments. It has a tetradentate rather than tridentate mandible. P. fukilgoi new species is similar to the species from the lauri group as defined by Viggiani and Garonna (1993) based on mainly the shape of the antenna and the forewing, but that species group has the mesotibial spur shorter than the mesob- asitarsus. The incolns group, suggested by Prinsloo and Neser ( 1990) for Archcn- omus and later incorporated in the nmritinui group of Pteroptrix by Viggiani and Garonna (1993), appears to be related to P. fukilgoi based on the presence of a transverse sulcus on the posterior of the head. However, the unique three-seg- mented tarsi prevent the placement of the new species in any of the presently rec- ognized species groups (Viggiani and Garonna 1993). Currently, the monophyly of each of the five existing species groups of Pteroptrix is not well defined and we choose not to place this new species into a species group.
14
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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DISCUSSION
The reduction of tarsal segments in Chalcidoidea is a phenomenon that is still poorly understood. In the Mymaridae, for instance, tarsomere number has been used in the past to subdivide the family into subfamilies and tribes; however, apparently closely related genera such as Camptoptera Foerster (tarsi five-seg- mented) and Eufoersteria Mathot (tarsi four-segmented, two apical tarsomeres likely fused) would end up in different subfamilies if only this character is con- sidered. As Huber and Lin (1999, p. 38) wrote, "Reduction in tarsomere number from 5 to 4 has likely occurred several times in Mymaridae . . . Clearly, loss or perhaps fusion of segments, whether antennal or tarsal, occurs much more fre- quently than previously realized, necessitating a re-evaluation of generic limits in several groups. Unfortunately, in the past, too much reliance was placed on the number and constancy of appendage segments for defining genera, with the result that several genera, not only in the Camptoptera group, are too narrowly defined."
We fully agree with the above quote and believe that the recent discoveries of non-trichogrammatid Chalcidoidea with three-segmented tarsi, such as the genus Trisecodes Delvare and LaSalle (Eulophidae: Entedoninae) (Delvare and LaSalle 2000), as well as this new species of Pteroptrix, further support the necessity of reconsidering the practice of using appendage segmentation as the sole or main basis for definition of some groups.
In some groups of Chalcidoidea, reductions in the number of appendage seg- ments may be associated with the adaptations for parasitization of smaller hosts. For instance, in species of the mymarid genus Erythmelns Enock, which are par- asitoids of eggs of Tingidae, a reduction of funicle segments from six to five is rather common. This may be due either to the outright loss of a segment or to the fusion of any two neighboring segments (S. V. Triapitsyn, unpublished data). Furthermore, the funicle of one species of Erythme his is four-segmented due to a further fusion of two segments following the initial loss of a funicle segment (Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2001 ).
Parasitoids of armored scales (Diaspididae) sometimes have a reduced num- ber of tarsal segments when compared with taxa from the same family that par- asitize different, and often larger, hosts. For instance, two of the three known genera of Encyrtidae that have four-segmented tarsi, Anthemns Howard and Arrhenophagus Aurivillius (the other is Tetracyclos Kryger, probably parasitiz- ing Pseudococcidae), belong to two different tribes; both are minute in size and both are parasitoids of Diaspididae.
As noted above, occasional reductions in the number of tarsal and especially funicle segments in Chalcidoidea may occur independently, and are not neces- sarily the result of a single event. There are three genera of Aphelinidae with a 4-4-4 tarsal formula: Eretmoccrus Haldeman, Banlylis, and I'tcroptrix. Banlylis and Pteroptrix are morphologically similar to Coccophagoides and Encarsia respectively, and both have been separated from similar genera based on the
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
tarsal segmentation. Hay at (1998) noted the striking similarity between Pteroptrix and Encarsia, especially the citrina species group of Encarsia (for- merly Aspidiotiphagus Howard, all tarsi five-segmented, parasitic on Diaspidi- dae). Additionally, the number of tarsal segments separates tetramerous Bardylis from pentamerous Coccophagoides despite their possible affinity and similarity (Hay at 1998). However, correlation of host size and segment reduction is not clear. The most widely used hosts of Aphelinidae are various Diaspididae and Aleyrodidae (Hayat 1998). These hosts are utilized by various aphelinid genera with either non-reduced or reduced tarsal and antennal segmentation. Without a careful study of the characters of the above genera, it is questionable whether the biology of parasitism on Diaspididae and a possible correlation with the reduc- tions in some characters can be used to support the grouping. For example, the monophyly of the Diaspididae-parasitizing species of Encarsia was not support- ed by morphological and molecular analyses and they were scattered in three dif- ferent places on the phylogenetic tree (Babcock et al. 2001).
Nevertheless, reduction of tarsal segmentation within Encarsia has been shown to be phylogenetically informative (Babcock et al. 2001). For example, the monophyly of the luteola group (parasitoids on Aleyrodidae) of Encarsia, with a four-segmented mesotarsus, was strongly supported (Babcock et al. 2001). The phylogenetically informative reduction in this species group is in direct contrast to the idea that four-segmented tarsi could have evolved multiple times and could not be informative in Aphelinidae. At the generic level, howev- er, reduction of tarsal segments has not always proven to be informative within this family. Due to inconclusive and putative relationships among Aphelinidae based on different number of tarsal segments, reduction cannot be used by itself to justify designation of a new genus for this new species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Patricio Fidalgo (San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina) for collecting the specimen and making it available for this study, Mohammad Hayat (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India) for confirming our preliminary identification of the new species as a Pteroptrix, and John Heraty, James Munro, and Douglas Yanega (University of California, Riverside, USA) for critically reviewing the manuscript. We also thank an anonymous reviewer for comments. This study was funded in part by NSF grant (DEB-PEET #9978150).
LITERATURE CITED
Babcock, C. S., J. M. Heraty, P. J. De Barro, F. Driver, and S. Schmidt. 200 1 . Preliminary phy- logeny of Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) based on morphology and 28S rDNA. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 18(2):306-323.
Delvare, G. and J. LaSalle. 2000. Trisecodes gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae), the first eulophid with three tarsal segments. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 9(2):305-312.
Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Chapter 2. Morphology and terminology, p. 16-44. //;: G. A. P. Gibson, J. T. Huber and J. B. Woolley, eds. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenop- tera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 794 pp.
Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 8:63-102.
Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003
Hayat, M. 1994. Notes on some genera of the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). \\ ith com- ments on the classification of the family. Oriental Insects 28:81-96.
Hayat, M. 1998. Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision. Mem- oirs on Entomology, International 13:1-416.
Heraty, J. M. and M. E. Schauff. 1998. Mandibular teeth in Chalcidoidea: function and phyloge- ny. Journal of Natural History 32:1227-1244.
Huber, J. T. and J. W. Beardsley. 2000. A new genus of fairyfly, Kikiki. from Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 34:65-70.
Huber, J. T. and N. Q. Lin. 1999. World review of the Camptoptera group of genera (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 130:21-65.
Noyes, J. S. 1998. Catalogue of the Chalcidoidea of the world. ETI, The Natural History Museum. CD-ROM.
Polaszek, A. and M. Hayat. 1 992. A revision of the genera Dirphys Howard and Encarsiella Hayat (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Systematic Entomology 17:181-197.
Prinsloo, G. L. and O. C. Neser. 1990. The southern African species of Archenomus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) with a key to the species of the World. Entomology Memoir Depart- ment of Agricultural Development, Republic of South Africa 79:1-26.
Triapitsyn, S. V. and P. Fidalgo. 2001 . A new species of Erythmelus Enock, 1909 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg parasitoid of Acanthocheila armigera (Stal, 1858) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Brazil. Russian Entomological Journal 10(2):163-165.
Viggiani, G. and A. P. Garonna. 1993 (1991). Le specie italiane del complesso Archenomus Howard, Archenoiuisciis Nikolskaja, Hispaniella Mercet e Pteroptrix Westwood. con nuove com- binazioni generiche (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria "Filippo Silvestri" 48:57-88.
Westwood, J. O. 1833. Description of several new British forms among the parasitic hymenopter- ous insects. Philosophical Magazine 3:342-344.
18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTOGLOSSUS (HETEROPTERA:
COREIDAE: ANISOSCELINI) ASSOCIATED WITH THE
AMAZONIAN PALM MAURITIA FLEXUOSA
(ARECACEAE: LEPIDOCARYEAE) IN PERU1
Harry Brailovsky; and Guy Couturier1
ABSTRACT: A new species, Leptoglossus Hesperus (Heteroptera: Coreidae), collected in the Ama- zonian palm Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidocaryeae), is described from Peru and compared with L. lonchoulcs Allen. The hind leg and male genital capsule are illustrated.
KEY WORDS: Li'ptoc\>h>stnis, Heteroptera, Coreidae, Mauritia flexrosa, Arecaceae.
Previous to this paper only one species of Leptoglossus, (L. lonchoides Allen 1969) has been associated with palms (Couturier et al., 1993, Schaeffer and Panizzi 2000, and Howard et al., 2001 ).
Leptoglossus lonchoides was reported damaging fruits of Bactris gasipaes H. B. K. (Paltnae), in Central Amazonia. The fruit suffered premature fruit fall that considerably reduced yields in Manaus, Brazil (Couturier et al. 1993).
In this contribution, we add a second species of Leptoglossus associated with the Amazonian palm Mauritia flexuosa L. f., in which the fruit is harvested by the rural population in the Peruvian Amazon to be consumed as fresh product (Padoch 1988). The presence of both adults and nymphs on the palm trees indi- cates that L. hesperus, completes its entire life cycle in this palm.
In addition to L. hesperus four other species of Leptoglossus are recorded from the Peruvian region: L. cinctus (H. S.), L.flavosignatus Blote, L. neovexil- Icitus Allen, and L. zonatus (Dallas) (Allen 1969, and Brailovsky and Barrera 1998).
Acronyms used is this paper are: Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN), Universidad Agraria La Molina, Museo de Entomologfa, Lima, Peru (UAMP), and Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Uni- versidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). All measurements are given in millimeters.
Leptoglossus hesperus, NEW SPECIES
Figures 2-3
Description. Male. Dorsal coloration. Head: dark orange with three broad black stripes, two lateral to midline, the other close to eyes; antennal segment I black with inner face dirty orange, segments II and III pale chestnut orange with
1 Received on March 26, 2002; Accepted on June 13, 2002.
Department de Zoologfa, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Apartado Postal No. 70 1 53, Mexico, 045 10 D.F. Mexico. H-mail: coreidae @servidor.unam.mx.
'ORSTOM, Institut trancais de recherche scicntil'ique pour de devcloppement en cooperation. 213, rue La Fayette, F-75480 Paris Cedex 10, France.
Mailed on April '), 2004
Vol. 114. No. I . January & Fchruary 2003 19_
apical joint black, and IV pale chestnut brown with basal third dark chestnut orange. Pronotum: anterolateral, posterolateral, and posterior border dirty yel- low; disc pale reddish brown, tinged with yellow; collar, anterior margin, lateral portion of calli, anterolateral margin near the border, and humeral angle black. Scutellum: pale reddish brown with apex yellow. Hemelytra: clavus and corium pale reddish brown with costal margin yellow; corium with light yellow irregu- lar, transverse fascia; hemelytral membrane uniformly dark. Abdomen: connex- ivum pale chestnut orange with anterior third and upper margin yellow; dorsal abdominal segments black with posterior margin of segments III to VI yellow. Ventral coloration. Head dirty orange yellow with four discoidal spots, two close to postocular tubercle, and the other two near middle third and close to pos- terior margin; rostral segments I and II dirty yellow, and III and IV bright red- dish orange; thorax and abdomen dirty orange yellow with numerous small black spots; prosternum, lateral margins of mesosternum, and metasternum black; an- terior and posterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme yellow; fore and middle legs bright chestnut orange; hind leg with coxae, trochanters, femur and tarsi bright chestnut orange; hind tibiae bright chestnut orange with outer and inner dilation bright reddish brown; genital capsule dirty orange yellow; rim of abdominal spir- acles dirty yellow.
Structure. Body medium sized. Head: tylus unarmed, rounded apically, ex- tending anteriorly to the jugae, and slightly raised in lateral view; rostrum reach- ing anterior third of abdominal sternite VI; rostral segment III extending to at least posterior margin of metasternum. Pronotum: collar wide; each pronotal margin entire; humeral angles rounded to obtuse, and not exposed; calli slightly elevated, impunctate, without two medial tubercles; surface densely punctate; disc posteriorly with median longitudinal carina obsolete. Legs. Hind tibiae: outer dilation short, lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, occupying 39% of the length of hind tibiae, width of outer dilation wider than width of inner dila- tion; inner dilation lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, shorter than outer, occupying 37% of the length of hind tibiae; undilated portion of hind tibiae with- out spine-like teeth (Fig. 2). Scutellum: triangular, longer than wide, flat, with- out median longitudinal carina; apex subtruncated. Genitalia. Genital capsule: posteroventral edge with median notch, deep and rounded; dorsal prongs promi- nently acute, and projecting medially (Fig. 3).
Female. Coloration. Similar to male. Antenna! segment I dirty orange, seg- ments II and III bright chestnut orange with apical third black, and IV pale chest- nut brown with basal joint black; rostral segments I to IV dirty yellow; connexi- val segments VIII and IX dirty yellow; dorsal abdominal segments VIII and IX black with posterior margin of VIII yellow; hind tibiae bright chestnut orange with outer and inner dilation bright reddish brown with whitish yellow irregular maculae near middle third; genital plates dirty orange yellow; rim of abdominal spiracles light brown to yellow. Structure. Rostrum reaching anterior margin of abdominal sternite IV; rostral segment III reaching middle third of metasternum. Legs. Hind tibiae: outer dilation short, lanceolate, entire, occupying 57% of the
20
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
length of hind tibiae, width of outer dilation wider than width of inner dilation; inner dilation lanceolate, entire, shorter than outer, occupying 35% of the length of hind tibiae; undilated portion of hind tibiae with two small spine-like teeth.
Figures 1-3. Leptoglossus spp. 1-2. Hind leg. 1. L. lonchoides Allen. 2. L. Hesperus Brailovsky and Couturier. 3. Caudal view of the male genital capsule of L. Hesperus Brailovsky and Couturier.
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003
Measurements, (male, followed by female). Head length 2.35. 2.70. width across eyes 1 .42. 2.30. interocular space 1.02. 1.35. interocellar space 0.47, 0.67. preocular distance 1.50. 1.67: length of antennal segments: I. 2.35, 2.75. II. 3.90.4.20, III. 2.65. 3.00. IV. 4.35. 4.66. Pronotum: Length 2.55. 3.70, maximum width across calli 2.10, 2.65, maximum width across humeral angles 3.90, 5.2(1. Hind tibiae: Total length 7.15, 8.23, length outer dilation 2.85. 4.60, length inner dilation 2.65, 2.90, max- imum width outer dilation 0.36, 0.61, maximum width inner dilation 0.21 .0.35. Scutellar length 1.65, 2.45, width 1 .50. 2.30. Body length 15.50, 19.30.
Type material. Holotype: Cf . Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, km 8 carr. Iquitos-Nauta. 6-II- 2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (MNHN). Paratype: I male, same location as holotype (UNAM I. 1 female, Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, Zungarococha, 25-IX-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (UAMP). 1 male, Peru: Departamento Loreto. Iquitos. km 17.5 carr. Iquitos-Nauta, 25-V-2001. J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (UAMP). 2 males, Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, Santa Clara "Simon Bolivar," 28-VIII-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (MNHN). 1 female, Peru: Departamento Loreto, Quisococha. I l-V-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (UNAM). All specimens were collected on the Amazonian palm Mauritiaflexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidocaryeae).
Biology. Males, females, and nymphs of Leptoglossus Hesperus were collect- ed on the inflorescences of the Amazonian palm Mauritiaflexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidocaryeae), growing in an ecosystem referred to as named "aguaje enano" or "dwarf aguaje," in the surrounding area of Iquitos. Department of Loreto. in Peru.
Mauritiaflexuosa is a dioic palm that grows on periodically or permanently flooded areas. It is distributed throughout northern South America, east of the Andes (below 500 m), and is recorded from Brazil (from northern Amazonia to the state of Bahia), Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas, Peru, Trinidad and Venezu- ela. The height of the adult plant reaches 25 m, the inflorescences are more than 2 m long, and each female inflorescence can carry 400 to 500 fruits (Henderson etal., 1995).
Discussion. This species is most similar to L. lonchoides Allen, in having the thorax and abdomen dirty orange yellow with numerous small black spots, the corium with yellow irregular transverse fascia, hind tibiae with the outer and inner dilation lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, and the posteroventral edge of male genital capsule with deep median notch, and prominent dorsal prongs (Fig. 3). In L. hesperus new species, the width of outer and inner dilations of the hind tibiae are smaller (Figs. 1-2), and the rostrum in males extends to the anterior third of abdominal sternite VI and on to the anterior margin of abdomi- nal sternite IV in females. In L. lonchoides, the rostrum is shorter, usually reach- ing only the posterior margin of abdominal sternite III.
Etymology. From the Latin "hesperus" meaning west.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the team of the Institute de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (HAP) working in the "dwarf amiaje" region who made available specimens of the new species, particularly Joel Vazquez and C. Delgado, who collected the type series. Also special thanks are given to Ernesto Barrera (UNAM) for preparing the drawings.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, R. C. 1969. A revision of the genus Lci>tt>xlt><i.\i<\ Guerin (Hemiptera: Corcidae). Ento- mologica Americana 45: 35-140.
22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Brailovsky, H. and E. Barrera. 1 998. A review of the Costa Rican species of Leptoglossus Guerin, with descriptions of two new species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Anisosce- lini). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50: 167-184.
Couturier, G., C.R. Clement, and P. Viana Filho. 1993. Leptoglossus lonchoides Allen (Heteroptera. Coreidae), causante de la caida de los frutos de Bactris gasipaes (Palmae) en la Amazonia Central. Turrialba 41:293-298.
Henderson, A., G. Galeano, and R. Bernal. 1995. Field guide to the palms of the Americas. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, N. J. 352 pp.
Howard, F.W., D. Moore, R.M. Giblin, and R.G. Abad. 2001 . Insects of palms. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Oxon, U. K. 400 pp.
Padoch, C. 1988. Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f) in the economy of Iquitos, Peru. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 214-224.
Schaeffer, C.W. and A.R. Panizzi. 2000. Heteroptera of economic importance. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 828 pp.
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . Januarv & February 2003
WINTER AGGREGATION OF HARMOMA AXYRIDIS
(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN A CONCRETE
OBSERVATION TOWER1
Paul \V. Schaefer
ABSTRACT: Aggregations of thousands of multicolored Asian lady beetles. Harmonia axyridis. have appeared each fall since 1993 in a 20.1 m high concrete observation tower at Mt. Gretna. Lebanon County. Pennsylvania. The tower is located in a clearing on a ridge in otherwise regenerat- ed oak-maple-birch forests in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick (326 m elevation. 40 14.78' N. 76" 27.35' \V). Beetles aggregate in the ceiling wall comers on four different levels in the tower's internal ladder\\a\s. Since the to\\er is open to the public for recreational purposes, one can visit the tower in late fall and witness these aggregations. During some winters, mortality appears very high, suggesting that the tower lacks adequate insulative properties for optimum survival.
KEY WORDS: Harmonia axyridis. Coleoptera. Coccinellidae. winter aggregation, lady beatle. overwintering mortality, fall flight behavior.
Since the multicolored Asian lady beetle. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) was first detected in North America (Louisiana) in 1988 (Chapin & Brou 1991). there has been considerable interest in this beneficial predator of aphids. Although it has had a positive impact against aphid pests [e.g. on pecan in the Southeast (Tedders & Schaefer 1994: De Quattro 1995) and apple orchards in West Virginia (Brown and Miller 1998)]. it has also irritated many homeowners when adult beetles begin aggregating in the fall, alighting on and entering homes and other build- ings seeking sites for overwintering (see Kidd ci al. 1995 regarding the human impact). Nalepa et al. (1996) investigated aspects of H. axyrulis biology (sex ratio, dimorphism, phenotype. parasitism) in winter aggregations and later aggre- gation behavior in response to artificial shelters (suggestive of bee hives) and the utilization of active apiary bee hives as aggregation sites (Nalepa cr al. 2000). I provide a description of a large observation tower (See web address for illustra- tion), similar to the silo illustrated in De Quattro (1995). located in south central Pennsylvania, that appears to meet criteria for successful H. ti.\yruiis aggrega- tion, and that is readily accessible to the public.
METHODS
Tower Site. Located in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick. West Cornwall district near Mt. Gretna. Lebanon Co.. Pennsylvania, a natural!) regenerated forest, is a cylindrical, reinforced steel and concrete observation tower (20.1 m high and 4.6 m in diameter) built on the crest of a ridge (326 m elevation. 40' 14.78' N. 76° 27.35' W) to provide a panoramic \ iew of the sur- rounding countryside. The tower is reached by a 30-miiuite walk and is used b\ recreational hikers who ascend the tower's internal ladderways to reach the observation deck on top for a view from above the surrounding forest canop\
1 Received March 2. 2001 . Accepted Ma\ 6. 2001 .
' Beneficial Insects Introduction Research I'nit. ISP \. \KS. 501 S Chapel St . Newark. Delaware 19713. U.S.A. E-mail: pschaefer@biir.ars.usda.gov.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
The tower sits in a small clearing that was enlarged in 1996 but is otherwise sur- rounded by forests of hardwoods and a few conifers.
After first observing the tower in spring 1994, 1 made from one to three annu- al fall and then some follow-up spring inspections of the tower from 1994 to 2002. During many visits, I photographed the aggregations, collected some or all available beetles for unrelated studies, and on specific visits (Nov. 2000) took a GPS fix using a Model GPS III Plus (Garmin Corp., Olathe, Kansas, USA) and light intensity readings (March 1998) of the external surface and internal ladder- ways using a Minolta Auto Light Meter IV F, using spherical, flat and mini- receptor (Minolta Co, Ltd, Japan). I measured the relative light intensity in full sun away from the tower, on the outer surface, at the entrance level, and in the four upper levels, both ¥2 m directly inside of the slit window, and in the actual ceiling comers where the aggregations occurred.
On three consecutive inspections (1995 - 1997), I collected all exposed bee- tles aggregated on the south ladderway of the tower and isolated samples from each of the four levels (Figure 1 ). Beetles were brushed into a square plastic fun- nel, transferred to paper cartons, and returned to the laboratory. Individual con- tainers from each level were weighed, weight of beetles alone was calculated, and beetles were then counted.
On many visits the progress of the aggregation formation was noted, pho- tographed, appreciated, and then left for future visitors or visits.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The tower was first found to contain aggregations of H. axyridis in the fall of 1993. A. G. "Al" Wheeler, Jr. (formerly at Penn. Dept. Agric., Harrisburg, now Clemson Univ.) first learned of the beetle aggregations from a Harrisburg co- worker and visited the site that same season. In mid- April 1994, Al and I visited the tower to find large quantities of dead beetles at all aggregation sites. We found only a few live beetles crawling about the outer tower surface. We con- cluded that either beetle survival had been very low or that all other survivors had already dispersed into nearby forests. We concluded that the intervening winter had killed large proportions of aggregated beetles. The tower was acceptable for aggregation but appeared to provide insufficient protection (e.g. low tempera- tures, desiccation) for optimal overwintering survival.
Based on the 1995 - 1997 beetle collections, mean numbers (based on 15,016 beetles collected), showed a slight but statistically insignificant decrease of bee- tles with tower height (Table 1 ). Thus beetles flew onto the tower irrespective of height and entered the slit-like windows (10 x 30 cm) at all levels equally and tended to avoid the tower entrance. This suggests that beetle flights occur uni- formly at levels up to ca. 20 m in the vicinity of the tower. Mean calculated weight of an individual beetle in 1997 was 33.25 mg (n=5,762). Captured bee- tles were used for various research purposes, including our attempt to identify possible aggregation pheromones and potentially useful repellants (in collabora- tion with Jeffrey Aldrich, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD).
Vol. 1 14, No. 1 , January & February 2003
25
Observation deck (not shown)
LEVEL 4
Aggregation site
Slit windows
LEVELS 2 & 3 (not shown)
LEVEL 1 Aggregation site
Steel ladders
ENTRANCE LEVEL
Unacceptable site
Tower entrance
Figure 1: Observation tower at Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick, Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania, where Harmonia axyridis have aggregated annually since first dis- covery in 1993. The concrete tower is 20.1 m (66 ft) high and 4.47 m ( 15 ft) in diameter with internal beetle aggregation sites consisting primarily of IS) m of ceiling/wall inter- face at each of four levels. The west tower entrance (shown) faces 275 from magnetic north. This entrance level provides a similar area that is generally rejected by beetles. A corresponding enclosed ladderway, window slits, and entrance on the opposite or east side (not shown) is used by beetles to a lesser extent than the west side because of the orien- tation of the sun on mid- to late-afternoon sunny days in October and November when the beetles take flieht.
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Data on light intensity, particularly when considering that no or very few bee- tles aggregated at the naturally illuminated tower entrance, point to the impor- tance of diminished light. At 3:30 p.m. on March 26, 1998, the full outside sun- light measurement was 36,000 lux (hereafter all measurements are converted to a percentage of this figure); reflectance on the outside concrete surface was 36%; while l/2 m inside the entrance the light intensity was down to 4.2% and at the possible aggregation niche it was 2.0%. At upper levels 1 thru 3 the mean light intensity Vi m from the window slits was much lower (0.13%) and at the ceil- ing/wall interface (beetle aggregation sites) light intensity was only 28 lux or 0.08%. In contrast to these acceptable aggregation sites (Levels 1-4); the en- trance level was devoid of beetles, suggesting that the difference between 740 lux and 28 lux made the difference, since the physical structure was similar with the exception of the brighter door-sized entrance (Figure 1 ). Severely diminished light intensity appears to act as a behavioral arrestant, and this may be one impor- tant factor in successful beetle aggregation.
Table 1 . Mean Harmonia axyridis collected in the southwest side of the observation tower in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick, Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania, during the winters of 1996 through 1998 and survival of beetles at upper and lower two levels pooled during November-February 2001. Levels refer to potential beetle aggrega- tion sites, i.e. 2.9 m of ceiling/wall interface (See Figure 1).
|
Level |
Height (m) |
3 yr. total |
Mean |
SD |
2001 Survival: |
|
Total No. % Alive |
|||||
|
4 |
19.8 |
3,017 |
l,005.7a |
301.3 |
|
|
796 57.4 |
|||||
|
3 |
15.8 |
3.016 |
l,005.3a |
154.1 |
|
|
2 |
11.7 |
4,056 |
1,352. la |
180.5 |
|
|
1.176 62.6 |
|||||
|
1 |
7.3 |
4,927 |
l,642.3a |
467.6 |
|
|
Entrance |
2.2 |
0 |
Ob |
0 |
Total/Mean 15,016 5.005.3 769.3 1,972 60.5
1. Based on the Student-Newman-Keuls test, means with the same letter are not significantly differ- ent (P= < 0.05).
In the fall of 1998, 1 discovered that all internal surfaces of the tower had been painted white. White paint had also been applied to the outside of the tower up to the 3.4 m level. This seemed to somewhat alter the general behavior of beetles in comparison to the years before painting, perhaps through differential surface texture, color, or contact stimuli. On November 1, 2000, I found many beetles slowly walking on concrete surfaces and only a few had aggregated in corners.
Vol. 114. No. 1 . January & February 2003 27_
Some small clusters were present on the external surface of the tower. Another inspection 22 days later showed beetles rather loosely organized in clusters. Some of the small clusters remained on the external surface positioned at the concrete/white paint interface on the tower's southwest exposure. I also counted 231 H. axyridis positioned on the entrance level, just inside the entrance door (south side only) and I estimated at least a 5-fold increase on Level 1. 1 assume that colder temperatures soon thereafter forced all beetles into the darker, inter- nal recesses of the tower ladderways but no visits confirmed this movement.
Based on collective observations at this tower and experiences at other sites (i.e. two old silos in Middletown, Delaware, and the Ironmasters House, Pine Grove Furnace State Park, near Gettysburg, Penn., on October 18, 1994) I pro- pose the following behavioral sequence: H. axyridis beetles annually fly on warm, still, fall afternoons and then alight on the tower surface, crawl over the surface, and enter the slit windows to the internal ladderway 81 cm (32 inches) wide, and in diminished light aggregate at the ceiling- wall interface (Figure 1). At first the beetles cluster loosely, with many stragglers, and as colder days occur beetles progressively cluster together in tighter aggregations. In addition, some beetles packed tightly into the hollow ends of the steel ladder rungs, and in drain holes (from the floor above), and others accumulated on the tops of steel ladders and upright wooden guards opposite each ladder. In all locations, beetles re- mained nearly motionless or moved very sluggishly. Beetle survival was then de- pendent on the cumulative exposure to winds and sub-freezing temperatures.
Winter survival of the beetles appears to be very unpredictable. During the winter of 1994, the majority of beetles in these aggregations apparently died in situ. Probably the steel and concrete structure of the observation tower provided too little thermal protection for overwintering survival. Since I removed most beetles yearly beginning in the fall of 1995, 1 cannot comment further on survival in those winters, with the exception of the winter of 1997-1998 (an unusually mild winter). During that winter, when beetles had not been removed the previ- ous fall, there was no evidence of mass mortality in March 1998. On February 15, 2001, after an unseasonably cold December, I collected beetles and deter- mined that overall survival was 60.5% (Table 1). The following November (2002), beetles had aggregated as usual but the overall numbers diminished to approximately 1/10 that of the winters of 1995 and 1996 based on comparative photographs.
The observation tower continues to attract H. axyridis, but it is clear that it sometimes fails to provide sufficient insulation to maximize survival during unusually cold winters. One can only imagine that in the cracks and crevices of a natural rock outcropping (where I have observed naturally occurring aggrega- tions in Hokkaido, Japan), aggregated beetles might experience warmer subsur- face temperatures (considerably more constant and never so severely cold as ambient air temperatures), higher moisture levels, and perhaps also the insulat- ing advantage of snow cover. Optimum winter survival of H. axyridis may occur
28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
under these conditions. In conclusion, the Mt. Gretna observation tower has become a reliable site to observe and collect H . axyridis in late fall even though the survival of all aggregated beetles is very much dependent on the collective severity of ambient winter weather. The tower also makes a very convenient site for the general public to hike up the trails in late fall, enjoy the scenic view, and witness the annual aggregation of these invasive, yet remarkable lady beetles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the trustees of the Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick for maintaining the park and providing continued access to the general public. Many thanks to Susan Earth and Philip Taylor who provided technical help. Thanks also to Christine A. Nalepa (NC Dept. Agric., Raleigh), Wiliam H. Day (USDA, Newark. DE), and W. Louis Tedders, Jr. (Perry, GA) who provided helpful comments on earlier drafts and two anonymous reviewers who offered additional suggestions.
LITERATURE CITED
Brown, M. W. and S. S. Miller. 1998. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in apple orchards of eastern West Virginia and the impact of invasion by Harmonia a.\\ridis. Entomological News 109: 136-142.
Chapin, J. B. and V. A. Brou. 1991 . Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), the third species of the genus to be found in the U.S. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Wash- ington 93:630-635.
De Quattro, J. 1995. Gotcha. Tiny lady beetles have big biocontrol potential. Agricultural Research
43(3): 4-8.
Kidd, K. A., C. A. Nalepa, E. R. Day and M. G. Waldvogel. 1995. Distribution of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North Carolina and Virginia. Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington 97:729-731 .
Nalepa, C. A., K. A. Kidd and K. R. Ahlstrom. 1996. Biology of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in winter aggregations. Annals of Entomological Society of America 89:681-685.
Nalepa, C. A., K. A. Kidd and D. I. Hopkins. 2000. The multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Orientation to aggregation sites. Journal Entomological Science 35:150-157.
Tedders, W. L. and P. W. Schaefer. 1 994. Release and establishment of Harmonia axyridis (Coleo- ptera: Coccinellidae) in the Southeastern United States. Entomological News 105(4):228-243.
Web Address: http://www.mbcomp.com/litzonlebanon/governor.htm
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003
REVIEW OF THE MIDDLE AMERICAN LACE BUG
GENUS MACROTINGIS (HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE),
WITH A KEY AND A NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO1
Richard C. Froeschner2
ABSTRACT: The genus Macmtingis was described by Champion (1897:22) for two species. Later Drake added another species and a "variety" for one of Champion's species; that variety is herein ele- vated to full species status. The range of Macrotingis, previously known from Guatemala south into Panama, is extended a short distance northward into southern Mexico with the present description of the new species M. schaffneri. A key separates the five included taxa.
KEYWORDS: Macrotingis, Heteroptera, Tingidae, Middle America, Mexico.
Genus Macrotingis Champion Figure 1
Macrotingis Champion 1897:22. Type species: Macrotingis biseriata Champion, designated by Drake and Poor 1936:387.
Diagnosis. This genus of Tingidae is readily recognized by the combination of its first antennal segment being much longer than the width of the head across both eyes coupled with the presence of a small, elevated, and inflated cyst on the median carina extending from the anterior slope of the pronotum to the anterior margin of the collar.
List of Macrotingis species
Macrotingis biseriata Champion 1897:22, REVISED STATUS
Macrotingis biseriata Champion 1897:22. Costa Rica. Honduras. Panama.
Macrotingis biseriata biseriata.- Drake 1928:4. Macrotingis novicis Drake, NEW STATUS
Macrotingis biseriata novicis Drake 1928:4. Honduras. Macrotingis schaffneri, NEW SPECIES. Mexico. Macrotingis uniseriata Champion 1897:22. Guatemala. Macrotingis ~eteki Drake 1950:299. Panama.
Key to species of Macrotingis
1 . Pronotal disc with lateral carinae extending forward over interhumeral con- vexity to calli. Occipital spines obliquely elevated, very long, length of one of them greater than interocular width. Length 4.1 mm ....... M. zetcki Drake
1 Received on September 29, 2001 . Accepted on December 14. 2003.
' Department of Entomology. MRC-0105. United States National Museum of Natural History. Wash- ington, D.C. 20013-7012. Dr. Froeschner died on May 2,2002. Reprints may be requested I'romT.J. Henry, Systematic Entomology, Laboratory. ARS. USDA. P.O. Box 37012, National Museum of Natural History. MRC-0168 Smithsonian Institution. Washington. DC 20013-7012. U.S.A. E-mail: thenryC" sel.barc.usda.gov.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
30
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
EfiF
Fig. 1 . Macrotingis biseriata, natural size 4.3 mm.
Pronotal disc with lateral carinae, when present, restricted to area posterior to crest of interhumeral convexity. Occipital spines, when present, much shorter and decurved onto surface of head.. ..2
2. Lateral carinae of pronotal disc present posterior to interhumeral convexity
..3
Vol. 114. No. I . January & Februan 21)03
Lateral carinae of pronotal discabsent. Length 4.7mm ...................................
..................................................................... M. schaffiieri, NEW SPECIES
3. Costal area with a single row of areolae. Length 4.7 mm .............................
................................................................................. M. uniseriata Champion
Costal area with a partial to complete second row of areolae .................... 4
4. Costal area with two rows of areolae reaching base of costal area. Length 4.2-4.3 mm ................................................................ M. biseriata Champion
Costal area uniseriate basally. Length 4.6-4.9 mm ............ M. novicis Drake
Macrotingis schaffneri, NEW SPECIES
Diagnosis. This species differs from all other members of the genus Macrot- ingis by lacking lateral carinae on pronotal disc.
Description. Male: Length 4.7 mm. Head with a single dorsal spine, the supraclvpeal. which is very long, vertically recurved, its apex higher than crest of anterior pronotal cyst: dorsal surface con- vex, polished. Rostrum slightly passing midlength of mesosternum. Bucculae widened posteriorly. there slightly projecting under apex of prosternum; anteriorly projecting and meeting across clypcux.
Pronotum. Disc with numerous, close-set, distinct punctures; no discal lateral carinae: anterior cyst of median carina inflated, as high as median carina over interhumeral convexity, cyst xlightK projecting above base of head, posteriorly terminated on anterior slope of interhumeral con\e\n>. median carina elsewhere low, uniseriate. Paranotum slightly wider than an eye, weakly oblique, outer row of cells much larger than inner row.
Hemelytra. Elongate, costal margins almost parallel. Costal area uniseriate at base and at apical fourth, elsewhere with two very irregular rows of areolae. Discoidal area confined to basal third of hemelytron, with six areolae across widest part. Subcostal area regularly biseriate along slightly more than basal half of discoidal area, thence triseriate to well beyond discoidal area where it narrows to a uniseriate series. Hypocosta narrow, uniseriate.
Sternal laminae. Distinct: prosternal laminae straight, weakly converging posteriorly, separated by a space equal to space between anterior coxae: metasternal laminae strongly convexly cur\ed. more widely separated than mesosternal laminae.
Peritreme. Not differentiated.
Abdomen. Impunctate.
Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr. Joseph C. Schaffner, leader of the field parties that collected all except two specimens of the types series, including the holotype, and for his contributions to our knowledge of the Heteroptera through publications and field work.
Type specimens: Holotype Cf: Mexico, 2.1 mi. n\v. Totolapan. Jul\ 11-17. 1981 , Bogar, Schaffner, Friedlander. Deposited in Instituto de Biologi'a, Univer- sidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (UNAM). . Paratypes: MEXICO: 3 Cf, 7 99- Chiapas. 5 mi. north Nuevo Tenochtitlan, 3000'. August 7, 1990, J. C. Schaffner (Texas A & M University, Collection Station [T.\M|: 1 Cf. 1 9, Chiapas. 27 km. W.Cintalapa, August 30, 1991 , R. W. Jones (TAM): 21 Cfcf, 19 99, same data as for holotype (TAM, UNAM. and |U.S.| National Museum of Natural History. Washington. DC |USNM)): 2 Cfcf. Oaxaca: 2.7 mi. nw. El Cameron. July 21-22, 1974, Clark. Murray. Ashe. Schaffner (TAM): 1.
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Oaxaca, 27 mi. southwest Salina Cruz, July 14, 1987, Kovark, Schaffner (TAM); 2 9< Oaxaca, 10 mi. e. Totalapan, Elev. 4,000 ft., July 20, 1987, Kovarik, Schaff- ner (TAM); 2 Cftf , 1 9 Oaxaca, 12.4 mi. w. Tehuantepec, August 4, 1980, Schaff- ner, Weaver, Friedlander (TAM); 6 Cfcf, 1 9- Oaxaca, 2 mi. n.Totolapan, July 17, 1973, Mastro & Schaffner (TAM, USNM); ICf Oaxaca, 10 mi. E. Totolapan, 4000 ft., VII-20-1987, P. Kovarik, and J. Schaffner (TAM).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Elsie Herbold Froeschner for the excellent figure of Macrotingis biseriata, the type species of the genus, and Joseph C. Schaffner, Texas A & M University, College Station for lending the types series of M. schaffneri . I also acknowledge the careful manuscript reviews by Thomas J. Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department Agriculture. United States National Museum, Washington. D.C. and Paul J. Spangler. Department of Entomology, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.
LITERATURE CITED
Champion, G. C. 1897. Rhynchota. Tingitidae //;, Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Ameri- cana2:l-32.
Drake, C. J. 1928. Some Tingitidae (Heteroptera) from Honduras. Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan 190:1-5.
Drake, C. J. 1 950. A new tingid from the Canal Zone. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 52:299-300.
Drake, C. J. and M. E. Poor. 1936. The genera and genotypes of Tingitoidea of the Western Hemisphere. Iowa State Journal of Science 10:381-380.
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 33_
A NEW NEARCTIC PARACLOEODES (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)1
W. P. McCallerty- and David R. Lenat1
ABSTRACT: Paracloeodes fleeki, new species, is described from larvae taken from sand substrates of medium sized streams in the southern outer Piedmont ecoregion of North Carolina. The new species differs from the closely related and parapatric P. minutux in having a medial lobe of the labi- al palp that is less rounded, being both distally non protuberant from its base and distomedially more angulate. Relatively larger gills are also diagnostic of the new species; however, to a large degree, the color pattern displayed by the new species is encompassed by the extensive pattern variability found in the ubiquitous and widespread P. minutux.
KEY WORDS: Paracloeodes, Ephemeroptera, Baetidae, mayflies. North Carolina.
The genus Paracloeodes Day was originally established by Day (1955) for what are now known as the widespread North and Central American species P. minntiis (Daggy) (see McCafferty and Waltz 1990) and the Puerto Rican species P. portoricensis (Traver). No other species were known of this Western Hemi- sphere genus until one species was described from Cuba by Kluge (1991 ); four species were discovered from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996); and one other was described from Mexico by Randolph and McCafferty (2000). Because the latter species, P. lugoi Randolph and McCafferty, is known only from far southern Neotropical Mexico. P. minutus has remained the only species known to occur in the Nearctic region. Paracloeodes has been considered an austral genus of Neotropical origin (e.g., McCafferty 1998), and the best taxonomic treatment of the genus was given by Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1996).
Certain samples of Paracloeodes taken in 1989 and 1993 from small streams in the Piedmont of North Carolina represent a second and more geographically restricted Nearctic species of Paracloeodes. The description of this new species is given herein. The species is named after Eric Fleek, a member of the North Carolina Division of Water Quality research team studying benthic macroinver- tebrate fauna of North Carolina and contributing to our growing knowledge of aquatic insect biodiversity and water quality in the Southeast. All types and other material examined reside in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, Pur- due University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Paracloeodes fleeki, NEW SPECIES
Larva. Mature body length: 3.2-3.4mm. Mature gill 4 length: 0.7()-0.75mm. Mature caudal fila- ments length: 1 .4-1 .5mm. Head: Coloration light cream with light brown flecking. Interantennal keel present. Antennae not marked. Labrum subquadrate with branched setae along distal margin and dor- sally with one to three long subdistal setae submedially. Planate mandible with weakly feathered
1 Received on April 9. 2003: Accepted December 1 1 . 2003.
'Department of Entomology. Purdue University. West Lafayette. IN 47907, U.S.A. E-mail:
pat_mccafferty <& ent m .purdue .edu . 'North Carolina Division of Water Qualit). Biological Assessment I'nil. 4401 Recdv Creek Rd..
Raleigh. NC 27607, U.S.A.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
prostheca (feathering often not apparent) and only shallow depression at base of mola. Angulate mandible with molar triangle nearly perpendicular to distal margin of mandible. Second segment of labial palpi (Fig. I ) with medial lobe nearly straight distally, not protuberant distally from base, and more angulate than rounded distomedially, and with row of hairlike setae on dorsal surface poorly developed. Thorax: Nota generally speckled with light brown. Pronotum usually with medial pair of short, longitudinal brown bars or spots. Tibiae of mid- and hindlegs with 9- 1 1 marginal spines. Claws relatively slender, with basal rows of minute denticles. Hindwingpads absent. Abdomen: Dorsal and ventral patterning in different shades of brown somewhat variable. In well-marked individuals, ter- gum 1 with anteromedial longitudinal bar; tergum 2 darkest with medial and sublateral markings near anterior margin, and much of central area pigmented with brown but less so in exact center or medio- posteriorly; tergum 3 somewhat pigmented with medial and submedial markings near anterior mar- gin and diffuse light brown laterally; tergum 4 pale except for small lateral and submedial clouds (each submedial cloud often with smaller posterolateral adjacent cloud); tergum 5 light with small submedial clouds as in tergum 4 and with small medial light mark near anterior margin; tergum 6 well pigmented with dark submedial markings and brown over much of the surface except often for small medioposterior area; tergum 7 light with medial and submedial clouds; tergum 8 generally similar to 7 or unmarked; tergum 9 well pigmented with only small submedial and lateral areas at anterior mar- gin not pigmented; tergum 10 with medial dot or narrow longitudinal bar near anterior margin. In lighter individuals, only tergum 2 with considerable diffuse pigmentation and light paired markings sometimes variously present on terga 3-7 and 9 (with terga 1 ,8 and 10 unmarked). In other individu- als, tergum 1 with medial pigmented v-shaped area at anterior margin; tergum 2 with diffuse shading medially; tergum 3 with transverse marking anteriorly in middle two-thirds, and similar but less developed in tergum 4; terga 5-7 with small marks medially near anterior margin; tergum 8 un- marked; tergum 9 washed with light diffuse brown; and tergum 10 unmarked. Venter with distinct dark spot sublaterally on either side of sterna 2-7; some individuals with thin transverse pencil lines apparent at intersegmental margins of certain sterna; thicker transverse bars and/or lateral spots at pleural fold not present in known material.
Adult. Unknown.
Type material. HOLOTYPE: larva, NORTH CAROLINA, Guilford Co, South Buffalo Cr at SR 2821 , VII-1993, D. Lenat and T. McPherson. PARATYPES: four larvae, including three slides, same data as holotype; one larva, NORTH CAROLINA, Gaston Co, unnamed tributary of Crowders Cr at SR 2416, IX-1989, D. Penrose and D. Lenat.
Additional material examined. Paracloeodes fleeki: NORTH CAROLINA, Gaston Co. un- named tributary of Crowders Cr at SR 2416, IX-1989, D. Penrose and D. Lenat (larva); Guilford Co, Richland Cr at SR 1945, VII-1993, D. Lenat and D. McPherson (early instar larvae); same data as holotype (larva). P. lugoi: MEXICO, Guerrero. Rio Balsas, between Iguala & Chilaparicingo off Hwy 95, 1800', XI- 16- 1968, RK Allen (larvae, slide-mounted). P. miniitu.s: ARIZONA: Graham Co, Gila R at rd to San Jose, VII-07-1969 (adults); KANSAS, Douglas Co, Mud Cr, Sec 7 T125, Rt 20 E, KAW Valley Fish Farm, V- 20- 1980, P Liechti (larvae, slide-mounted); NEBRASKA: Buffalo Co, Platte R at Kearny, VIII- 12-1 982, AV Provonsha (larvae, slide-mounted); NORTH CAROLINA: Ala- mance Co, Alamance Cr, Haw R, VII-1998; Guilford Co, South Buffalo Cr, VII-1993; Mecklenberg Co, McAlpine Cr, Little Sugar Cr, VIII- 1997 (all larvae + slide-mounted parts); OHIO, Clermont Co, E Frk Miami R, P&G-ESF 02082798LTA, VIII-27-1998, J Bowling (adults); QUEBEC, Ottawa R, nr Gatineau between W end Kettle Island & N shore, 75/40/27.9W 45/28/05.9N, IX-27-2002 (larva, slide-mounted); WYOMING: Sweetwater Co, Blacks Fork R at 1-80, W Green River, VIII-02-1993, AV Provonsha (larvae, slide-mounted). Additional larval populations of P. minntits were examined from Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, Querataro (Mexico), and Texas.
Discussion. Paracloeodes fleeki larvae are similar in several respects to those of P. minutus. For example, in addition to body size being similar, we did not find significant differences in the head capsule, antennae, labrum, mandibles, hypo- pharynx, maxillae, or legs, and thus these structures are not extensively treated in the formal description of P. fleeki, above. Also, whereas based on the materi- al available of the new species, the ventral abdominal patterns are limited and relatively consistent, the examination of a large number of individuals of P. niin-
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003
35
utus revealed that those patterns were also associated with some individuals of P. minutus. In general, the dorsal abdominal patterns of the two species are vari- ations on a similar theme of having pigmentation emphasized in terga 2, 3,6, and 9, although in both species there are lighter individuals, and very early instars of P. minutus may show no markings. Nevertheless, we have not seen larvae off. fleeki that exhibit lateral edge spots at the pleural fold of many of the abdominal segments, which are often evident in both a dorsal and ventral view of P. minu- tus, nor have we seen any P. fleeki larvae that have thick transverse bars at the intersegmental margins of sterna (especially sterna 6-8). Some individuals of both species, however, may demonstrate thin intersegmental lines associated with a few or most of the sterna.
The fact that larvae of Pseudocentroptiloides Jacob, some Procloeon Bengts- son such as P. viridoculare (Berner), and some other long-clawed baetids will demonstrate markings very similar to those described for Paracloeodes above suggests that habitat may have a strong influence on the similar and probably adaptive color patterns that are being expressed. All of the above taxa include very small larvae that are associated with sand-silt substrates in running water.
The most significant structural difference between P. fleeki and P. minutus involves the shape and development of the medial lobe of segment 2 of the labi- al palps. This mouthpart has proven useful in discriminating between all known species of Paracloeodes (see above). Figures 1 and 2 are provided so that a com- parison can be made between the shapes of this structure in P. fleeki and P. min- utus. In general, the lobe in P. minutus is relatively rounded or protruding (Fig. 2), and the lobe in P. fleeki is relatively angulate and non protruding. It should be noted that these shapes can be misinterpreted if only a dissecting microscope is used for examination. Therefore, slide mounts and compound microscopy are
Figs. 1 -2. Paracloeodes labial palp. 1. P. fleeki. 2. P. minutus.
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
highly recommended. It should also be noted that palps of early instar larvae are not definitive.
When comparing middle to late instar larvae, those of P .fleeki have larger gills than those of P. miniitus (e.g., a 0.70mm or larger gill 4 vs. a 0.60mm or smaller gill 4). This was found consistently in all North Carolina material examined (see above). Although this is usually only a 15-20% difference in length, it is quite apparent when one has worked with both species. An important caveat is that smaller (earlier instar) individuals, including those of P. minutiis, will often appear to have disproportionately longer gills. Thus, actual gill size differences in immature larvae are not easily interpreted or are non existent. Among larvae from North Carolina, the ratio of length to width of gill 7 was found always to be greater than 2.5 (e.g., 2.72) in P. fleeki, whereas it was always lower that 2.5 (e.g., 2.15) in P. minutiis. However, we have seen larvae off. minutiis from Ne- braska (see other material examined, above) with a very narrow-elongate gill 7 with a comparative ratio of 3.60. The narrowness of the gills associated with the latter can give a deceptive impression of long gills. Actual length measurements indicate that is not the case, and in this latter example from Nebraska, the actual length of gill 7 was only 0.50mm (compared to a typical 0.68mm gill 7 length for P. fleeki).
The new species was taken from sand substrates in three medium sized streams (8. 0-1 3. Om wide) that are found in the southern outer Piedmont ecore- gion of North Carolina. This area is located between the rocky stream system of the Slate Belt and the Foothills area of the Mountains. Two of the three streams had primarily sand substrates at the sites where the new species was collected; and one had pockets of sand substrate among predominantly mixed substrate. P aracloeodes fleeki does not appear to be limited by water quality because col- lecting sites registered only poor to fair water quality ratings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank L. Sun and A. V. Provonsha (West Lafayette, IN) for technical assistance, and D. Zaranko (Guelph, ON) for providing material. The research was supported in part by NSF grant DEB-9901577 and the North Carolina Division of Water Quality.
LITERATURE CITED Day, W. C. 1955. New genera of mayflies from California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 31: 121-137.
Kluge, N. 1991. Cuban mayflies of the family Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) 1. Genera Callibaetis, Cloeodes and Paracloeodes. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 12:128-135. [in Russian].
Lugo-Ortiz, C. R and W. P. McCafferty. 1996. The genus Paracloeodes (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and its presence in South America. Annales de Limnologie 32:161-169.
McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 17: 1-20.
McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) of North and Middle America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 1 16: 769- 799.
Randolf, R.P. and W.P. McCafferty. 2000. A new species of Parut -lot-odes (Ephemeroptera: Bae- tidae) from Mexico. Entomological News 1 1 1:133-136.
Vol. 114. No. 1 . January & February 20(13 37_
ABLEPTEMETES: A NEW GENUS OF TRICORYTHODI-
NAE (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOHYPHIDAE)
FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA1
N. A. Wiersema: and W. P. McCafferty3
ABSTRACT: Ableptemetes, n. gen., is described for the Mexican and Central American species A. dicinctus, n. comb., and A. melanobranchus, n. comb., which were previously considered in either Lcpiahyphes or more recently Tricorythopsis. The new genus is known only from larvae and can be distinguished among North and Central American genera of the subfamily Tricorythodinae. by the presence of minute posteromarginal spines on abdominal terga 1-10 along with numerous other char- acteristics such as a double row of submarginal claw denticles. Tricorythopsis appears to be confined to South America. The recent keys to the subfamilies and revised genera of North and Central American Leptohyphidae as well as the larval characterization of the subfamily Tricorythodinae are slightly modified to accommodate the new genus and new morphological data associated with it.
KEY WORDS: Ableptemetes, Ephemeroptera, Leptohyhiidae, Tricorythodinae. Mexico, Central America.
Wiersema and McCafferty (2000) in their revision of the North and Central American genera of the mayfly family Leptohyphidae transferred the species originally described as Leptohyphes dicinctus Allen and Brusca and L. melano- branchus Allen and Brusca to the genus Tricorythopsis Traver. These species are known only as larvae (Allen and Brusca 1973). Their recombination had been based on the fact that they clearly did not belong to Leptohyphes Eaton, along with their apparent similarity with the first description of a larval exuviae asso- ciated with an adult Tricorythopsis from South America by Molineri (1999). This latter larval representative, although initially ascribed to T.fictilis Molineri, has proven to be the type of the genus, T. artigas Traver. Wiersema and McCafferty (2000) cautioned that the placement of the Allen and Brusca species in Tricorythopsis was contingent on verification from the discovery of their adults, or at least a study of mature larval specimens that may or may not confirm the descriptions of Allen and Brusca (1973) and provide additional descriptive data such as was deemed important in the revisionary work of Wiersema and McCafferty (2000).
Recently, a more comprehensive review of Tricorythopsis in South America has become available (Molineri 200 la). Also recently, a large series of mature larvae of T. dicinctus has been attained from Belize. The study of these larvae as well as the types of both species in question has revealed numerous characters that were not treated in the original descriptions and in some instances not even apparent in the poorly preserved type material. The newly available data make it obvious that the Allen and Brusca species in question should be removed from Tricorvthopsis sensu stricto and placed in the newly described genus of the sub- family Tricorythodinae that follows.
1 Received on May 30, 2002. Accepted November 28. 2003.
'4807 MFG, Inc. .Consulting Scientists and Engineers. Spicewood Springs Rd., Building IV. Austin. TX 78759. U.S.A. E-mail: Nick.Wicrsema@mfgenv.com.
'Department of Entomology. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. E-mail: pat_mccafferty(a entm.purdue.edu.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
38
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Ableptemetes, NEW GENUS
Larva. Body relatively elongate, known species ranging in mature length from 2.8 to 3.5 mm. Head (Fig. 1 Allen & Brusca 1973) with well-developed frontal shelf, genal projections and fronto- clypeal projection (all fringed with stout setae); vertex without tubercles. Compound eyes not sexu- ally dimorphic. Labrum (Fig. 1 ) width nearly one and one-half times length. Mandibles (Figs. 2 & 3) with reduced molae. Galealaciniae (Fig. 4) with apical denticles pointed in same axis as that of galealaciniae (crown poorly developed). Hypopharynx with lingua slightly emarginate; superlinguae broadly rounded. Labium (Fig. 5) with short, defined glossae; submentum with lateral aspect round- ed basally and constricted distally, with basal three-fourths of margin sparsely fringed with stout, medium-length setae, and distal one-fourth essentially bare. Thoracic nota without tubercles, fringed with setae. Hindwingpads absent in both sexes. Legs with anterior and posterior margins with both long and short, stout, bristlelike setae. Forefemora with short and broad, dorsally with transverse row
Figures 1-7. Ableptemetes dicinctus, n. comb., 1. Labrum. 2. Left mandible. 3. Right mandible. 4. Maxillae. 5. Labium. 6. Claw. 7. Gill two (ventral view).
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 39
of stout, bristlelike setae; hindfemora length subequal to that of hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined. Claws (Fig. 6) with basal denticles, and with two rows of submarginal, subapical denticles, some- times reduced to one or two denticles on one side. Abdomen more or less triangular in cross-section, with peaked dorsum; terga 1-10 with long, fine, marginal setae laterally and posterolaterally and with short, apically truncate or rounded, posteromarginal spines; middle terga each with medioposterior protuberance fringed with stout setae. Gills present on abdominal segments 2-6; operculate gills (Fig. 7) large, subtriangulate with rounded borders, without submedial or subdistal, unsclerotized bands; ventral gill lamellae without fringes or flaps, length of inner lamellae approximately one-half that of out outer lamellae. Caudal filaments with whorls of setae at each segmental joining.
Adult. Unknown.
Type species. Leptohyphes dicinctus Allen and Brusca.
Species included. Ableptemetes dicinctus (Allen and Brusca), NEW COMBINATION; Ablepte- metes melanobranthus (Allen and Brusca). NEW COMBINATION.
Etymology. From the Greek noun "ableptema" (mistake[n]) and the mascu- line suffix "etes" (one who [was]).
Distribution. Mexico and Central America.
DISCUSSION
The following combination of characteristics will serve to distinguish Ablep- temetes larvae from known larvae of other defined genera of Leptohyphidae: lack of hindwingpads in both sexes; hindtarsi that are three-fourths to subequal in length to that of their respective tibiae; a mature body length of less than 3.6 mm.; abdominal terga 1-10 with minute posteromarginal spines; an abdomen that is triangulate in cross-section; operculate gills with an inner ventral lamellae approximately one-half of the length of the outer lamellae, and with both lamel- lae lacking fringes or flaps; and operculate gills that are subtriangulate and devoid of submedial or subdistal, unsclerotized bands.
Couplet 1 of the larval key to the North and Central American genera of Leptohyphidae (Wiersema an McCafferty 2000:356), and thus the larval charac- teristics associated with the subfamilies Tricorythodinae and Leptohyphinae in North and Central America, require modification to accommodate the new genus and new morphological data presented herein. The modified couplet 1 follows.
1 Posterior margin of abdominal terga 1-6 either without spines, or, in certain small larvae, with
minute spines. Hindtarsi more than one-half length of hindtibiae. Hindwingpads absent
Tricorythodinae 2
1 Posterior margins of abdominal terga 1-6 or 2-6 with spines. Hindtarsi approximately one-half to much less than one-half length of hindtibiae. Hindwingpads present in males, present or absent in females Leptohyphinae 7
In addition, in the first half of couplet 4 in the larval key, Tricorythopsis should be changed to Ableptemetes. In using couplet 1 of the adult key to genera (Wiersema and McCafferty 2000: 358), users should go directly to couplet 3. rather than couplet 2 as indicated, if the adult specimen keys to Tricorythodinae. Couplet 2 can be entirely deleted from the adult key.
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
It is important to reiterate that the key in Wiersema and McCafferty (2000), and as slightly modified herein, is intended for the North and Central American Leptohyphidae only. This was stated emphatically by Wiersema and McCafferty (2000), because of their prediction that numerous genera in South America were yet to be discovered and described. This prediction is now being borne out with recent discoveries of additional genera, for example, by Molineri (2001b, 2002).
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, R. K. and R. C. Brusca. 1973. New species of Leptohyphinae from Mexico and Central America (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). Canadian Entomologist 105:83-95.
Molineri, C. 1999. Revision of the genus Tricorythopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) with the description of four new species. Aquatic Insects 21:285-300.
Molineri, C. 200 la. El genero Tricorythopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae): nuevas combina- ciones y descripcions de nuevas especies y estadios. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 60:217-238.
Molineri, C. 2001b. Traverhyphes: a new genus of Leptohyphidae for Leptohyphes indicator and related species. Spixiana 24:129-140.
Molineri, C. 2002. A new genus of Leptohyphidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). pp. 337-345. In, E. Dominguez (Editor). Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum, New York.
Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 2000. Generic revision of the North and Central American Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera: Pannota). Transactions of the American Entomological Society
126:337-371.
Vol. I 14. No. I . January & February 2003 4_1_
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TOMOCERUS
(TOMOCERINA) FROM CHINA (COLLEMBOLA:
TOMOCERIDAE) WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE
SUBGENERA OF TOMOCERUS1
Yi-Tong Ma,' Jian-Xiu Chen,' and Kenneth Christiansen4
ABSTRACT: A new species Tomocerus (Tomocerina) yiliensis, from Xinjiang of northwest China is described. It is distinct from all other members of the subgenus because of the large number of setae on the trochanteral organ. The presence of more than one trochanteral organ seta forces a re- examination of the subgenera of Tomocerus, the subgenus Tomocerina, and the role of trochanteral organ setae in dividing subgenera of Tomocerus.
KEY WORDS: Tomocerus Collembola, Tomocerina, Tomocerinae, China, new species.
The genus Tomocerus was created by Nicolet (1842) and later given the type species Macrotoma minor Lubbock 1862 (opinion 239 ICZN, 1954:363). The genus was characterized by long, greatly subdivided antennae with the 3rd anten- nal segment more than 3 times as long as the fourth; an elongate toothed mucro, dental spines, 6 + 6 eyes and body scales. Meanwhile, Frauenfeld described a related genus Tritomurus in 1854, differing primarily in the absence of eyes. In 1896 Schaffer placed these genera in a subfamily of Entomobryidae - Tomo- cerinae - and in 1913 Borner raised them to family level. Both treatments have continued to the present day. In 1897 Schaffer created a new genus, Lepido- phorella with a third antennal segment less than twice as long as the fourth. This and related taxa were eventually split off as a separate subfamily Lepidophorel- linae, distinguished from the other Tomoceridae by its relatively much longer 4th antennal segment. The species with the shorter 4th antennal segment are now placed in the subfamily Tomocerinae. In addition most genera of Lepidophorel- linae lack antennal annulations and have much shorter mucrones than do genera of the subfamily Tomocerinae. Except for a few obvious anthropochore species, the subfamily Tomocerinae is limited to the northern hemisphere, whereas the Lepidophorellinae are found only in the southern hemisphere. Others have des- cribed additional related genera or subgenera in the Lepidophorellinae: by Womersley Neophorella (1934) and Millsia (1942); by Salmon Antcnmicynns (1941), and Novocerus (1942); and by Ireson and Greenslade, Lasofimts ( 1990). In the Tomocerinae, Paclt described Pogonognathellns (1944) and Mills des- cribed Tomolonus (1949). Most subgenera of Tomocerinae were created by Yosii: Monodontocerus and Tomocerina (\955),Aphaenomurus and Plutoniums ( 1956) and Lethenmrus (1970). Yosii (1967) considered most of these as separate gen- era. Other authors have varied from treating all as valid genera to considering all
1 Received on March IX. 2002. Accepted December 1 1 , 2003.
; Department of Biology, Nantong Teacher's College. Nantong 226000. People's Republic of China. ' Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China. 4 Department of Biology. Grinnell College. Grinnell. Iowa 501 1 2. U.S.A. E-mail: christakfp grinnell.edu.
Mailed on April M. 2004
42
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
f •/ f- ' 1- V °! • f ' ./? A «x
9
12A
Figs. 1-15. T.Tomocerinayiliensissp.nov. 1. habitus; 2. labrum; 3. dorsum of head; 4. dor- sal chaetotaxy of Th. II - Abd. V; 5. trochanteral organ; 6. hind tibiotarsus, showing blunt setae; 7. hind foot complex; 8. tenaculum; 9. anterior face of ventral tube; 10. posterior face of ven- tral tube; 1 1 . lateral flap of ventral tube; 12 A. manubrium (dorsal view), dotted line represents mid line; 12B. lateral seta of manubrium; 12C. dorsal seta of manubrium; 13. dental spines; 14. mucro; 15. upper anal flap chaetotaxy.
Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003
43
12c 12n
14
15
as subgenera of Tomocerus but all have considered these supraspecific taxa as members of the family Tomoceridae. Below we describe a new species of the subgenus Tomocerina.
Tomocerus (Tomocerina) yiliensis, NEW SPECIES
(Figs. 1-15)
Maximum body length: 3.6 mm.
Color: Ground color pale yellow. Eye patches dark blue to black. Ant. Ill & IV with dark blue pigment. Pale blue pigment also present on tibiotarsi and anterior margin of Th. II (Fig. 1). Scales brownish, hyaline and heavily striated.
Head: Eyes 6+6, all subequal. Antennae 0.31-0.42 times as long as body and 1.8 - 2.6 times as long as head. Third segment 6 - 9 times as long as fourth. Labral setae 4/5.5.4. all smooth; each of distal 3 rows with clear basal papillae. Anterior margin of labrum with 4 recurved spinules (Fig. 2).
Chaetotaxy: Dorsum of head with 13-23 setae of different size near the antennal bases and 6 anterior interocular macrochaetae in a medial hexagon. 7 macrochaetae directly anterior to median furrow, 3 + 3 lateral median setae and posterior margin with a row of 36-75 small setae (Fig. 3). Macrochaetae and bothriotricha of thorax and abdomen as shown in Fig. 4. Upper anal (lap with 14 large setae arranged in 2 irregular transverse rows (Fig. 15). Body macrochacta with 0-3 basal micro- setae.
Legs: Trochanteral organ with one somewhat larger and 8-22 smaller smooth setae on trochanter and one large seta on femur (Fig. 5). Two (rarely one) blunt setae on ventral side of tibiotarsus 3, Ink ly ciliate setae, distributed as shown in Fig. 6. Unguis slender with a paired pseudoiuchia 0.2S-0.52 times as long as inner edge of unguis; inner ungual teeth 6-7. rarely 4 or 5. Unguiculus lanceolate without inner teeth. Tenent hair spatulate, 0.64-0.96 times as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 7).
Tenaculum: rami with 4+4 teeth, corpus unsealed yvith 1 smooth seta (Fig. 8).
Ventral tube: scaled on all sides, anterior face with 27-50 striate setae of different si/es on each side (Fig. 9); posterior with 37-61 striate setae of different sizes (Fig. 10): lateral flap with 50-96 stn ate setae of different sizes (Fig. 1 1 ).
Furcula: Dens 1.32 - 2.6 times as long as manuhrium and 4-5 times as long as mucro. Manu brium scaled dorso-laterally with a row of 8-10 large setae on each side, all weak I \ ciliate and strong- ly tapering near apex but not spinelike (Figs. 12A & B): dorsally with 2 setaceous stupes, each con sisting of numerous acuminate, striate setae of different sizes (Fig. I2C). 14-24 of them ver\ large. Dental spines dark brown, formula l()-12( 13)/4-6, 1. Proximal spines arranged in 2 irregular rou s; .ill simple with fine longitudinal striations (Fig. 13). Mucro elongate with numerous ciliate setae; outer dorsal lamella entire with 2-6 intermediate teeth: apical and anteapical teeth suhcqual (Fig. 14t.
44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Types: Holotype female, China: Xinjiang, Yili, Narat Prairie, altitude 1500m- 1600m, VIII- 12- 2000, Jian-xiu Chen, Songjie Wang & Fang Wang colls. Locality C9086; paratypes: 15 females.all on slides, same data as holotype. Deposited in the Department of Biology, Nanjing University.
Ecology: Found under stones and decayed wood in grassland. Etymology: The new species is named after the locality of the types.
Discussion: The new species shares some characteristics with Japanese T. Tomocerina aokii Yosii (1972), such as the number of inner teeth on the unguicu- lus and intermediate teeth on the outer dorsal lamella of the mucro. However, it differs from aokii in tenaculum setae and in having more than one trochanteral organ seta. The latter characteristic differentiates yiliensis from all other des- cribed species of Tomocerina. Over time, a number of features have come to be considered as distinguishing characteristics of the different subgenera of Tomo- cerus. In the Tomocerinae, these include the number of basal mucronal teeth, the presence or absence of a small toothlet on one basal mucronal tooth, the presence or absence of large spine-like scales on the inner face of the base of the denies, the presence of large lateral spines on the base of the denies, the presence or absence of eyes, and Ihe nalure of Ihe Irochanteral organ. In Ihis family this occurs on Ihe base of Ihe femur as well as Ihe trochanter. Il has been long accepl- ed lhal there is a sharp dislinction laxa having only a single such sela on femur and Irochanler (Tomocerus, Pogonognathellus, Monodontocerus, Tomocerina), ihose wilh more lhan one seta on Ihe femur bul only one on Ihe Irochanter (Apha- enomurus and Tomolomis) and those wilh more lhan one on both femur and trochanter (Plutomurus and Lethemurus). Until Ihe presenl sludy, Tomocerina was considered a member of the first group. The Irochanleral organ setae on T. yiliensis are different in size and dislribulion from Ihose of other mulliselaceous Tomocerine trochanteral organs and their analogy wilh ihese remains in doubl. Assuming lhal these are Irochanleral organ selae we re-examined Nearclic spec- imens assigned lo species of T. (Tomocerina). This showed thai some populalions of T. (Tomocerina) lameUiferus may have more lhan one Irochanleral organ sela on their trochanler and lhal specimens from Colorado previously identified as T. (Tomocerina) curtus are in fact a species of Tomolomis lacking clear spine-like ouler basal selae on Ihe dens. In addition, we have recenlly examined specimens of Tritomnrus scutellatus, and these appear to have one Irochanleral organ seta on Ihe Irochanler. These discoveries make the distinction between Tomocerina and Plutoniums less clear cul; however, Ihe number and size of Ihe selae in the femoral trochanleral organ and the presence or absence of spine-like setae on the ouler basal denies slill serve lo dislinguish Ihe vasl majorily of Plutomurus and Tomocerina species. A reassessmenl of Ihe crileria separaling the supraspecific categories of Tomocerinae is clearly in order. This might result in fusing some of these subgeneric categories.
Most species of Tomocerina are very close lo Ihe genus Tomocerus (s. s.) excepl for Ihe absence of a loolhlel on the outer basal tooth of the mucro. T. (Tomocerina) yiliensis differs from members of the subgenus Tomocerus (s.s.)
Vol. 114. No. I . January & February 2003 45
in having more than one trochanteral organ seta on the trochanter as well as lack- ing the basal toothlet. Tomocerina is a small subgenus containing only 9-12 species, four of these were described or have been reported from China: ininutits Tullberg 1876 from Shanxi and (as varius) from Yunnan, calceus and purpu- rithorus Liu et al. 1999 from Sichuan and yiliensis from Xinjiang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970097). Publication of this work was made possible by a grant from Grinnell College. We would give our thanks to Miss Wang Fang in Nanjing University for her useful help in the collection and preparation of the specimens for this study. Summer Ventis assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Burner, C. 1913. Die Familien der Collembolen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 41:315-322. Frauenfeld, G. 1854. Note - no title. Gesellschaft Weiner Stitzungberichte 4:15-17.
Ireson, J. and P. Greenslade. 1990. Laxofinns gen. N. (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from Tasmania and a re-examination of Neophorella duhia Womersley (Tomoceridae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 29(5):205-214.
Lubbock, J. 1862. Notes on Thysanura. Part 1. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London
23(3):429-448.
Liu, Y. Q., Hou, D. and Z. Li. 1999. Four New Species of Tomocerus (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from China. Entomotaxonomia 21(4):239-245.
Mills H. 1949. New North American Tomocerinae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 41(3): 353.
Nicolet, H. 1842. Recherches pour Servir a 1'histoirdes Podurelles. Nouvelles Memoires Helvetique Science Naturelle 6:1-86.
Paclt, J. 1944. A new Name for Pogonognathus Borner. 1908, nee Agassiz, 1846. Entomologicy
Listy 7: 92.
Salmon, J. 1941 . The Collembola Fauna of New Zealand including a discussion of its distribution. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 70:343-344.
Salmon, J. 1942. New genera and species of New Zealand Collembola. Records of the Dominion Museum of Wellington I ( 1 ):55-6().
Schaffer, C. 1896. Die Collembolen der Umgebung von Hamburg und benachtbar Gebeite. Mittei- lungen Naturhistorsche Museums Hamburg 13:147-216.
Schatt'er, C. 1897. Apterygoten. Hamburger Maghalenische Sammelresise 2:1-48.
Womersley, H. 1934. On some Collembola Arthropleona from South Africa and Rhodesia. Annals of South African Museum 30(3):464.
Womersley, H. 1942. New genera, species and records of Collembola from Australia. New Zealand and New Guinea. Transactions Royal Society of South Australia 66( 1 ):26.
Yosii, R. 1955. Meerinsekten derTokara Inseln. VI. Publications Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 4:379-401.
Yosii, R. 1956. Monographic /in Hohlencollenibolen Japans. Contributions trom the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University 3: 1 - 109.
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Yosii, R. 1967. Studies on the Collembolan Family Tomoceridae, with special Reference to Japanese Forms. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University 20:1-54.
Yosii, R. 1970. On some Collembola of Japan and adjacent countries II. Contributions Biological Laboratory Kyoto University 23(10): 1-32.
Yosii, R. 1972. Collembola from the Alpine Region of Mt. Poroshii in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido. Memoirs National Science Museum Tokyo 5:75-99.
Vol. 114. No. I . Januan & February 2(1(13 47
A NEW RECORD OF TOMOCERUS BAICALENSIS FROM CHINA WITH ITS REDESCRIPTION (COLLEMBOLA: TOMOCERIDAE)1
Yi-Tong Ma,2-' Jian-\iu Chen,' and Kenneth Christiansen4
ABSTRACT: The Russian species. Tomocerus baicalensis, is reported for the first time from China and it is redescribed on the basis of these specimens.
KEY WORDS: Tomocerus baicalensis, Collembola, Tomocerina, Tomereninae. China, new record.
The genus Tomocerus (s.s.) is distinguished from other Tomoceridae by a com- bination of six characteristics: (1) antennal segments III and IV annulate, (2) prox- imal part of dens lacking large spinelike outer setae and inner basal scale like appendages, (3) mucro with two basal teeth, (4) a small toothlet present on the outer basal tooth, (5) 6 + 6 eyes, and (6) a single seta on the trochanteral organ position on the trochanter and the proximal portion of the femur. There are fifty- five species of the genus Tomocerus (s.s.), eighteen of them have been described or reported from China (Zhao et al. 1997): four from Sichuan (emeicus and max- imus Liu et al 1999), minor Lubbock 1862 and vulgaris Tullberg 1871 (Liu et al. 1998); four from Tibet (monticolus, obscums, pan'us and zayuensis Huang and Yin 1981); three from Anhui (similis Chen and Ma 1997, spinulus Chen and Christiansen 1998, cheni Ma and Christiansen 1998); two from Fujian caputivio- laceus and deogyuensis Lee 1975 (Liu et al. 1998); one,folsomi Denis 1929, from Yunnan; one, cuspidatus Borner 1909, from Taiwan (Yosii 1940); one, kinoshitai Yosii 1954, from Hunan; one, ocreatus Denis 1948, from Zhejiang: and, one, sibiricus Reuter 1891 , from Hebei (Huang and Liu 1995). A species new to China, Tomocerus baicalensis Martynova 1969, is reported from Xinjing. Northwest China. This species is redescribed on a basis of Chinese specimens.
Tomocerus (Tomocerus) baicalensis Martynova, 1969 (Figs. 1-16)
Body length: Chinese specimens maximum 3.9 mm.
Color: Ground color pale yellow. Eye patches dark blue. Frons and anterior margin of Th. II with greenish pigment. Ant. II-IV green or blue. Pale greenish pigment also present on Abd. Ill and IV. tibiotarsi and dens (Fig. 1 ).
Head: Eyes 6+6, subequal. Antennae 2.4 to 3.8 times as long as cephalic diagonal. Labral setae 4/5, 5, 4, all smooth; each of distal 3 rows on papillae. Anterior margin of labrum with 4 recurved spinules. Dorsal macrochaetae of head as follows: anterior area (A) 2/4: mid (M) 2/7: lateral (L) 2 (LI . L2). posterior (P) 4. Posterior margin of dorsal head with one row of 48-60 tiny setulae (Fig. 2).
Thorax: Macrochaetae and bothriotricha as shown in Fig. 3. Tibiotarsus with 2-5, 4-6, 4-6 blunt spiny setae respectively on ventral side of leg I-III (Figs. 5 and 6). Unguis rather slender; a pair of pseudonychia developed, 0.36-0.48 times as long as inner edge of unguis; inner teeth 5-6, 5-6 and 4-
1 Received on March 24. 2003. Accepted on December 1 1 . 2003.
2 Department of Biology, Nantong Teacher's College. Nantong 226000. China. ' Department Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China.
4 Department Biology. Grinnel College, Grinnell, IA 501 12, U.S.A. E-mail: christak@grinnell.edu.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
48
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
~r?r- ..- -. -. ^X^^-^p*^
i ^"^S * _ • * fc,^, • ^--^ ^* ^» • » ' • '^C. a •
A
11
Figs. 1-16. Tomocerus baicalensis Martynova, 1969. 1 . Habitus; 2. Dorsum of head, A= anterior microchaetae, M= median macrochaetae, L= lateral macrochaetae, P= posterior macrochaetae: 3. Chaetotaxy of body; 4. trochanteral organ; 5. hind tibiotarsus, show- ing blunt setae; 6. enlargement of blunt seta; 7. anterior face of tenaculum; 8. anterior face of ventral tube; 9. posterior face of ventral tube; 10. lateral flap of ventral tube; 1 1 . dorsal face left side of manubrium: 12. enlargement of thick dorso-lateral large seta on manubrium; 13. enlargement of normal large seta on dorsal stripes; 14. dental spines; 15. mucro; 16. upper anal valve.
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003
49
12
6 respectively on leg I-III. Unguiculus lanceolate without inner tooth. Tenent hair thick, 0.90-1.08 times as long as inner edge of unguis, apex spatulate.
Abdomen: Macrochaetae and bothriotricha on Abd. I-V as shown in Fig. 3. Tenaculum unsealed, with 4+4 teeth, 1-9 smooth setae on corpus. Ventral tube scaled; with 25-28 setae on each side of anterior face (Fig. 8). 46-65 on posterior face (Fig. 9), 45-75 on each lateral flap. Dentes 4.3 to 5 times as long as mucro and 1.4 to 1.78 times as long as manubrium (Table 1). Manubrium scaled, dorso-laterally with 1 row of 9-11 large setae on each side, all weakly ciliate and strongly tapered near apex (Fig. 12); dorsally with 2 setaceous stripes, each consisting of numerous acuminate, fine- ly ciliate setae of different sizes, 20-26 of them large (Fig. 13). Dental spines as shown in table 1 . dark chestnut brown, each with 1 lateral toothlet near base (Fig. 14). Mucro elongate with numerous ciliate setae; with 4-10 intermediate teeth; apical and anteapical teeth subequal (Fig. 15). Upper anal valve of Abd. VI with 14 large ciliate cylindrical setae arranged in 2 irregular transverse rows (Fig. 16). Scales brownish, hyaline and heavily striated. Trunk macrochaetae and bothriotricha surround- ed by 0-3 setulae.
Table 1 Characteristics of some individual Chinese specimens of Tomocerus baicalensis.
|
Locality number |
Ratio Antenna/ Cephlic diagonal |
Dental spine formula |
Setae on tenaculum |
Body+ head mm |
Manubrium length mm |
Dentes length mm |
Antenna length mm |
|
C9077- 1 |
•> |
3-4.1/3.1.2.1 |
1 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
•) |
|
C9077-2 |
3. S3 |
5-6,1/5.1.2.1 |
9 |
3.9 |
0.6 |
1.0 |
2.5 |
|
C9077-6 |
3.70 |
4,1/2.1.2-3.1 |
1 |
2.3 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
|
C9077-9 |
2, SO |
4-5,1/3.1,2.1 |
2 A |
0.3 |
0.5 |
i.: |
|
|
C9077-12 |
• ) |
4,1/3.1.2,1 |
4 |
2.6 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
|
|
C9077-16 |
2.40 |
4-4,1/3,1.2.1 |
•) |
2.4 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
|
C9077-2 |
3 20 |
5,1/2,1,2,] |
T |
•> s |
(I ^ |
0 7 |
1 6 |
|
C9077-3 |
•j |
M 3,1,2,1 |
1 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Ecology: Under stones and in decayed wood in forest.
Chinese locality: China: Xinjiang: Tianshan Mountain: Tianchi Lake, altitude 1980m, VIII-2- 2000, Collection number C9075, C9077, and C9078. Thirteen females, all on slides, collected by Chen Jian-xiu. Wang Songjie, and Wang Fang. Deposited in the Department of Biology, Nanjing University.
Remarks: This species was first described by Martynova ( 1969) on a basis of 3 specimens from the southern shores of Lake Baikal. It has not been recorded from Russia since that time. The Chinese specimens, also taken near the shores of a lake, agreed with Martynova's (1969) description and figures of this species. The species belongs to a group of largely East Asian species having the dental spines with multiple teeth. Both the Russian and Chinese populations of baical- ensis differ from all other species of the group by having at most one secondary toothlet on each spine. There are a few differences between the two populations. These are primarily the body color and pattern and setae on the tenaculum. Martynova's specimens were considerably larger than ours 3.7-5.4 mm. com- pared to ours, which were 2.1 - 3.9 mm. and this probably explains a number of differences such as the tenacular setae number. Michael Potapov examined the types of baicalensis and could find no significant morphological differences between them and the drawings of the Chinese specimens we sent him. The dif- ference in color and pattern may represent geographic variation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970097). Publication of this work was made possible by a grant from Grinnell College, USA. Thanks should be given to Mr. Wang Songjie and Miss Wang Fang who collected the specimens used in this study. Stephanie Peterson assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Chen, J-X. and Y. T. Ma. 1997. A New Species of the Genus Tomocerus (S. S.) (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from China. Entomotaxonomia 19(3): 157- 160.
Chen, J-X. and K. A. Christiansen. 1998. Tomocerus (s.s.) spinulus (Collembola: Entomobryidae), A New Species of Chinese Springtail. Entomological News 109(l):51-55.
Huang, F. S. and H. Liu. 1995. Three new recorded species of Tomocerus Nicolet in China (Collembola : Tomoceridae). Sinozoologia 12:192-193.
Huang, F. S. and H-F. Yin. 1981. Collembolla: Tomoceridae - Tomocerus Nicolet. //;, Insects of Xizang 1:41-46.
Liu, Y. Q., Hou, D. B., and Z. C. Li. 1 998. A Checklist of Collembola Species from China. Journal South West Agricultural University 20(2): 125- 13 1 .
Liu,Y. Q., Hou,D. B., and Z.C.Li. 1999. Four new species of Tomocerus (Collembola: Tomoceri- dae) from China. Entotaxonimia 2l(4):239-245.
Ma, Y. T. and K. Christiansen. 1998. A New Species of Tomocerus (S.S.) (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from China. Entomological News 109( 1 ):47-50.
Martynova, E. F. 1969. Springtails of the Family Tomoceridae (Collembola) in the USSR. Revue Entomologique USSR. 68(2): 174- 183.
Yosii, R. 1 940. On some Collembola from Formosa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japoneses 1 9( I ): 1 1 4- 118.
Zhao, L. J., H. Tamura, and X. Ke. 1 997. Tentative Checklist of Collembolan Species from China (Insect). Publications of the Itako Hydrobiological Station 9:15-40.
Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
LEVCTRA CAROLINENSIS AND L. VARIABILIS
(PLECOPTERA: LEUCTRIDAE) IN MARYLAND,
WITH AMENDED AND NEW STATE RECORDS1
Scott A. Grubbs-
ABSTRACT: The distributions of Leuctra carolinensis and L. variabilis in Maryland are clarified. The former is a late spring emerging species and known from the Appalachian Plateaus and Blue Ridge portions of the state while the latter species emerges during late autumn and recorded only from the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Physiographic Provinces. The status of Yugus hiilbosus in Mary- land is reevaluated and new state records are reported for five additional species of stoneflies: Pteronarcys dorsata, Acroneuria frisoni, Agnelimi capitata, Neoperla stewarti, and Isoperla dicala. A total of 103 species are now known to occur in Maryland.
KEY WORDS: Leuctra carolinensis, L. variabilis, Plecoptera, Leuctridae, Maryland.
Grubbs ( 1997) updated the species list of stoneflies from Maryland by includ- ing 36 newly recorded taxa. These additions amended previous lists of Stark et al. (1986) as well as Duffield and Nelson (1990) to 95 species. Grubbs and Stark
(2001) and Nelson et al. (2002) have subsequently added two species of Perlesta and Alloperla usa Ricker, respectively, to this list.
Nelson et al. (2002) questioned the record of Leuctra variabilis Hanson, which Grubbs (1997) included with late May collection data, correctly indicat- ing that this taxon is an autumn-emergent species (Hanson, 1941). Nelson et al.
(2002) provided ample evidence, via scanning electron microscopy, that materi- al collected from the same or nearby localities was actually of the closely relat- ed species L. carolinensis Claassen. In addition. Nelson et al. (2002) provided the first verified records of L. variabilis from Maryland from bogs in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Physiographic Provinces.
The primary intent of this note is to clarify the identity of the material report- ed as L. variabilis by Grubbs (1997). Secondarily, new state records are provid- ed for five additional species and the distribution of Yugus bulbosus Prison in Maryland is clarified. All specimens listed below were collected by the author and are deposited in the personal collection of S. A. Grubbs at Western Kentucky University (WKU). Consequently, 103 species of stoneflies are now recorded from Maryland.
Family Leuctridae
Leuctra carolinensis Claassen
Distribution. FREDERICK County (Duffield and Nelson, 1990), GAR- RETT County.
Notes. All material reported by Grubbs ( 1997) from Garrett County and pre-
1 Received on November 1 1 . 2002. Accepted December 17. 2003.
: Department of Biology, and Center for Biodiversity Studies, Western Kentucky University. Bowling Green. KY 42101 . U.S.A. E-mail: scott.grubbs@wku.edu.
Mailed on April 4.2004
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
viously identified by the author as L. variabilis is L. carolinensis. Collection records of the latter species from numerous small spring-fed streams from the Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province in Maryland range from late May through early September and were first reported from Maryland from the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province by Duffield and Nelson (1990). At present, the only known Maryland localities of L. variabilis are from a few sites in Charles and Prince Georges counties.
Family Pteronarcyidae
Pteronarcys dorsata (Say)
Distribution. ALLEGANY County, Sideling Hill Creek, 1 female, 11 June 1997.
Family Perlidae
Acroneuria frisoni Stark & Brown
Distribution. ALLEGANY County, Sideling Hill Creek, 7 males, 16 females, 1 1-30 June 1997; same but 4 males, 2 females, 30 May 1998.
Agnetina capitata (Pictet)
Distribution. WASHINGTON County, Conococheague Creek, 1 male, 2 fe- males, 14 July 1998.
Neoperla stewarti Stark & Baumann
Distribution. WASHINGTON County, near confluence of Potomac River and Tonoloway Creek, at light, 1 1 males, 16 females, 23 June 1997.
Family Perlodidae
Isoperla dicala Frison
Distribution. FREDERICK County, Big Hunting Creek, 1 male, 3 June 1997; WASHINGTON County, Licking Creek, 1 male, 1 female, 15 May 1999.
Yugus kirchneri Nelson
Distribution. GARRETT County.
Notes. Nelson (2001) demonstrated that Y. bulbosus is a complex of three closely related species. All specimens reported of Y. bulbosus (Frison) from Maryland by Grubbs (1997) were reexamined and are now considered to be Y. kirchneri Nelson. The remaining species, Y. bulbosus, Y. kondratieffi Nelson, and Y. arinus (Frison), are presently known only from the southern Appalachian Mountains.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Stan Szczytko (University of Wisconsin Stevens-Point) for confirming the identity of Isoperla dicala, and two anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of this manuscript.
Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 53_
LITERATURE CITED
Duffield, R. M. and C. H. Nelson. 1990. Seasonal emergence patterns and diversity of Plecoptera on Big Hunting Creek, Maryland, with a checklist of the stoneflies of Maryland. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 92:120-126.
Grubbs, S. A. 1997. New records, zoogeographic notes, and a revised checklist of stoneflies (Ple- coptera) from Maryland. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 123:71-84.
Grubbs, S. A. and B. P. Stark. 2001. Notes on Perlesta (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from eastern North America. Aquatic Insects 23:119-122.
Hanson, J. F. 1941. Studies on the Plecoptera of North America, II. Bulletin of the Brooklyn En- tomological Society 36:57-66.
Nelson, C. H. 2001 . The Yugus bulbosus complex, with a comment on the phylogenetic position of Yngus within the eastern Perlodini (Plecoptera: Perlodidae: Perlodinae). Proceedings of the Ento- mological Society of Washington 103:601-619.
Nelson, C. H., R. Hamilton IV, and R. M. Duffield. 2002. Confirmed records ofLeuctra variabilis and Alloperla usa in Maryland (Plecoptera: Leuctridae, Chloroperlidae). with additional com- ments on the former species. Entomological News 1 13:137-139.
Stark, B. P., S. W. Szczytko, and R. W. Baumann. 1986. North American stoneflies (Plecoptera): systematics, distribution and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 383-397.
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
THE BEE GENUS MYDROSOMA IN COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: COLLETIDAE)1
Charles D. Michener
The dissoglottine genus Mydrosoma, consisting of rarely collected, moderate sized to large (10 to 17 mm body length) bees, is known from Mexico to Argentina, but in Central America it has been reported only from Panama (M. brooksi Michener, 1986). It is therefore of interest to report a male specimen of M. brooksi in the collection of InBio (Institute Nacional de Biodiversidad) in Heredia, Costa Rica, borrowed for study by R. W. Brooks.
The data are as follows: Guanacaste Province: Estacion Pitilla, 9 km south of Santa Cecilia, 700 m elevation, March 1990 (P. Rios, C. Moraga & R. Blanco), no. 177060.
The specimen differs from Panamanian specimens of M. brooksi in that the midbasal projection of sternum 5 is an acute tubercle, not a short transverse lamella suggesting a tubercle. My first reaction was to think it represented a new species, but since its other characters including those of the hidden sterna and genitalia are as in M. brooksi, I think it is that species.
The structure of sternum 5 of the Costa Rican specimen requires a change in couplet 7 of the key to species (Michener, 1986, p. 199); the second alternative should read "S V with short, transverse, median basal lamella or acute tubercle; first flagellomere ..." (italics added).
LITERATURE CITED
Michener, C.D. 1986. A review of the tribes Diphaglossini and Dissoglottini (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 53:183-214.
1 Received and accepted August 19, 2002.
: Entomology Division, Natural History Museum and Entomology Program, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. E-mail: michener@ku.edu.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 55_
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
ACERPENNA SULFUROSUS, COMB. N. (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)1
N. A. Wiersema2
Day (1954) established the species Baetis siilfurosiis Day for a large number of adult male mayflies collected within the region of Sulphur Creek in Sonoma County, California. To date, larvae have yet to be associated. Examination of the holotype and paratype material indicated that this species is more properly placed within the Nearctic genus Acerpenna Waltz & McCafferty [Acerpenna siilfurosiis (Day), comb, n.], not Baetis Leach.
Among North American Baetidae fauna only the species of Acerpenna possess the following combination of features: forewings with double marginal inter- calaries; relatively narrow hindwings, with an undulate costal border and often three longitudinal veins; a male subgenital plate roughly in the form of a conical process (difficult to see in older specimens); and elongate apical segment of the male forceps (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). Acerpenna siilfurosiis is consistent in all features outlined above and is therefore transferred from Baetis to Acer- penna .
Although the reasoning for the above action is essential equivalent to that of McCafferty (1999), the adult type material of A. sulfurosus has been examined, allowing a more comprehensive comparison of this species and that of Acer- penna pygmae a (McDunnough).
I would like to thank W. Pulawski and B. Zuparko (California Academy of Science) for loan of type material.
LITERATURE CITED
Day, W. C. 1954. New Species of California Mayflies in the genus Baetis (Ephemeroptera). Pan- Pacific Entomologist 30:29-34.
McCafferty, W. P. 1999. Acerpenna thermophilos, comb. n. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomo- logical News 110:187-189.
Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species pre- viously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 80:667-670.
1 Received on March 12. 2002. Accepted December 8, 2003.
: MEG, Inc. Consulting Scientists and Engineers, 4807 Spicewood Springs Rd.. Austin. TX 78759. U.S.A. E-mail: Nick.Wiersema@mfgenv.com.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR STAGETUS CONVEXUS WHITE (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE)1
Gianluca Nardi2
Stagetus convexus White, 1975: 181 from Mexico is a junior secondary hom- onym of S. andalusiacus convexus (Pic, 1921: 9) from Algeria (Pic, 1921:g Espanol, 1969), which was described as Theca (Anomotheca) convexa. No syn- onym of Stagetus convexus White is known so, according to the ICZN (1999 Art. 60.3), the following replacement name is proposed for it: Stagetus whitei NEW NAME. Etymology. The replacement name is a patronym for Richard E. White.
LITERATURE CITED
Espanol, F. 1969. Notas sobre Anobidos (Coleoptera). XXXV. - Los Stagetit.s Well, del Mediter- raneo occidental. Eos 44( 1968): 103- 1 19.
ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, I-XXIX + 306 pp.
Pic, M. 1921. Notes diverses, descriptions et diagnoses (Suite.). L'Echange, Revue Linne enne 37(405 ):9- 10.
White, R. E. 1975. Sixteen new neotropical Anobiidae with a new genus and keys (Coleoptera). Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington 77(2): 169-188.
' Received on September 7, 2003 . Accepted on February 3, 2004.
2 Centre Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversita Forestale — Corpo Forestale dello Stato. Strada Mantova 29, 1-46045 Marmirolo (MN), Italy. E-mail: l_nardi@hotmail.com.
Mailed on April 9, 2004
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 57_
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
OTOCRYPTOPS GRACILIS BERKELEYENSIS VERHOEF, 1938, A SYNONYM OF SCOLOPOCRYPTOPS
GRACILIS WOOD, 1862 (CHILOPODA: SCOLOPENDROMORPHAiSCOLOPOCRYPTOPIDAE)1
Rowland M. Shelley2
In my study of the North American scolopendromorph centipede fauna (Shelley 2002), I recognized six species in the genus Scolopocryptops Newport, 1844 (=Otocryptops Haase, 1887), four occurring east of the Central Plains and two west of the Rocky Mountains, primarily along the Pacific Coast. One of the latter, S. gracilis Wood, 1862, consists of three allopatric populations, the largest of which occupies an irregularly shaped area extending from northern California to an unknown distance in Baja California North with an eastward extension through the Mojave Desert into southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona. I placed four species in synonymy under S. gracilis - S. lanatipes Wood, 1862; S. californica Humbert and Saussure, 1870; Anethops occidentals Chamberlin, 1902; and S. tmindus Chamberlin, 191 1 , the last two being new synonymies at that time. While recently reviewing a paper by K. W. Verhoeff (1938) on another mat- ter, I discovered the description of Otocryptops gracilis berkeleyensis that I did not know existed. This account was based on a specimen from Berkeley, Alameda County, California, that was collected by A.E. Michelbacher in May of an un- known year and sent to Verhoeff, who thought it warranted taxonomic recogni- tion. My conclusions about S. gracilis in 2002 were based upon examinations of some 700 individuals in 30 samples, of which 76 individuals and 33 samples were from counties bordering San Francisco Bay, and 17 individuals and 7 samples were from Berkeley itself. I found no evidence of clinal or geographic variation in S. gracilis and no reason to recognize subspecies or geographic races. I there- fore formally place O. g. berkeleyensis in synonymy under S. gracilis (syn. nov.).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I thank R. L. Hoffman for a prepublication review.
LITERATURE CITED
Shelley, R. M. 2002. A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir 5:1-108.
Verhoeff, K. VV. 1938. Chilopoden-Studien. /ur Kenntnis der Epimorphen. Zoologische Jahrbiicher
71:339-388.
' Received on February 18. 2004. Accepted on February 20. 2004.
-'Research Lab.. North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road. Raleigh. NC 27607, U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net.
Mailed on April 9. 2004
58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
BOOK REVIEW
MITES OF GREENHOUSES, IDENTIFICATION, BIOLOGY AND CON- TROL. Zhi-Qiang Zhang. 2003. CAB I Publishing, CAB International, Walling- ford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK. 240 pp. Hardcover. ISBN 085199590X. US$80.00.
Mites are important pests in greenhouses around the world, yet the number of people trained in mite taxonomy is decreasing. Fewer and fewer entomology departments in the USA provide training on mite management. Thus, many pest managers will be given the task of managing mites in green- houses without formal training in the study of mites (acarology).This book thus identifies a real need. According to the preface, this book is "based on a training manual prepared by the author for a 'Short Course on Mites of Greenhouses' .... primarily designed to help students, entomologists, pest control workers, and growers to identify mites that commonly occur on greenhouse crops, although the biol- ogy and control of major mite pests were also covered. The focus of the course on identification was warranted because any successful management of pests starts with the correct diagnosis of pest dam- age and identification of pest species..."
The book is divided into three parts: I. An introduction to greenhouses, crops and mites, mite clas- sification, morphology and biology, methods for collecting, preserving and preparing mites. Part II includes identification, biology and control of pest mites, including spider mites, false spider mites, tarsonemids, eriophyoid mites, acarid mites, and others. Part III covers the identification, biology and application of beneficial mites in biological control, including chapters on phytoseiids, laelapids and other predatory mites. The book includes a glossary and an appendix with information about acaro- logical journals, societies, courses, websites, and an index.
Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the major taxonomic groups of mites, but the line drawings and keys provided require that the student have cleared, slide-mounted specimens to examine under a compound microscope. Many pest managers and growers will be unable to use these keys because they lack the necessary chemicals to process specimens and compound or phase-contrast micro- scopes to see morphological traits. It is only in Chapter 3 that students are told how to collect, pre- serve, and prepare mites for microscopic study. The novice is not told that these keys only work on adults and that key traits may be difficult to discern if the specimens are incorrectly mounted. However, the keys themselves are useful and concise. Chapters 4-9 describe the morphology, biolo- gy, and damage caused by plant-feeding mite families. Each includes an illustrated key to the genera and species found in greenhouses. Without additional training, I doubt a novice could use the keys, although they are concise and useful for somewhat more experienced workers. Similarly, chapters 10- 12 provide information on the morphology, biology and role each beneficial predatory species plays in the control of plant-feeding mites in greenhouses. However, anyone requiring details on how to release, when to release, or how to monitor the effects of such releases won't find this information. Monitoring methods and information on compatible pesticides (or how to determine which pesticides are compatible with natural enemies) are lacking.
This book contains a wealth of information particularly useful for entomologists and students with training in microscopy and monitoring methods. It provides pest managers and growers with a con- cise summary of useful information on mite biology and damage, as well as information on websites with color photos and additional information. It is not, however, an adequate source of information on the "nuts and bolts" of managing mites in greenhouses. The pest manager and grower will need additional training to identify pest mites and to deploy the available mite management tactics in greenhouses.
Marjorie A. Hoy, Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261 1-0620. U.S.A.
E-mail: mahoy@ifas.utl.edu
Mailed on April 9, 2004
Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 59_
BOOK REVIEW
A COLOR HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PLANT PROTEC- TION. Beil Helyer, Kevin Brown, and Nigel D. Cattlin. 2003. Timber Press, Inc. 126 pp. Includes 418 color photos, taxonomic and subject indices, and refer- ences. $39.95 plus shipping and handling, hardcover.
As the authors indicate in the preface, books on the practical use of biological control are uncom- mon and often address the subject in a very general manner. Overall, this is one of the better hand- books covering the use of beneficial organisms in crop production systems. It could be used as a ref- erence guide for consultants, scientists, producers and home gardeners. The color pictures are excel- lent and provide the most complete listing of a wide variety of beneficial organisms. The book is divided into four main sections: crop environments, pest profiles, beneficial arthropod profiles and entomopathogens. One key component of all successful integrated pest management programs is a good understanding of the plant-insect connection. Although the information contained in the crop environment section was informative and broadly addressed this connection, this area could have been addressed in more detail. A minor criticism of this section is that it would be more helpful if the subsections covered were similar. It appears that the authors were attempting to compare the various crop environments (arable, fruit production and protected systems); however, they often went in dif- ferent directions. In addition, the section on practical tips for gardeners was informative but seemed out of place.
The overall arrangement of the book is very good and demonstrates the authors understanding of the need for a practical reference guide. The pest profile section is very well done including a color pest identification guide, description of pest characteristics, cropping systems affected, plant damage symptoms and common biological control agents for each pest group. The main section of this hand- book, beneficial arthropod and entomopathogen profiles, is excellent and makes this a must for any- one interested in applied biological control. It is divided into four areas: species characteristics; life cycles; crop/pest associations; and influences on growing practices. The last section makes this hand- book unique because it summarizes when you can make practical use of natural enemies in an inte- grated system.
In addition to a reference manual. I can see this manual being used for extension training pro- grams for consultants, certified crop advisers, producers and master gardeners. It is reasonably priced and is a must for anyone interested in identification of natural enemies and the development of pro- grams focusing on biological control.
Joanne Whalen
Extension IPM Specialist. Department of Entomology
University of Delaware, Townsend Hall
Newark, Delaware 1 19716-1303. U.S.A.
E-mail: jwhalen@udel.edu
Mailed on April 9. 2004
60
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
BOOK REVIEW
INSECTS REVEALED: MONSTERS OR MARVELS? Jacques de Tonnancour. Translated from the French by Luke Sandford. Foreword by Sue Hubbell. 2002. Cornell University Press, Sage House. 512 E. State Street, Ithaca, NY 14850 United States. 166 pp. Hardcover US$35.00.
At times, scientists are asked why they study a subject with so much passion and determination. One possible answer for entomologists is revealed in the pages of he book Insects Revealed: Monsters or Marvels? This tome showcases the splendor of the insect world, particularly that of the most speciose of them all, coleopterans, and of the most popular, lepidopterans. Whether one con- siders these hexapodans attractive or not, de Tonnancour brings the glory of some of the showiest insects to life through spectacular photography. The prose, translated from French by Sandford, makes reading this work inviting and effortless while extending a gentle challenge to learn about the creepy creatures. Although there are some photos of mounted specimens that remove some of the charm of in situ-Vike imagery, most portrayed insects, whether butterflies or moths with winged rain- bows of colors, scarab or lucanid beetles, the gruesome male warriors, bees of metallic colors, or orthopteroids with deceitful forms and colors, they all stand in a fantastic parade that captures the reader's interest. The book contains numerous stories about insects, in a style reminiscent of Jean- Henri Fabre, the great French naturalist of late 19th early 20th century. Some of the topics covered in the book include: insects and humans (Chapters 1 and 2); morphology (Chapter 5); ecology (Chapters 9-10), including an example of a "carnivorous" plant, Nepenthes, defenses, including mim- icry (Chapter 12). The author also interweaves remarks on life histories, biological control, sexual selection, biogeography, conservation biology, etc. De Tonnancour beautifully embroiders a wide range of entomological topics with his images, yet some of the information could have been improved with ease by consulting major serials or journals that review entomology regularly (e.g. Annual Review of Entomology, Annual Review of Ecologv and Systematics, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, and others). Also, the reader may have learned more if the author would have included ref- erences to review papers, an index, and an expanded glossary, for the benefit of those eager to learn more about these Lilliputians, as well as some photo - or electron micrographs - to add another layer of beauty. We enjoy and applaud the author's efforts of highlighting insects' appeal to the uninitiat- ed through extraordinary imagery and simple prose. Judging from some of their colossal scientific names behind these generally small creatures, a reader could suspect that each species holds a large stand of equal importance in the world. However, the readers are kept engaged by the interesting nar- ratives of the lives of these creatures throughout 160 pages of text. While there are a few obvious mistakes, perhaps due to occasional oversimplification, and a remarkable paucity of information on topics, such as: genetics and genetic manipulations of insects, speciation, systematics, applied ento- mology, physiology, and paleoentomology, to name a few, we savored this book with gusto. For this relatively inexpensive volume on this subject (by current standards for a well constructed, hard cover book, printed on glossy paper), we consider it a good value, an elegant addition to a book collection, and a delicious liors d'oeuvre inviting readers to devour more knowledge about the insect world.
Lester Humberto Outline Montgomery College Rockville, Maryland 20850, U.S.A. E-mail: lestercito@hotmail.com
Jorge Alberto Santiago-Blay
National Museum of Natural History,
Paleobiology
Washington. District of Columbia 20560. U.S.A.
E-mail: santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu
Mailed on April 9, 2004
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LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY SOCIETY1
Dear Entomological News subscriber:
The American Entomological Society is delighted to resume publication of our journal, Entomological News. We are also pleased to announce that we have a new Editor, Dr. Jorge Santiago-Blay, and a new Business Manager, Dr. Faith Kuehn. Dr. Santiago-Blay is a Research Associate with the Departments of Paleobiology and Entomology at the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) in Washington, DC. Dr. Kuehn is the Director of Plant Industries in the Delaware Department of Agriculture.
We regret that we were unable to publish Entomological News during 2003 . It is our intention to publish five issues of Entomological News with the volume number 1 14 and the year 2003 on each issue. Then we will begin volume num- ber 115 with the year 2004 on each issue. We hope to quickly "catch up." Each paper will have the date of submission, acceptance, and publication printed on the first page of that paper.
We appreciate the loyal subscribers and authors who have supported us dur- ing this difficult period. Thank you.
Sincerely,
Susan Whitney King
President,
American Entomological Society
Mailed on April 9. 2004
Vol. 114
USISSN 0013-872X MARCH & APRIL 2003 No. 2
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
"7 ^ > ninished food resources are associated with delayed reproduction or ^0 O / ncreased post-reproductive mortality in brood-bearing terrestrial
sopods Armadillum vulgare Latreille Scott L. Kight and Anaiseh Hashemi 61
Description of larva and new host plants for Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Argentina
Maria S. Loidcono, Adriana E. Marvaldi, and Analia A. Lanteri 69
A key to the genus Phaedon (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from China and
the description of a new species Si-qin Ge, Xlng-ke Vang, and Jun-zhi Cui 75
Notes on Mexican Psilopyga and Oxycnemus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia
81
New Conopidae from the Neotropical region
Sidney Camras 86
Two additional state records of F, male interspecific hybrids Limenitis (Basilarchia) spp. from "rubidus" Strecker (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for the U.S.A. Austin P. Plan and E. Thomas McClanahan 91
Cirrospilus neotropicus sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): An indigenous biocontrol agent of the Citrus Leafminer, Phylocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Argentina Patricia A. Diez and Patricia Fidalgo 98
Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in northeastern United States alfalfa, and the need for research on other crops
W. H. Day, A. T. Eaton, R. F. Romig, K. J. Tilmon, M. Mayer, and T. Dorsey 105
Ditching at sea: Predator avoidance by the Atlantic marine shoreline tiger beetle, Cicindela marginata F. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Foster Forbes Purrington 113
SCIENTIFIC NOTE:
First Nearctic Records of Tempisquitoneura (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from Arizona, U.S.A.
Gary T. Lester, Brian J. Krestian, and John H. Epler 117
BOOK REVIEW:
Natural Enemies. An introduction to biological control by Ann Hajek
Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 120
SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 23, 2003 Jon Gelhaus
Back Cover
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
MAILED ON JUNE 23, 2004
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0
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Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 6_1_
vJl f 2 2004
DIMINISHED FOOD RESOURCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DELAYED REPRODUCTION OR INCREASED
POST-REPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY IN
BROOD-BEARING TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS
ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE LATREILLE1
Scott L. Right2 and Anaiseh Hashemi'
ABSTRACT: Female terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) carry eggs and early instars in a ven- tral brood pouch. We investigated reproductive expenditure of female Armadillidium vulgare Latreille under the condition of restricted food resources. Regardless of food availability, few cases of spontaneous termination of care were observed and most gravid females either successfully pro- duced offspring or died while still bearing eggs. There were no differences in pre-hatching maternal mortality between food-restricted and non-restricted groups, but females exhibited significantly high- er post-reproductive mortality when food availability was heavily reduced after oogenesis. This did not occur when food was restricted prior to oogenesis, but in this case females delayed the onset of reproduction. An association between mortality and past reproduction was further supported by high laboratory mortality, regardless of food availability, in non-gravid females field-captured late in the reproductive season. Maternal investment in A. vulgare thus appears to be energetically expensive. Despite the ability to terminate care, however, females continue to invest heavily in reproduction even when resources are scarce and the likelihood of mortality is high.
KEY WORDS: Armadillwn vulgare, Isopoda, diminished food resources, delayed reproduction, post-reproductive mortality, brood-rearing.
The evolutionary significance of arthropod parental care has been reviewed elsewhere (Tallamy 1984; Tallamy and Wood 1986; Kaitala and Mappes 1992), but studies of the phenomenon are generally limited to the Insecta where it has independently evolved in several taxa. Subsocial behavior, however, also evolved in the Crustacea and can be readily observed in the terrestrial Isopoda (e.g. Linsenmair 1987). Unlike the majority of subsocial insects, which general- ly brood eggs deposited on external surfaces, a female terrestrial isopod bears eggs and early-instar young (manca) in a ventral marsupium (a fluid-filled pouch formed by oostegites on the ventral pereon). This places a number of unique con- straints upon the reproductive success of female terrestrial isopods, including physical demands on locomotion (Kight and Ozga 2001) and spatial limits on fecundity (Tomescu et al. 1992; Dangerfield and Telford 1995).
Because reproductive success is constrained by egg-bearing, terrestrial isopods may have evolved behavioral or physiological plasticity in the face of changing environmental conditions. To optimize reproductive success, female isopods should alter the magnitude of parental investment depending on the availability of resources such as food and favorable habitats. For example. Rush- ton and Hassall (1983) observed that female Annadillulinm vulgare Latreille
1 Received on September 16, 2002. Accepted on December 1 1 . 2003.
-'Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043, U.S.A. E-mail: kights@mail.montclair.edu.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 114 (2): 61 . March & April 2003 Mailed on June 23, 2004
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
reared on different food sources exhibited differences in fecundity. Isopod fecun- dity can also be negatively affected by competition among individuals for limit- ed resources (Hassall and Dangerfield 1997).
The present study examines the reproductive biology of female A. vulgare under limited food resources. We first investigate the spontaneous termination of care and patterns of mortality in food-restricted females during the first repro- ductive episode of the season (reproduction is seasonal in temperate climates (Souty-Grosset et al. 1998). Gravid females may respond to food restriction in three possible ways: an increase of parental investment in the face of diminished resources, reduction (including termination) of investment, or no change in pat- terns of investment at all.
We next examine post-reproductive responses to food stress in females cap- tured at the end of the reproductive season. Three alternative hypotheses may again be considered. If the act of brood bearing places burdens on maternal ex- penditure only in the short-term, post-reproductive, food-restricted females should have lower mortality than reproductive food-restricted females. Alterna- tively, if brood bearing reduces long-term residual reproductive potential, post- reproductive, food-restricted females are expected to suffer similar or even great- er mortality than gravid food-restricted females. Finally, brood bearing may have no effect on mortality and post-reproductive females should not differ from reproductive females.
Finally, we test the hypothesis that females exposed to food stress prior to the first reproductive episode will respond differently than females stressed only after oogenesis. If limited food resources constrain oogenesis and the onset of re- production, pre-reproductive females should reduce or delay investment. There are two additional alternatives: food-restricted, pre-reproductive females could increase investment (although this seems unlikely) or exhibit unaltered patterns of reproductive allocation.
METHODS I FOOD RESTRICTION DURING THE BROODING PHASE
Armadillidium vulgare Latreille were hand-collected twice during the repro- ductive season of 2001 in Essex County, New Jersey, USA. The first sample was taken during early May, whereas the second sample was obtained in late August. Animals were collected from the same location in both cases and therefore our samples are presumed to be from a single population. Collected animals were returned to the laboratory and maintained at 21°C and a 15L:9D light/dark photocycle in ventilated plastic enclosures containing moist cellulose sponge and carrots administered ad libitum.
Upon evidence of egg-bearing (determined by visual inspection), females in the May sample were isolated in individual Drosophila culture vials and divided into three treatment groups by matched triads according to estimated body size. Control females were provided unlimited access to carrots throughout the exper-
Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 63_
iment. The second group was moderately food restricted by a feeding cycle in which carrots were provided for four consecutive days followed by removal of food for two days. The third group was heavily food restricted by a feeding cycle in which carrots were provided for two consecutive days followed by removal of food for four days. Each treatment group contained 30 females and was moni- tored for 17 days. During this period females were examined daily for either the continued presence of eggs, the occurrence of spontaneous termination of care, or the death of the subject.
Females from the August sample did not reproduce in the laboratory. Specimens were isolated into individual Drosophila culture vials and divided into two treatment groups by matched pairs according to estimated body size. Control females were provided unlimited access to carrots while the second group was heavily food restricted as described. Each treatment group contained 30 females examined daily for mortality over a period of 17 days.
RESULTS I FOOD RESTRICTION DURING THE BROODING PHASE
Data were analyzed following Gravetter and Wallnau (1988) using Statistix v.2.0 statistical software with a = 0.05.
Few cases of spontaneous termination of care were observed, regardless of experimental treatment. Three control females, two moderately restricted and five heavily restricted females changed from an obvious gravid state to a non- gravid state over the course of the study (N = 90, x2 = 1 .575, DF = 2, P = 0.4550). In most cases the mechanism of termination was unknown, although we occa- sionally observed terminating females with eggs protruding from the marsupium and in some cases even feeding upon the eggs.
In the remaining reproductive females there were no differences among treat- ment groups in pre-hatching maternal mortality. Two control females, four mod- erately restricted and six heavily restricted females died without hatching young (N = 80, x2 = 2.820, DF = 2, P = 0.2441). There was, however, significantly higher post-reproductive mortality in the heavily restricted treatment group (Fig. 1) during the observation period (N = 68, x2 = 15.67, DF = 2, P = 0.0004). Fifteen heavily restricted females died shortly after the appearance of offspring, whereas this occurred in only 6 control and 7 moderately restricted females.
Mortality was also high in the presumably post-reproductive females cap- tured in August. There were, however, no differences between the two late-sea- son, treatment groups: 17 control females and 23 food-restricted females died during the study period (N =60, x2 = 2.70, DF = 1 , P = 0.1000). While the late- season, food-restricted females did not differ from early-season reproductive food-restricted females in overall mortality (N = 60, x2 = 0.34, DF = 1, P = 0.5000), overall mortality was significantly higher in late-season controls than in early-season reproductive controls (N = 60, x2 = 5.55, DF = 1 , P = 0.0200).
64
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
t:
o
a
pre-hatch post-hatch
Control Moderate
Food Restriction
Heavy
Figure 1. Percent pre-hatching (clear bars) and post-hatching (black bars) mortality in unrestricted (control) and moderately/heavily food-restricted reproductive females. Numbers over bars are frequency/total for each group.
METHODS II: PRE-REPRODUCTIVE FOOD RESTRICTION
The previous experiments were characterized by two patterns. First, heavy food restriction during reproduction was associated with high maternal mortali- ty following the appearance of offspring. Second, females that presumably repro- duced at least once suffered high mortality even when food was plentiful. It seems unrealistic, however, that food resources would suddenly disappear under natural conditions. Hence a more biologically meaningful experiment would involve food restriction prior to the onset of reproduction.
A. vulgare were again hand-collected in early May of 2002 in Essex County, New Jersey, USA. Pre-experimental treatment of animals was identical to that of the previous year with the following exceptions. First, only two experimental groups were constructed: control females with unlimited access to carrots throughout the experiment and heavily food-restricted females treated with a feeding cycle of two days access to food followed by four days without food. Second, food-restricted females were placed on this feeding cycle immediately after capture. Hence these females experienced diminished food resources prior to the first reproductive episode of the season.
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & Apnl 2003
We collected 106 females and divided them into the two treatment groups by matched pairs according to estimated body size. Upon evidence of egg bearing (determined by visual inspection), females were isolated into individual Drosophila culture vials. Females were examined daily for the continued pres- ence of eggs, the occurrence of spontaneous termination of care, or the death of the subject. We also estimated fecundity as the number of young to emerge from the marsupium in successful females. Observations ended 43 days after the experiment began, when all females that reproduced had either successfully hatched young or died prior to hatching.
RESULTS II PRE-REPRODUCTIVE FOOD RESTRICTION
There were no differences in the occurrence of oogenesis between treatment groups. Of the 53 control females. 28 became gravid, whereas 21 of 53 food- restricted females became gravid (N = 106. x 2 = 1.86. DF = 1. P = 0.1727). There were also no differences in pre-hatching or post-hatching maternal mor- tality. Seven control and three restricted females died without hatching young (N = 49. x 2 = 0.85. DF = 1. P = 0.3571) and nine control and seven restricted females died after the young hatched (N = 39. x 2 = 0.06. DF = 1 . P = 0.8017). There were also no differences observed in fecundity, with control females pro- ducing an average of 20.19 hatched offspring (SE = 2.107) and restricted females producing an average of 20.28 (SE = 2.181) (T-test. N = 49. T = 0.03. P = 0.9773).
There was a statistical trend, however, for control females to initiate repro- duction earlier than food-restricted females (Fig. 2). Control females became vis- ibly gravid after an average of 9.79 days (SE = 1.713). while this occurred in food-restricted females after an average of 14.81 days (SE = 2.374) (T-test. N = 49. T= 1 . 76. P = 0.0846).
DISCUSSION
Perhaps the most interesting outcome of this study was that while females appeared capable of terminating post-embryonic maternal investment, they only did so with low frequency and without obvious pattern. In several insect tu\u. spontaneous termination of care is an active reproductive strategy (Coleoptera: Silphidae. Scott and Gladstein 1993: Heteroptera: Cydnidae. Right 1997: Hete- roptera: Belostomatidae. Kight et al. 2000). In the present study, however, only a few cases of reversal from gravid to non-gravid condition were observed in all treatment groups, regardless of food availability. This might be expected if most females were nearing senescence. However, this seems unlikely because terrestri- al isopods survive and reproduce across multiple years and samples most likely contained females from a range of ages and reproductive histories. We must there- fore conclude that either active termination of care has not evolved as a repro- ductive strategy in A. vulgare, or that diminished food resources are insufficient
66
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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Figure 2. Average time (days) between capture and oogenesis in unrestricted (control) and heavily food-restricted reproductive females. Error bars represent standard error on the mean.
to elicit the response. The latter might be expected if food resources are rarely limited under natural conditions, but we have no data to address this hypothesis.
The most obvious effect of food restriction was seen in the relatively high post-reproductive mortality of females that were heavily food-restricted after oogenesis. Rather than terminate investment in the face of diminished resources, these females appeared to expend reserves that might otherwise have been used for post-reproductive maintenance and survival.
It is interesting that late-season females exhibited high mortality rates regard- less of food availability. These females had presumably reproduced at least once prior to capture, and perhaps multiple times. Souty-Grosset et al. (1988) ob- served three parturial molts in some populations of A. vulgare. Late-season fe- males may therefore have had low reserves for somatic maintenance and sur- vival. This hypothesis is supported by the low overall mortality of early-season reproductive controls relative to late-season controls. It should be noted, howev- er, that this difference is also consistent with age-related increases in mortality. These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses and could potentially have an addi- tive effect on mortality.
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 67_
In contrast, when food restriction was applied prior to oogenesis the overall mortality of food-restricted females diminished to a level not different from reproductive controls. This could be an adaptive outcome of the delay with which food-restricted females began reproduction. For example, females facing diminished resources may have physiologically adapted or behaviorally com- pensated prior to oogenesis, either by eating more food when it was available, producing smaller eggs, etc. Although our data do not address these hypotheses, we may reasonably rule out an adjustment in fecundity, which was not different between treatment groups at the time of offspring dispersal.
The tendency of food-restricted females to delay oogenesis, which we discov- ered only after the experiment ended, exposed an experimental design difficulty for the second year of the study. Because restricted females delayed reproduc- tion, the portion of the observation period in which they were classified as post- reproductive was shorter than that of control females. This may have inflated the measure of post-reproductive mortality in control females. The alternative would have been to observe all females for some standard length of time after the hatch- ing of young, but this could have inflated the measure of post-reproductive mor- tality in food-restricted females because they would have been older. Hence we must caution that our data provide a very conservative estimate of post-repro- ductive mortality in females that are food restricted prior to oogenesis.
We may reasonably conclude that brood bearing in female A. vulgare is ener- getically expensive. This expense appears to be met through increased post- reproductive mortality when food resources are limited after oogenesis or in delayed reproduction when food is scarce prior to oogenesis. Although active ter- mination of care does not appear to be an important part of reproductive behav- ior in this species, reduced mortality suggests that delaying reproduction may be an effective strategy for maximizing reproductive success when food resources are limited.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by a National Science Foundation CCLI award to SLK. Further sup- port was provided by a Montclair State University FSIP award to SLK.
LITERATURE CITED
Dangerfield, J. M. and S. R. Telford. 1995. Tactics of reproduction and reproductive allocation in four species of woodlice from southern Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1 1:641-649.
Gravetter, F. J. and L. B. Wallnau. 1988. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition. West Publishing Company. New York. 455 pp.
Hassall, M. and J. M. Dangerfield. 1997. The population dynamics of a woodlouse, Armadilli- dium vulgare: An example of biotic compensatory mechanisms amongst terrestrial macrodecom- posers? Pedobiologia 41:342-360.
68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Kaitala, A. and J. Mappes. 1992. Evolution of parental care in insects. Luonnon Tutkija 96:158- 162.
Kight, S. L. 1997. Factors influencing maternal behavior in a burrower bug, Sehirus cinctus (Hete- roptera: Cydnidae). Animal Behavior 53:105-112.
Kight, S. L., M. Batino, and Z. Zhang. 2000. Temperature-dependent parental investment in the giant waterbug,Belostomaflitmineum (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae). Annals of the Entomologi- cal Society of America 93:340-342.
Kight, S. L. and M. Ozga. 2001. Costs of reproduction in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis Latreille (Isopoda: Oniscidea): Brood-bearing and locomotion. Journal of the Kansas Entomolog- ical Society 74:166-171.
Linsenmair, K. E. 1987. Kin recognition in subsocial arthropods, in particular in the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaitmuri. pp!21-208. In, Kin Recognition in Animals. D. J. C. Fletcher and C. D. Michener, Editors. John Wiley. Chichester, New York. 476 pp
Rushton, S. P. and M. Hassall. 1983. The effects of food quality on the life history parameters of the terrestrial isopod (Armadillidium vulgare). Oecologia 57:257-261.
Scott, M. P. and D. S. Gladstein. 1993. Calculating males? An empirical and theoretical examina- tion of the duration of paternal care in burying beetles. Evolutionary Ecology 7:362-378.
Souty-Grosset, C., A. Chentoufi, J. P. Mocquard, and P. Juchault. 1988. Seasonal reproduction in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille): Geographical variability and genetic control of the response to photoperiod and temperature. International Journal of Invertebrate Re- production and Development 14: 13 1-152.
Souty-Grosset, C., K. Nasri, J. P. Mocquard, and P. Juchault. 1998. Individual variation in the seasonal reproduction of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latr. (Crustacea, Onis- cidea). Acta Oecologica 19:367-375.
Tallamy, D. W. 1984. Insect parental care. Bioscience 34:20-24.
Tallamy, D. W. and T. K. Wood. 1986. Convergence patterns in subsocial insects. Annual Review of Entomology 31:369-390.
Tomescu, N., S. Accola, and C. Berciu. 1992. Reproduction of terrestrial isopods of Cheile Turzii natural reservation (Romania). Studia Universitatia Babes-Bolyai 37:39-45.
Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 69
DESCRIPTION OF LARVA AND NEW HOST PLANTS
FOR ANTHONOMUS RUBRICOSUS BOHEMAN (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN ARGENTINA1
Marta S. Loiacono,2 Adriana E. Marvaldi,' and Anali'a A. Lanterr
ABSTRACT: The main purposes of this paper are to describe the larva of Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman (Curculionidae: Anthonomini) and to provide new information on its host plants. The species is similar to Anthonomus vestinis Boheman, based on the presence of four epipharyngeal sen- silla arranged in a single cluster and the labial palpus one-segmented. It differs by its smaller body size (about 2 mm), basal segment of maxillary palpus shorter than apical segment, and premental sclerite with posterior extension shorter than anteromedian extension. Teneral adults, larvae and a pupal exuvia of A. rubricosus, the latter along with a parasitoid (Pteromalidae), were found inside flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and fruits of Pavonia sp. (Malvaceae), in Misiones Province, Ar- gentina.
KEYWORDS: Anthonomus rubricosus, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, larva, host plants, Argentina.
As a consequence of a survey of alternative host plants of Anthonomus gran- dis Boheman in Misiones Province, Argentina, we have found weevil larvae inside flowers, flower buds and fruits of two species of Malvaceae. Based on as- sociation with teneral adult specimens, some of these larvae were assigned to Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman, a species recorded as harmful to cotton in Ar- gentina and Brazil (Bosq 1943, Silva et al. 1968, Lanteri et al. 2002). The main purposes of this paper are to describe the larva of Anthonomus rubricosus and to provide new information on its host plants.
METHODS
Field work to collect Malvaceae that would serve as alternate hosts of weevils harmful to cotton, was done in Misiones Province, Departments of Iguazii, Eldo- rado, San Ignacio and San Javier, along the Parana and Uruguay rivers, during February 2001. Several samples of the following species were examined: Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Pavonia sepium St. Hil., Pavonia sp., Pseudabutilon sp., Sida rhombifolia L., Sida spinosa L., Hibiscus mutabilis L., H. rosasinensis L., H. schizopetalus Hook.f., H. syriacus L. and Hibiscus sp. Samples of reproductive structures of these plants were dissected under a stereo- scopic microscope to look for weevil specimens inside.
Techniques for preservation, dissection and illustration of the larva, follow May (1977, 1979, 1993). The terminology used in the description is according to Marvaldi (1999). Drawings were done with a camera lucida adapted to a com- pound microscope. Adult voucher specimens and larvae (slide mounted) are
1 Received on August 28, 2002. Accepted on Februray 4, 2004.
-'Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mail: loiacono@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu .ar; alanteri@museo.fcnym. unlp.edu .ar.
'Institute Argentine de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas (IADIZA-CRICYT), C. C. 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina. E-mail: marvaldi@lab.cricyt.edu.ar.
Mailed on June 23, 2004
70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
deposited at the entomological collection of the Museo de La Plata (MLP). Teneral adults taken from reproductive structures of Malvaceae, along with lar- vae, were identified by comparison with adult specimens of A. rubricosus housed at the MLP collection.
RESULTS
Several weevil larvae were found inside reproductive structures of two species of Malvaceae from Misiones Province. Larvae about 5 mm long, collected inside fruits of Malvastrum coromandelianum and Pseudabutilon sp., in Eldorado and San Javier Departments, were assigned to Curculioninae in the broad sense (Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal 1999) but in the absence of associated adults it was not possible to identify them further. They do not belong to Anthonornus grandis, neither can they be assigned to the tribe Anthonomini, since they have a frontal seta 2 present, six epipharingeal sensilla arranged in two clusters of three sensil- la in each, and a terminal anus.
Small larvae (about 2. mm long) along with teneral adults, found inside flow- ers of Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and fruits of Pavonia sp, in Iguazii Department, were identified as Anthonornus rubricosus Boheman (Fig. 1).
A partially destroyed exuvia of one pupa was collected along with one female of Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea, inside fruits of Pavonia sp., in Teyii Cuare, San Ignacio Department, 15-02-2001. This exuvia apparently belongs to A. rubrico- sus, and we believe that the pupa was killed by the parasitoid.
Taxonomic information on Anthonornus rubricosus Boheman
Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman 1859 (= A. campinas Marshall 1938) is probably related to A. vestitus Boheman, distributed in Peru and Ecuador, and to other members of the genus assigned to the squarnosus group of Dietz, such as A. bisinuatus Burke & Cross, from Colombia, and A. testaceosquamosus Linell, from southern Texas and northeastern Mexico (Burke & Cross 1966, Ahmad & Burke 1972). All these species have Malvaceae as hosts. Anthonomus grandis and other members of the grandis group also have several Malvaceae as hosts (Burke & Gate 1983, Burke et al. 1984; Jones & Burke 1997), but are probably less closely related to A. rubricosus (Clark pers. com.). A redescription of A. ru- bricosus based on adult characters is needed, but we consider that it would be better to do that in the context of a taxonomic revision of the genus Anthonomus.
Geographic range. Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Within Argentina, A. rubri- cosus is distributed throughout the provinces of Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucuman.
Host plants. Weevils of the tribe Anthonomini are first grade oligophagous, regarding host selection. The hosts of each of the weevil species are confined to a single plant family and sometimes to one plant genus (Burke 1976). The know- ledge of plant associations is very important to clarify the phylogenetic relation- ships within the tribe and to predict which species could be harmful for crops (Lanteri etal. 2002).
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Fig. 1. Teneral adult of Anthonomus rubricosus inside a flower bud of Hibiscus rosasi- nensis (Malvaceae).
Previously, the known hosts for A. rubricosus in Argentina were Sphaeralcea sp. and Gossypium hirsutum L. (Lanteri et al. 2002). Herein we add Pavonia sp. and Hibiscus rosasinensis L. This weevil has caused severe damage to young cotton plants in Chaco, Argentina (Bosq 1943, Denier 1939), and Sao Paulo, Bra- zil (Silva et al. 1968).
Species related to A. rubricosus and their known host-plants are as follows: 1) Anthonomus vestitus: Gossypium raimondii Ulbr., Gossypium hirsutum L., Cienfuegosia heterophylla Garcke, Hibiscus rosasinensis L., Althea rosea (L.) Cav., and Sida paniculata L.; 2) Anthonomus bisinuatus: Hibiscus sp. and Gos- sypium hirsutum L.; 3) Anthonomus testaceosquamosus: Hibiscus, Sida, Abuti- lon, and Pseudabutilon, but this species does not attack cotton (Burke & Cross
1966, Ahmad & Burke 1972).
Material examined. ARGENTINA: Corrientes: 08-1934 (1 MLP); San Roquc. 02-1920 (7 MLP); Colonia San Antonio, Dep. San Miguel, 2002, 10 ex. collected on pheromone trap close to cotton fields. Entre Rios: Concordia, 02- 1996 (3 MLP). Misiones: Pindapoy, 10-1935 (1 MLP); Loreto, 04-1996 (7 MLP); Puerto Libertad, Dep. Iguazii, 12-02-2001, 1 teneral adult, in flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis L.; Destacamento Ecolacustre Lago Uruguaf, 12-02-2001 , 1 teneral adult along with larvae, in fruits of Pavonia sp. Chaco: Resistencia (1 MLP). Salta: Oran, 09-1939 (1 MLP).
Mature larva of Anthonomus rubricosus
Body length 1.5-2.0 mm. Head width 0.5 mm. Head capsule subcircular; stemmata (ocelli) pig- mented before clearing with KOH. anterior stemina black, conspicuous, with convex cornea, poste- rior stemma hardly distinct, as small brown spot. Antenna (Fig. 2) with basal article bearing elongate- conical sensorium and six minute sensorial structures, one rounded and five elongate (one distinctly longer than others). Endocarina (Fig. 2) about 2/3 as long as Irons. Frontal seta 1 and 3 very short, setae 4 and 5 long, subequal (Fig. 2). Dorsal epicranial seta 1 slightly longer than seta 2, setae 3 and
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 2-4. Larva of Anthonomus rubricosus. 2) Clypeus, labrum and frontal area of head, dorsal; 3) epipharynx; 4) mandible. Scales = 0.1 mm.
5 longer than the others, seta 4 minute; dorsal epicranial seta 3 located closer to frontal line than seta 1. Lateral epicranial seta 1 about 1/2 as long as 2. Clypeal setae short, close to anterior margin of frons (Fig. 2). Labral setae 1 and 2 subequal in length, seta 3 short, less than 1/3 as long as seta 2 (Fig. 2). Epipharynx (Fig. 3) with three anterolateral setae on each side; four epipharyngeal sensilla (sensory pores) arranged in single median cluster; labral rods subparallel, slightly converging poste- riorly, not reaching base of clypeus. Mandibular setae 1 and 2 subequal, longitudinally placed, well separated at base (Fig. 4). Maxilla (Figs. 5, 6) with six dorsal and five ventral malar setae: maxillary
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003
73
palpus with basal segment shorter than apical. Labium (Fig. 5) with one-segmented palpus; premen- tal sclerite with posterior extension shorter than anterior; postmental setae 1 and 3 short, subequal; seta 2 more than four times longer than others. Thoracic and abdominal spiracles with airtubes seven- annulated. Prothorax with two pleural setae. Meso- and metathorax with one epipleural and one pleu- ral seta; postdorsal setae 1 and 3 longer than setae 2 and 4. Abdominal segment IX with pleural areas not projecting and with short sternal setae.
Materials examined. Argentina, Misiones, Dto. Iguazu. Destacamento Ecolacustre Lago Uruguaf, 12-02-2001 , in fruits of Pavonia sp., 2 ex. Larvae were identified based on their association with adult specimens found on the same hosts and inside the same reproductive structures.
Comparative notes. Based on larval characters, A. rubricosus is close to A. vestitus. Both species have frontal setae 1 and 3 very short, four epipharyngeal sensilla arranged in a single cluster and the labial palpus one-segmented. In the key of Ahmad and Burke (1972), they key out together, except for their different sizes (the former species is about 2 mm and the latter, 4.1 - 5.5 mm). They also differ in the characters of the maxillary palpus and premental sclerite. In A. rubricosus the basal segment of the maxillary palpus is shorter than the apical segment, and the posterior extension of the premental sclerite is shorter than the anteromedian extension. In A. vestitus, the basal segment of the maxillary palpus is slightly longer than the apical segment, and the posterior extension of the pre- mental sclerite is longer than the anteromedian extension.
Figs. 5-6. Larva of Anthonomiis rubricosus. 5) Maxilla and lahium, ventral; 6) maxilla, dorsal. Scales = 0.1 mm.
74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express special thanks to the graduate students Isabel Barrios, Flavio Moschione and Mariana Demaria for their contributions in the collection and identification of Malvaceae; to Cecilia Margaria for her help in the dissection of reproductive structures of plants in order to find weevils, and to spe- cialists Horace Burke and Wayne Clark for their helpful comments and assistance with the bibliog- raphy. The financial support of the "Integrated pest management Project of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay" (CFC-ICAC) is acknowledged, as well as the support of CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas) from Argentina.
LITERATURE CITED
Ahmad, M. and H. Burke. 1972. Larvae of the weevil tribe Anthonomini (Coleoptera: Curculio- nidae). Miscellaneous Publications. Entomological Society of America. 8(2): 31-81 .
Alonso-Zarazaga, M. and C. H. C. Lyal. 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Entomopraxis S. C. P. 315 pp.
Boheman, C. H. 1859. Coleoptera. Species novas descripsit. In: Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eu- genies resa omkring Jorden under befa'l af C. A. Virgin aren 1851-1853.Vetenskapliga iakttagelser Pa H. Maj:t Konung Oscar den Forstes befallning utgifna af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm. Zoologi. III. Insekter, pp. 113-217, illus.
Bosq, J. M. 1943. Segunda lista de Coleopteros argentinos daninos a la agricultura. Minist. Agric. Nacion. Dir. Sanidad Vegetal, Buenos Aires, 80 pags.
Burke, H. R. 1976. Bionomics of the anthonomine weevils. Annual Review of Entomology. 21: 283-303.
Burke, H. R. and J. R. Cate. 1983. Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Anthonomus hunteri and comparison with Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Society of Washington 85(3): 456-562.
Burke, H. R. and W. H. Cross. 1966. A New Species of Anthonomus attacking cotton in Colombia, with a review of the taxonomy of Anthonomus vestitus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 59(5): 924-931.
Burke, H.R., W.E.Clark, and W. H. Cross. 1984. Larvae and pupae of the Anthonomus subgenus Anthonomorphus Dietz, A. grandis Boheman and A. hunteri Burke and Cate (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Southwestern Entomologist 9( 1 ): 84-90.
Denier, P. 1939. Lista de los artropodos daninos o litiles a los algodonales argentinos. Physis 17:
553-567.
Jones, R. W. and H. R. Burke. 1997. New species and host plants of the Anthonomus grandis species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington. 99(4): 705-719.
Lanteri, A. A., A. E. Marvaldi, and S. M. Suarez. 2002. Gorgojos de la Argentina y sus plantas huespedes. Tomo I: Apionidae y Curculionidae. Publicacion Especial de la Soc. Entomol Argent. N° 1,98 pags.
Marshall, G. A. 1938. New injurious Curculionidae (Col.). Bulletin of Entomological Research 29(1): 1-8, Illus.
Marvaldi, A. E. 1999. Morfologia larval en Curculionidae. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 45(1): 7-24.
May, B. M. 1977. Immature stages of Curculionidae: Larvae of the soil-dwelling weevils of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 7: 189-228.
May, B. M. 1979. A technique for dissecting head capsules of small coleopterous larvae. The New Zealand Entomologist 7: 99.
May, B. M. 1993. Fauna of New Zealand. Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a sys- tematic overview. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand N" 28, 226 pp.
Silva, A. G. D'A., C. R. Conceives, D. Monteiro Galvao, A. J. L. Conceives, J. Gomes, M. Do Nacimento Silva, and L. De Simoni. 1968. Quarto Catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plan- tas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores. Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento de Defesa e Inspecao Agropecuaria, Servic.o de Defesa Sanitaria Vegetal, Laboratorio Central de Patologfa Vegetal. Rio de Janeiro, GB, Brasil, 622 pp.
Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 75_
A KEY TO THE GENUS PHAEDON (COLEOPTERA:
CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOMELINAE) FROM CHINA
AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES'
Si-qin Ge,2 Xing-ke Yang,2 and Jun-zhi Cui
Abstract: A key to all 16 Chinese species of Phaedon Latreille is provided with a description of P. fulgida sp. nov., from Guizhou, China. The new species is similar to Phaedon cuprea Wang, 1992 differing primarily in the presence of punctures on the pronotum and in aedeagus morphology. Type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China.
KEY WORDS: Phaedon, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae. China, new species.
Phaedon was erected in 1829 by Latreille. Chapuis (1874) treated the three genera, Alitene, Orthosticha, Emmertrus, as synonyms of Phaedon. The genus Phaedon currently includes about 75 species worldwide, 33 of which occur in Asia, 3 species in Europe, 13 species in North America, 23 species in South America, 1 species in Africa and 2 species in Australia. The bulk of the species occur between 60°N and 50°S in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Species inhabit the farmlands of plains up to alpine meadows. For example, P. alpina Ge et Wang, occurs at 4,700m which is the highest altitude recorded for this genus.
Some species of Phaedon are of economic importance. For example, the low- land species, P. brassicae Baly mainly feeds on cabbage, radish, shepherd's- purse, carrot, shallot, lettuce and other similar crops. P. annoraciae Linnaeus mainly feed on Armoracia. The two species are important pests in China. P.ful- vicornis Chen mainly feeds on Rubus. Furthermore, P. alticola Chen, a montane species, feeds on Ranunculus tricuspis and Lanccea.
The genus Phaedon was first studied in China during 1934 by the late Prof. Chen Sicien who redescribed two species, P. annoraciae Linnaeus and P. bras- sicae Baly in that year. Subsequently 12 new species were described by Chen (1936, 1974, 1984), Wang (1984, 1992a, 1992b, 1997) and Gressitt and Kimoto (1963). Most recently, Ge etal. (2002) described three new species. In this paper, we give a key for all the Chinese species and describe a new species from Guizhou, China.
Systematics Genus Phaedon Latreille
Phaedon Latreille, 1829, In Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, 5: 151.
Alitene Gistl, 1857, Vacuna, 2: 530.
Orthosticha Motschulsky, I860. Schrenck's Reisen Amurl., 2: 196. (Type species: Plagiodera bonar-
iense Sahlberg.) Emmetrus Motschulsky, 1860. Schrenck's Reisen Amurl., 2: 221. (Type species: Chrysomela betulae
Fabric! us.)
'Received on November 18, 2003. Accepted on December 9, 2003.
: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Bei Sihuanxilu, Haidian, Beijing. 1()()()8(), China. E-mail: gesq@ioz.ac.cn.
Mailed on June 23. 2004
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Diagnosis. Elongate, strongly convex. Head: small, deeply inserted into pro- thorax. Compound eyes elongate or sub-spherical. Anterior part of clypeus con- cave or convex. Apical segment of maxillary palpi slender, twice as long as penultimate segment. Antennae extending to base of elytra, segments 7-11 broadened apically. Pronotum: with coarse punctures; anterior margin broadly emarginate with projecting anterior angles. Base with or without a raised margin. Scutellum: triangular with rounded apex, impunctate. Elytra: broader than pronotum at base, slightly broadened after middle; with ten striae, not including incomplete basal scutellar row. Epipleuron plain, broadened basally, slightly nar- rowed posteriorly, inner edge without pubescence. Underside: Prosternal process slender, truncate apically, slightly broadened; procoxal cavities open; mesoster- nal process broadened, emarginate apically. Legs: outer-lateral margin of tibiae curved; third segment of tarsi entire or bilobed; claws simple.
Distribution. Worldwide, temperate and subtropical regions.
Key to the Chinese species of the Genus Phaedon Latreille
1 . Basal margin of pronotum unmargined; epipleuron narrow; third segment of tarsi entire
P.fulvicornisChen, 1974
Basal margin of pronotum margined; epipleuron broadened basally, slightly narrowed posterior- ly; third segment of tarsi bilobed 2
2. Dorsum with markings 3
Dorsum without markings 5
3. Mid-posterior area of elytra with dark markings P. gressitti Daccordi, 1979
Elytra without markings 4
4. Pronotum reddish-brown laterally and darker medially, dark area trapezoid, narrow apically,
broadening posteriorly, covering 1/4 to 1/3 area of pronotum; elytral interstices impunctate
P. maculicollis Chen, 1974
Pronotum light reddish-brown laterally and dark medially, dark area trapezoid, narrow apically, broadening posteriorly, covering 1/3 to 1/2 area of pronotum; elytral interstices with fine punc- tures P. potentillcie Wang, 1992
5. Head and pronotum dark brown, elytra dark blue, purplish-blue or purplish-brown
P. alticoia Chen, 1974
Head, pronotum and elytra unicolorous 6
6. Hindwing absent 7
Hindwing present 12
7. Claw bearing segment of tarsus produced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur (Fig.
4) 8
Claw bearing segment of tarsus not produced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur.9
8. Scutellum sub-triangular and with fine punctures; elytral interstices with fine punctures
P. cuprea Wang, 1992
Scutellum ligulate and impuntate; elytral impunctate P.fulgida Ge et Yang, sp. nov.
9. Epipleuron impunctate; interstriae of elytral interstices flat, impunctate, shagreened
P. alpina Ge et Wang, 2002
Epipleuron punctate 10
10. Third segment of antenna longer than second; epipleuron with coarse and sparse punctures
P. wumingshanensis Ge et Wang, 2002
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 TJ_
Third antennal segment not longer than second 1 1
1 1 . Body blue, two basal segments of antennae reddish-brown
P. balangshanensis Ge el Wang. 2002
- Body purple, antennae dark P. aptera Chen et Wang, 1984
12.Elytral interstices impunctate 13
Elytra punctate 14
13. Elytral interstices smooth P. chinensis Gressitt et Kimoto, 1963
Elytral interstices shagreened P. mellyi Achard, 1922
14. Epipleuron impunctate; Body metallic reddish-brown P. fulvenscens Weise, 1922
Epipleuron punctate 15
15. Elytral interstice 9 and 10 of equal width P. armoraciae Linnaeus, 1758
- Elytral interstice 10 wider than 9 P. brassicae Baly, 1874
Phaedon fulgida Ge et Wang, NEW SPECIES
(Figs. 1-6)
Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. cuprea Wang, 1992 differing from these primarily in punctation of the pronotum and aedeagus morphology. P. cuprea differs from the new species by having the following characteristics: clypeus with sparse punctures; vertex with dense and fine punctures; pronotum with coarse and dense punctures; scutellum sub-triangular and with fine punc- tures; diameter of punctures of elytral striae is the same as those of pronotum, in-
terstriae with fine punctures.
Description. Length: 3.92-4.60mm (measured from the apex of the clypeus to the apex of the elytra), width: 2.72-3. 12mm (measured at base of the elytra).
Form. Body sub-spherical, convex dorsally (Fig. 1).
Color. Metallic bronze; clypeus, last segment of maxillary palpus, two apical segments of labial palpi and claws mahogany brown.
Head. Frons slightly depressed, flattened along antennal sockets; clypeus with coarse punctures and pubescence; upper clypeus (lower frons) between antennal sockets with sub-triangular carina; frons with coarse punctures, and vertex with finely shagreened surface and very fine, sparse, con- fused punctures; eyes elliptical; average dorso-ventral eye length = 0.09mm; average interocular dis- tance (at dorso-mesal margins) = 0.65mm.
Antennae. Slender, extending well beyond base of elytra, segments 7-11 with dense pubescence; segment (1-11) length (average of type series) in millimeters 0.23,0.17,0.21,0.16,0.14.0.16,0.16, 0.17, 0.19, 0.18, 0.22 (Fig. 2).
Pronotum (Fig. 3). Average length at middle = 1.03mm, average width at middle = 1.77mm; much narrower at base than elytra; rectangular; lateral margins evenly, gradually rounded, slightly narrower at antero-lateral angles, anterior margin widely emarginate with projecting antero-angles; postero-angles obtuse; anterior, lateral and posterior margins with raised bead; lateral margin with a shallow depression on central area; disc with sparse punctures, diameter of these same as those of clypeus; with finer punctures interspersed; lateral and antero-angles with coarse punctures; posterior margin with coarse and dense punctures; surface with shagrination.
Scutellum. Ligulate, smooth and impunctate, surface slight shagreened.
Elytra. Length = 2.56mm, width (at middle) = 3.38mm; convex; abbreviated scutellary stria plus 10 complete striae composed of deep, large punctures, larger than those of the clypeus; interstices surface smooth, impunctate, finely shagreened; humeral callus not prominent; apically interstices tapered and narrow; interstices equally spaced except 8th which is wider; epipleuron flat, broadened basally, slightly narrowed posteriorly.
Underside. Lateral margin of prosternal process with punctures and pubescence, apically trun- cate, slightly broadened, central area with a longitudinal ridge; procoxal cavities elongate, open; me- sosternal process narrow, posterior margin emarginate. with sparse punctures and pubescense; meta-
78
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1. Habitus ofPhaedonJulgida, NEW SPECIES.
sternum with large coarse punctures, larger than those of the elytra, anterior margin emarginate; abdominal sternites with small shallow punctures and sparse pubescense.
Legs. With large punctures, diameter of these same as those of metasternum; with prominent pubescence, especially on lateral margin of tibiae and ventral surface of tarsi; femur rectangular, outer-lateral margin with shallow depression; tibiae slender, with dense pubescence especially at apex, outer-lateral margin curved, third segment of tarsi bilobed, claw bearing segment of tarsus pro- duced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur (Fig. 4); claws simple.
Aedeagus. In dorsal view broadened basally, tapered to apex, slightly pointed apically; in later- al view bent at right angles (Figs. 5-6).
Material studied. Holotype: male, China, Guizhou Province, Huixiangping County, Fanjing Shan (27.9°N, 108.6°E) 1780m, 1 August 2001, Coll. Hongbin Liang. Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype, except collected by Kangzhen Dong. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Etymology. From the Latin, fulgida, meaning shining.
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003
79
0.5mm
6
Figs. 2-6 Phaedonjulgida, NEW SPECIES. Fig. 2. Antenna. Fig. 3. Pronotum. Fig. 4. Claw. Fig. 5. Aedeagus (lateral view). Fig. 6. Aedeagus (dorsal view).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Mr. Hongbin Liang and Kangzhen Dong for presenting the specimens of the new species, and we wish to thank Mr. J. Cooler (Hereford, U.K.) for his critical review of the first draft of this paper. This project was supported by a grant from National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30200025), CAS Innovation Program (KSCX3-IOZ-01) and National Science Fund tor Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NFSC-J0030092).
LITERATURE CITED
Achard, J. 1922. Descriptions de nouveaux Chrysomelini. Fragments Entomologiques Prague. I- 2: 1-48.
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Baly, J. S. 1874. Catalogue of the phytophagous Coleoptera of Japan, with descriptions of the species new to the science. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874:161-217.
Chapuis, F. 1874. In: Lacordaire, M.Th., Chapuis, M.F., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet orderd'insectes. 10. Famille des Phytophages. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. 455 pp.
Chen, S. H. 1936. Catalogue des Chrysomelinae de la Chine, de L'indochine et du Japon. Notes D'Entomologie Chinoise 3(5):63-102.
Chen,S.C. 1974. New Chrysomelid beetles from west China. Acta Entomologica Sinica 17(1): 43- 48.
Chen, S.C. and S.Y.Wang. 1984. New Chrysomeline beetles from Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 9(2):170-175.
Daccordi, M. 1979. Nuove specie di Crisomeline della Regione Orientale, (Coleoptera: Chrysome- lidae Subf. Chrysomelinae). Entomologica Basiliensia 4:443-461.
Fabricius, J. C. 1792. Entomologiae Systematicae 1:306-349.
Ge, S. Q., S. Y. Wang, and X. K. Yang. 2002. Notes on the genus Phaedon Latreille of China (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 27(2):316-325.
Gistl, J. 1857. Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Thiere. Vacuna 2:513-606.
Gressitt, J. L. and Kimoto, S. 1963. The Chrysomelidae of China and Korea. Pacific Insect Monograph 1A: 301-1026.
Latreille, P. A. 1829. Coleoptera: 132-155. In, Regne Animal Cuvier. 2nJ, ed., 5: 24+556pp. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Holmiae, 10th Edition, pp. 1-324.
Motschulsky, V. 1860. Coleopteres de la Siberie Orientale et particulier des rives de L' Amour 2:
79-257.
Sahlberg, C. 1834. Dissertatio entomologica Insecta Fennica, Aboae 11.288pp.
Wang, S. Y. 1992a. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae: 628-645. In, Chen, S. H. (Editor). Insects of the Henduan Mountains Region, 1, Science Press, Beijing: 1547pp.
Wang, S. Y. 1992b. Two new species of Leaf beetles from Wuling Mountain of China (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Sinozoologia 9:175-178.
Weise, J 1922. Chrysomeliden der Indo-Malayischen Region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 65: 39- 130.
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 8J_
NOTES ON MEXICAN PSILOPYGA AND OXYCNEMUS (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE)1
Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia2
ABSTRACT: Specific distributional data for Psilopyga fasciata in Mexico is provided and new hosts records are included for Oxycnemus rostrosus, and P. fasciata from Mexico, and P. histrina, and P. nigripennis from the United States.
KEY WORDS: Psilopyga, Oxycnemus, Coleoptera, Nitidulidae.
The genus Psilopyga LeConte, 1853: 286 has been used as a synonym of Oxycnemus by some authors starting with LeConte and Horn (1883) and fol- lowed more recently by Parsons (1943).
Sharp (1891: 364) stated that "the two genera are, however, very distinct," an assertion that was supported in a phylogenetic analysis of these genera and other close relatives (Leschen 1999). At present, six species are included in this genus, whereas nine are included in Oxycnemus; both genera are represented in Mexico by one species each (Spornraft 1971; Leschen 1999).
The purpose of this paper is to provide specific distributional data for Psilopyga fasciata in Mexico and record for the first time the fungal hosts for this species and Oxycnemus rostrosus.
Psilopyga fasciata Sharp, 1891: 364
Fig. 1
Psilopyga fasciata was described based on a single specimen collected by Truqui from Mexico without specific locality (Holotype at British Museum, seen). It is easily recognized from the rest of North American species by the bicolored elytra: one-third to three-fifths of the base orange (as in the Holotype, cited by Sharp 1891), and the rest black. In his revision of the Nearctic Nitiduli- dae, Parsons (1943) recorded this species from Presscot, Arizona, USA, without specific host data, although the information available for other species, cited Phallus impudicus as the host for Psilopyga histrina (LeConte), and P. nigripen- nis (LeConte) (Parsons 1943) there are also new records for these species asso- ciated with Mutinus elegans (original data provided by R. Leschen from speci- mens collected in Arkansas. Specimens in his collection).
Material examined. Mexico: Jalisco, Tenamaxtlan, Los Picachos-Tenamaxtlan, hosque mesofi- lo de montaDa, 1820m, ex Laternea columnata, 22.VII.2000. J. Cortes (ICf. 19: Coleccion Entomologica del Centre de Estudios en Zoologia, CZUG). United States: Arizona. Maricopa Co., Hwy. 260 at Preacher Canyon (~6 mi E of Star Vly), 14.VIII.1992, from Phallus impudicus (Phallaceae) (coll. W.B. Warner) (1 9; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, FSCA).
Three of the four species (including P. fasciata) from the United States are
1 Submitted on February 16, 2002. Accepted on December 1 , 2003.
: Entomologia, Centra de Estudios en Zoologia. CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apdo. Postal 234, 45100 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. E-mails: snavarre@maiz.cucba.udg.mx and glenus® yahoo .com.mx.
Mailed on June 23.2004
82
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Psilopyga fasciata Sharp (male).
recorded from Phallus impudicus where this species is distributed primarily in temperate forest, but the single record from Mexico includes a different host, Clathrus columnatus (Clathraceae) for this genus. Although the last record is from another host family, all of them belong to the Order Phallales.
Vol. 114, No. 2. March & April 2003
83
rpr g^JlPi1
•t '•:. .*,v:;r.
'':*• ' '-i^'-':;'-:1':
•-..-.. ,»•• . . •••.'.•'.'' ••; •• ,-...*.•"•
-•?•* '. '- .- • *-* .'".
'. "M4- " ••
• "."•*_. .. -. '•
•'.'
'.^'•' -IV*:--. * .\.*:>!'- lv'; ••
-'';4;;^^>>;/ '.'-'•". ''^ •V:^":-;:"o;-
>-•",". -V Jia" •-"-.'.".
1),».. ' . • ,''»V
^:-,:-%
Fig. 2. Dorsal view of Ojrvcn^/«M5 rostrosus Reitter (male).
rostrosus Reitter, 1873: 137 Fig. 2
Listed as Oxycnemus rostratus in Blackwelder (1945), this species is record- ed from Mexico (Veracruz), Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama. Known hosts for the species of this genus are: Blumevania rhacodes, Dictyophora, Lysurus
84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
periphragmoides (Nouhra and Toledo 1994, cited also in Leschen 1999), and Phallus irnpudicus for Oxycnemus lewisi (Reitter) (Hayashi 1978).
Material examined: Veracruz, Catemaco, Dos Amates, 22. VIII. 1992, Dyctiophora indusiata IV (Phallaceae), J. L. Navarrete-Heredia (icf, 19; J-L. Navarrete-Heredia col., JLN); Veracruz, Cuauhtemoc, NTP-80 No. 5, 29 .XII. 1991 , J. R. Hernandez (19; JLN). The fungal record agrees with those known for the genus. The single unusual finding for this species in carrion traps may be the result of chemical attraction instead of close association with carrion, due to their restricted association with Phallales (Leschen 1999).
DISCUSSION
Specimens of both species were collected during the day in the base of the fungi and inside the mature "mycoegg" (gelatinous egg structure, sensu Pegler and Gomez 1994), as is usual for these beetles. An interesting record of myceto- phagids in the mycoeggs of Linderiella rodrigueziana (Clathraceae) from Costa Rica (Pegler and Gomez 1994) requires confirmation. Although the Mexican diversity of these genera is not high, Mexico is the single country in the Western Hemisphere where both genera occur and represent the most southern (Psilopy- ga) and northern (Oxycnemus) distribution for these taxa. In Mexico, Psilopyga species occur in montane areas and are associated with temperate mushrooms, but Oxycnemus is found primarily in localities with tropical influence and its species are associated with the single species of Dyctiophora which is tropical and subtropical in distribution (D. indusiata) (Guzman et al. 1990). Due to their specific association with Phallales, additional collections of these cyllodines would provide important information on their biology and fungal host use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank J. Cortes (Universidad de Guadalajara) for collecting beetles on their hosts, P. Skelley (Florida State Collection of Arthropods) for the loan of material from the United States; Laura Guzman-Davalos (Universidad de Guadalajara) for her help with mycological information; R.A.B. Leschen (Landcare Research), and P. Skelley for their review and comments to the manuscript. Finally, to H. E. Fierros-Lopez for his kind help with the drawings.
LITERATURE CITED
Blackwelder, R E. 1945. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico. Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum 185(3); 343-550.
Guzman, G., L. Montoya, and V. M. Bandala. 1990. Las especies y formas de Dictyophora {Fungi, Basidiomycetes, Phallale en Mexico y observaciones sobre su distribucion en America Latina. Acta Botanica Mexicana 9: 1-11.
Hayashi, N. 1978. A contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of Nitidulidae occurring in Japan (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Insecta Matsmurana 14: 1-97.
Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 85
LeConte, J. L. and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smith- sonian. Miscellaneous Collections. 26 pt. 5 (507): 1-567 + i-xxxvii.
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86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW CONOPIDAE FROM THE NEOTROPICAL REGION (DIPTERA)1
Sidney Camras2
ABSTRACT: A new subgenus Aureoconops of the genus Physoconops and six new species of Conopidae are described: Physoconops (Aureoconops) aureolus from Peru; P. (Pachyconops) thomp- soni from the Bahamas; P. (Kroeberoconops) argentinus from Argentina: Zodion chavalai from Ar- gentina; Zodion bellum from Mexico; and Stylogaster parrilloi from Costa Rica.
KEY WORDS: Physoconopus, Aureoconopus, Zodion, Stylogaster, Diptera, Conopidae, Neotropi- cal.
The six new species of conopids described in this paper are quite distinct and easily recognized. Many other apparently new species are present in various col- lections received for identification, but more study and material are required to rule out variation of known species.
Conopidae are often collected individually as evident from these new species being known from single specimens, or in one case, from two specimens of the same sex.
Genus Physoconops Szilady Subgenus Aureoconops, NEW SUBGENUS
(Fig. 1)
Type species Physoconops aureolus Camras
Vertex triangular, large and prominent, extending anteriorly over one third of the frons. Frons nar- row, longer than wide. First flagellomere one fourth longer than pedicel. Abdominal pedicel long and narrow. Second tergite four times as long as wide. Gold pollinose areas extensive and distinct from dark areas.
Comments. This subgenus is unique in the large triangular shape of the ver- tex and the prominent gold pollinose coloration. The narrow frons associated with the long first flagellomere is also unusual. In my key to the subgenera of Conops (Camras 1955: 161) it comes closest to Gyroconops which has a wide frons and the vertex mainly rounded anteriorly.
Physoconops (Aureoconops) aureolus, NEW SPECIES
(Fig.l)
Head yellow and gold pollinose. Ocellar tubercle and Y-shaped pattern on frons black, as is the antenna, proboscis and occiput centrally. Black hair on dorsal part of vertex. Proboscis nearly two times