Sen WF
4
BRIAR EY RATE Cy ay iia
JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY:
CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS,
AND A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
ZoOoLoGyY AND BOTAN LT (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia),
MICROSCOPY, &c.
Edited by FRANK CRISP, LL.B. B.A, One of the Secretaries of the Society and a Vice-President and Treasurer of the Linnean Society of London ;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE AND
A. W. BENNETT, M.A., B.Sc., F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A., Lecturer on Botany at St. Thomas’s Hospital, Professor of Comparative Anatonty in King’s College,
S. O. RIDLEY, M.A., of the British Museum, anv JOHN MAYALL, Jon., FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
Sera ll.=VOL. bY PART 't.
PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
WILLIAMS & NORGATE, LONDON AND EDINBURGH.
Loor.
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PREFACE Gar
— +
THERE is little to add to what was stated in the Preface to Vol. III., the plan there explained having been followed in the present volume.
The section of the ‘Summary of Current Researches, which deals with Microscopy (properly so called), is now, it is believed, as complete as it can be usefully made. The Editors have every wish that the sections of Zoology and Botany should be equally complete, but the possibility of giving practical effect to this desire is unfortunately limited by considerations with which it is out of their power to deal.
It should be observed that the ‘Summary’ as well as the ‘Transactions’ includes original communications from Fellows and others.
So many requests have been made that the Microscopical Bibliography should be continued, that it is intended to give in future volumes a list of all the Books and Papers from time to time published relating to Microscopy, divided in the same way as the corresponding part of the ‘Summary,’ viz. into (a) Instruments and Accessories, and (8) Collecting, Mounting, and Examining Objects. Where it is not intended to publish an abstract of a paper included in the Bibliography, a brief note of the purport of the paper will be added when this is not sufficiently indicated by the title alone. The new list will commence at the point where the old one left off, so as to cover the intervening period.
The Index has been continued on the same extended basis as hitherto, and a List of Authors has been added. The classified portion of the Contents now includes cross references to any notes
a 2
lV PREFACE.
which may relate to two subjects, and also the titles of the papers published in the ‘ Transactions,’ and those of the principal notes in the ‘ Proceedings’ which do not appear elsewhere in the Journal.
It may be repeated here that it is no part of the object of the ‘Summary’ to criticise the views of the authors of the papers abstracted, its main object being to bring to the notice of the Fellows the contents of the principal papers from time to time published, and which are scattered through a vast and ever- increasing mass of periodical literature. The sources from which the abstracts are taken are in all cases noted, so that reference can readily be made to the originals.
Frank Crisp.
Popal SMicroscopical Soviety.
(Founded in 1889. Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1866.)
The Society was established for the communication and discussion of observations and discoveries (1) tending to improvements in the con- struction and mode of application of the Microscope, or (2) relating to Biological or other subjects of Microscopical Research.
It consists of Ordinary, Honorary, and Ex-officio Fellows.
Ordinary Fellows are elected on a Certificate of Recommendation signed by three Fellows, stating the names, residence, description, &c., of the Candidate, of whom one of the proposers must have personal knowledge. The Certificate is read at a Monthly Meeting, and the Candidate balloted for at the succeeding Meeting.
The Annual Subscription is £2 2s., payable in advance on election, and subsequently on Ist January annually, with an Entrance Fee of £2 2s. Future payments of the former may be compounded for at any time for £31 10s. Fellows elected at a meeting subsequent to that in June are only called upon for one-half of the year’s subscription, and Fellows absent from the United Kingdom for a year, or permanently residing abroad, are exempt from one-half the subscription during absence.
Honorary Fellows (limited to 50), consisting of persons eminent in Biological or Microscopical Science, are elected on the recommendation of three Fellows and the approval of the Council.
Ex-officio Fellows (limited to 100) consist of the Presidents for the time being of such Societies at home and abroad as the Council may recommend and a Monthly Meeting approve. They are entitled to receive the Society’s Publications, and to exercise all other privileges of Fellows, except voting, but are not required to pay any Entrance Fee or Annual Subscription.
The Council, in whom the management of the affairs of the Society is vested, is elected annually, and is composed of the President, four Vice- Presidents, Treasurer, two Secretaries, and twelve other Fellows.
The Meetings are held on the second Wednesday in each month, from October to June, in the Society’s Library at King’s College, Strand, W.C. (commencing at 8 p.m.). Visitors are admitted by the introduction of Fellows.
In each Session two additional evenings are devoted to the exhibition of Instruments, Apparatus, and Objects of novelty or interest relating to the Microscope or the subjects of Microscopical Research.
The Journal, containing the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, with a Summary of Current Researches relating to Zoology and Botany (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, &c., is published bi-monthly, and is forwarded gratis to all Ordinary and Ex- officio Fellows residing in countries within the Postal Union.
The Library, with the Instruments, Apparatus, and Cabinet of Objects, is open for the use of Fellows on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 1] a.m. to 4 P.u., and on Wednesdays from 7 to 10 p.m. It is closed during August.
Forms of proposal for Fellowship, and any further information, may be obtained by application to the Secretaries, or Assistant-Secretary, at the Library of the Society, King’s College, Strand, W.C.
Patron.
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS ALBERT EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, K.G., G.C.B., F.BS., &e.
0 ust-Presidents.
Elected. Ricuarp Owen, O.B., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S....... 1840-1 ere TEND ERY: ED) RS. 2 5's oc) o nas W6 slelee tee «wie ale 1842-3 PEIGMEAG ES REE, gs. Bec aia ueresntete Sait sea oh viaia las aha ls oak ol 27a 1844-5 James Scorr BowrrBank, LL.D., F.R.S......... ..... 1846-7 GmOEGH HSDAK Ey BCs) BES ol~. cis ei oine cela vats cies 1848-9 Anraon Waren) MOD., FAL.O:P., PRS s05 occ os 4 close 1850-1 GRORGH 1) ACKSOM, WETS. le cie soi soins ose ne ws one 8 sin 1852-3 Witir1am Bensamin Carpenter, 0.B.,M.D.,ULL.D.,F.R.S. 1854-5 RORGECSEADBDETOS ech nee eee ec wat cctea tone oo sate ote 1856-7 Bowin Gankesren, MD, 0D. PRS... ose eee 1858-9 JomNi THOMAS OUBKHIE, TRS... sss ciek sce) niste oreo ainleonce et 1860 Rosert James Farrants, F.R.CS. 2... 2... cee eee eee 1861-2 (Ceanies. brooke, IVLA., BS: ic cue ome see sieeleate 1863-4 SPIUMTIC eT MUERTE TRAPS, 6 oo ss oa co ere Mice = ss sp ss 1865-6-—7-8 Rev. JosrpH Bancrorr Ruapz, M.A., F.R.S. .......... 1869-70 WVisetAw. ronan) Pannin, RS. oie aisles aie wisi alesse» Wate 1871-2 a AniHS ManOORE. MAS MRS. i. cme cies «0 a/e/n 5 sleet 1873-4 Henry Cuirron Sorsy, LL.D., F.B.S. ............0.4. 1875-6-7 Haary id Aus SuAOK,. O.G.S. 0.) 5 pea ee le sta bene 1878
LioneL Suiro Beatz, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.RS. ......... 1879-80
COUNCIL.
Evrotep 9TH Frsruary, 1881.
President, Pror. P. Martin Duncan, M.B., F.R.S.
Viee-Wresidents. Pror. F. M. Batrovr, M.A., F.R.S. W. B. Carpenter, Esq., C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.RS. *Joun Minuar, Esq., L.R.C.P. Edin., F.L.S. *Joun Ware SrepHenson, Esq., F.R.A.S.
Greasurer. Lionet §. Beate, Esq., M.B., F.R.C.P., F.B.S.
Secretaries.
*Cuartes Stewart, Esq., M.R.C.S., F.LS. *Wpank Crisp, Esq., LL.B., B.A., V.P.LS.
Ttoelbe other Members of Council.
*Ropert Brarruwalte, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. Cuartes JAmus Fox, Esq.
Wiuuram H. Ginsurt, Esq.
James GLaisHEer, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
A. pE Souza GuimaraEns, Hsq.
Witiram J. Gray, Esq., M.D.
Joun E. Inerey, Esq.
Joun Marruews, Hsq., M.D,
Joun Mayatt, Esq., Jun.
Apert D. Micuazt, Esq., F.LS.
Freperio H. Warp, Esq., M.R.C.S.
T. CHarters Waits, Hsq., M.R.CS., F.LS.
* Members of the Publication Committee.
i OMEN EM lt A § fee ytawir
xy
‘ eae <4) Sale Ty) 'L & yy L «2
CONTENTS.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY—
I.—On Geistes Janus and Floscularia trifolium, two new Species of Rotifers. By C. T. Hudson, M.A., LL.D., F.R.MLS. (Plates I. and II.) .. bs op
IIl.—On a Radiolarian and some Microspongida from consider- able depths in the Atlantic Ocean. By Professor P. Martin Duncan, M.B. (Lond. a F.R.S., &e., Vice-Pres. R.MS. (Plate III.) : Le
I1I.—The President’s Address. By Lionel §. “Beale E.BS.
TV.—On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope. By Professor E. Sa Hon. F.R.M.S. (Figs. 36-38) he
V.—On a Species of Acarus, believed to be Unrecorded. By A. D. Michael, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. (Plate IV.)
VI.—The Diatoms of the London Clay. By W. H. Shrubsole, F.G.8. With a List of Species, and Remarks. By F. Kitton, Hon. F.R.M.S. (Plate V. Fig. 1) ..
Vil.—On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope. By Professor HE. Abbe, Hon. F.R.M.S. (figs. 111-113)
VIII.—On a New Species of Hydrosera (Wallich). By Henry Stolterfoth, M.D. (Plate V. Figs. 2 and 3) e
TX.—On some Remarkable Enlargements of the Axial Canals of Sponge Spicules, and their Causes. By Professor P. Martin Duncan, M.B., F.R.S., Pres. R.M.S., Professor of Geology and Miineraloen in King’s Coleco! London. (Plates VII. and VIII.) ENS Be
X.—On a Blueand Scarlet Double Stain, a eth for Nerve and many other Animal Tissues. By B. Wills Richardson, F.R.C.S.1., Vice-President, Beata of Dublin Bio- logical Mapactit ton
XI.—On a supposed New Boring Annelid. By Charles ce M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Sec. R.M.S. (Plate IX.)
XII.—Diatoms from Peruvian Guano. By Rey. Lewis G. Mills, LL.D., F.R.MS., &e. (Plate XI.) va
XIIIL.—Multiple Staining of Animal Tissues with Picro-carmine, Todine, and Malachite-green Dyes, and of Vegetable Tissues with Atlas-scarlet, Soluble Blue, Iodine, and Malachite- green Dyes. By B. Wills Richardson, F.R.C.S.L, Vice-President, University of Dublin Bio- logical Association ee Mercer iste aod) Lae
Teeatual
~ Part)2
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5 Jets B33
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.. Part 4
”?
4) Leta
: Part 6
PAGE
212
717
865
868
x CONTENTS.
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOGY AND BoTANY (PRINCI- PALLY INVERTEBRATA AND COryprToGAMiA), Microscopy, &c., INCLUDING ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM FELLOWS AND OTHERS.*
7, 217, 425, 575, 720, 873 ZOOLOGY. A.—GENERAL, including Embryology and Histology of the Vertebrata.
PAGE Rhythmical Character of Segmentation .. .. . « Partl 7
Secondary Yolk in the Germinal Vesicle of Mammalia 5 a Notochord of Mammals BEML bas Aete, Veas ones Oats 8 PED ia OLOGt 1 O]a SCLACHEGNES’ ‘osu foe? (nat) Wee! Meet © tate neem 9 LG VD 12 JETP IOULU RG Sa a0) On coe ao by, 11 Structure and Life of Cells .. a 11 Formation of Epithelial Cells and Nuclei a 16
CHEB IDOI” “BO OR Be bee ta Ho bd ge 16 Cells of Spinal Ganglia “6 16 Decompound Gastric Glands so) a esie'g, | esa oclet, Ea 17 Regeneration of Spinal Cord SGuirateetnn weMmopyragupWoe” ox 17 Spinal Root of Optic Nerve.. iy Monae Mooegh leioo op 18 FRC AVESSEIS|OF PHUSHECSS Wael fs) (oll) 2) ciel = se ass 18
True Origin of the Acoustic Nerve . 18 Auditory Ossicles of Mammals ress 18 Krukenberg’s Studies in bbs Piysooay Phe 8 | 19 Secondary Muscle-wave at 3: ee 20 Breathing of Plants and Avena: 2 77 The Microscopic Limit, and Beyond (Proiiaee aire) Part 2 180 Development of the Graafian Vesicles .. Oo MO 217 Develo ment.Of eLSrnOus 9) Weel Goel ie Gas ss se, | re 217 Epidermis of Salamander Ath GON Ode ba = “dal soc 218 Ciliated Cells ‘tin Sack Ase ce 221 Central Nervous System of Reptiles aa Pamachane 5 224 Cellular Irritability .. .. ne Th stots DME tea 225 Epithelium of the Human isiomack 2 35 225 Influence of the Mode of Preparation on the Mavaiens of
Protoplasm. ... «» ae . 225 Passage of Red ieee into oa Tanavliaise eee
lation.. .. 226
Relations between Alcala Meters ne neakngaiern of Material in the Animal Body .. .. .. « « =.» » 226 Discrimination of Species .. . Apne tacks 3 227 Development of Petromyzon (the Zamrey) os) cow tee ATL come Origin of Colonial Organisms - setsy Sea 428 _Ear of Ganoids .. . sor ‘oot Usa aat aamegolh > -o. 429 Fauna of the Austral aoe tee Ne ARS 3 430 Zoological Results of the Barentz ae aie he pale aS 432 Fumgoid Diseases of Animals 2 s. «6 «se oe 0 492 Mesoblast of the Vertebrata AC) Oc a Pe Part 4 575
* The titles of the papers and notes printed in the ‘ Transactions’ and ‘ Pro- ceedings’ are also included here to make the classification complete.
CONTENTS.
Embryonic Sternum —.. es ae ene te tet Part 4 Development of Parrots ehh eRe Ren ine. Ls) OD ea Structure of the Mammatian Ovary... a Structure of the ee and kete Malpighit im won J
Fowls.. «+ os Albuminiparous Glands. in nwpnitians an Bir ds a: es Eyelike Spots of Fishes DOLE aa ee icine deme nanaens eral LEY)
Forces of Living Matter .. ee Hypothesis with regard to Peeetion of Light ne Colca ° Action of Light in the Formation of Hemoglobin .. «+ » Phosphorescence in Organic and Inorganic Bodies.» +» Peculiarities in Marine Animals .. 11 + oe te thos New Biological Journal she nen) ech Pes Micrometrical Researches on Contracted Marscte Some? a Stirling’s ‘ Practical Histology’ Phas as ony ate] pay Development of the Sterlet .. «- ea. a bares Microscopical Phenomena of meant Gorman Trans-
verse Striation of the Smooth Fibres Bet aes Mach Hon |p FAL SHTO née) Gh oa oe) Oo 880) 0G) Bo, GO oe .
Salivary Globules .. Ate se ae itera aoc Wine) Co Oke Mesoblast of the Ver nea ata se po ge neecee bartio Experiments on the Origin ch the Difference between the
SeZeSisiou Nee Hcl RNC teh enon CeDG er GCe oth Cochlea of the Moneinenata Ba aks Sia eis taiee search ka sce? Balfour's Comparative Embryology 50 | Chemical Difference between living and fea) Pr olin a5.
B.— INVERTEBRATA.
Marine Organisms in Captivity .. +1 ++ se oe ote Part 1 Pelagic Animals .. neha commis, Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of EAT, Rare ae aed of NAC Fauna of the Swiss Lakes .. + hach IG!) pos ea Sep Fossil Organisms in Meteorites...» ++ s+ ee ot Part 5 Biology of the Inferior Organisms .. +» ++ s+ Part 6 Mollusca. Mutual Affinities of the Cuttle-fishes .. ++ +1 se Part 1 Affinities of the Cephalopoda 56 es Olfactory Organs of Terrestrial Pulmonate Gastencde Bp Rs Embryo of Planorbis .. 9 +5 se 26 se ah oe Development of Paludinida .. -. +1 5 15 te te» Pedal Nervous System of Paludine UIVIPAA +» ve gy Neo NuGibrancl), 2s. c=.) Ve@enneaeMnancoigy y -ealh p< Jemmincl-Tilenic aus g2? New Archaic Mollusc .. - Steeda Structure and Histology of the eieben of Sepie Ho og dete 74 Genealogy of the Ammonites «. + Steuben iss Gustatory Organs of the Heteropoday | ce) ) a feel) (es) x9 “ Lung” of Onchidium ae Bs
Digestive, Nervous, and Reppouatece ‘01 ‘gan oa Onchidium ~
xl
PAGE 5795 575 576
577 577 578 578 579 580 581 582 582 707 711 720
720 721 722 873
874 875 876 906
20 22 583 583 722 901
22 23
2 25 27 27 28 28 227 228 228 229 230
xl
CONTENTS.
Eye of Pecten
Digestive Organs of the Msiranchiat® icopnataucia Accessory Generative Organs of Terrestrial Mollusca Organization of Tethys fimbriata
Olfactory Organs and Nervous System of the Molucas New and Rare Cephalopoda Pha Mec Giant Squids
Ink-bag of the piensa.
Regeneration of Lost Parts in the Squid Enemies of Ostreiculture a6 Mollusca of the Gulf of Mexico .. American Cephalopoda
Simple Eyes of some Mollusca . Vessels of the Ink-bag of Cephalopoda : Chemical Composition of the Ink of Chatiapoaa Development of Neritina fluviatilis ; Locomotor Organs of Cyclostoma elegans
Innervation of the Heart, and Influence of Popon On
Lamellibranchiata AC Infusoria Parasitic in Calaanee 4¢
Molluscoida. Tunicata of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition North Polar Polyzoa Bo. pe Metamorphosis of the Bryozoa 37 Segmental Organs of the Endoproct Bales - Relationship of the Genus Heteropora to Monticulipora Tunicata of the * Challenger’ gee gee Ge.
Budding of Pyrosoma . Pails Queensland Bryozoa .. .. « New Zealand Fossil Bryozoa oa. Wee Fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Anssriiia Be Tunicata of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition .. Organization of the Simple Ascidians Development of Lithonephria Anatomy of Pyrosoma.. ..
Australian Bryozoa
Tertiary Bryozoa, §c., oa Hegde (Cadiria) . “Olfactory Tubercle” of Simple Ascidians.. Organization of the Simple Ascidians..
Calom of the Ascidians Metamorphosis of Pedicellina Development of Doliolum Cellepore from the * Challenger’ ‘ Challenger’ Bryozoa from Heron Falanais! Foss eiasipporid@ =." 22) vss) os Carboniferous Fenestellide ..
oe “-* on oy o*
Arthropoda. Colour-Sense in Insects and Crustacea
. Part 3
PAGE 230 433 435 437 583 586 586 586 587 587 587 724 7124 876 877 877 878
879 902
29
30
30 233 233 438 438 439 439 440
590 592 993
CONTENTS.
a. Insecta,
Olfactory Organs of Insects «5 ww es we we) we:~Part Structure of the Stigmata of Insects .. An oe Be tie Wings of the Hymenoptera .. .. Be aman
Development of the Dorsal Vessel of Gigonns
Paltosoma torrentium, a Fly with Dimorphous Female
Dorsal Blood-vessel of some Ephemerid Larve . ze
Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Insects .. Part 2
Sensory Nerve-endings in Skin of Insects .. :
Relation of Devonian Insects to Later and Existing Tipe
Head and Mouth Organs of Diptera... .. « . .
Scent-apparatus of Sphina ligustri :
“ Houses”? of the Larve of the Trichoptera cay
Detonating Organ of Brachinus crepitans .. .. .. «. Part3
Glands connected with the Bee’s Tongue .. ..
Aliernation of Generation of the Cynipide
Shining Slave-makers (Polyergus lucidus) .
Chorda Supra-spinalis of the Lepidoptera a the Wepnons System of Caterpillars 31 GO) oe
Beaded Villi of Tet reepn es 3
Histolysis of the Muscles of the Big pe “Post- embryonic Development of the Diptera
Axis-cylinder and Peripheral Nerve-cells in Sorin to
Sense Organs in Insects .. .. roo Insects and the Fertilization of Heterostylon liners - Germinal Layers of the Insecta .. .. So ooo. ene
Perfect State of Prosopistoma PuncRpaons Habits of Ants
Blood of Insects .. .. 56 00 laa cee BER GY TI
Structure of the Stigmata of iaeeers ae
Origin of the Tracheal System of Insects .. Endocranium and Maxillary Suspensorium of the Bee Aquatic Larve of Lepidoptera :
Relation of Devonian Insects to Later fea assiag Tien ae Colour-Sense in Insects, &c. nO tm co dee Beetle with Proboscis like that of copier ag ae Structure and Hatching of Egg-capsules, &c., in Mat as
8. Myriapoda. JORETS Ce IRI DEES ao oe ee sc a ea ek ee LEY aR I Eyes of Myriapods.. . walt hiatus ss Structure and Affinities of Carbonsfeneus Mijritods .» Part 4
vy. Arachnida.
Poison-glands of Spiders .. .. Jee aril
Supposed Stridulating-Organs of Steatoda pain Wider., and Linyphia tenebricola, Wider.
Glands in the Maszille of Tegeneria domestica, Rlacheae ae
On a Species of Acarus, believed to be Unrecorded. (CATA ATE Bee toy ce CS aces Ae hep. cd. wee Leena
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39
40 41
212
Xiv
CONTENTS.
Blastoderm of the Araneina..
Sexual Organs of the Phalangide
Auditory Organ of the Ixodide ..
Anatomy of Epeira ..
Pycnogonida of the ‘ Blake’ eveation Hydrachnida of the Lake of Geneva
Revival of Tardigrades after Desiccation Observations on Acarida ..
Pycnogonida of the ‘ Challenger’ opens
6. Crustacea. Heart of Decapod Crustaceans Development of Fresh-water Macroura Nauplius Form of Leucifer.. .. Polar Globules in the Ovum of the Chistacen
Crustacea from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean ie
Sensory Rods of First Pair of Antenne in Crustacea Australian and Tasmanian Amphipods
Circulatory Organs of Isopoda
New Type of Parasitic Crustacean oc Deep-sea Crustacea of the Gulf of Mexico .. Studies on the Crustacea Decapoda
Change of Colour in Crabs and Prawns
Circulating Apparatus of Edriophthalmous Cr eee Amphipoda of the Adriatic .. Aatag
New Species of Entomostraca
Adriatic Crustaceans Parasitic on Fish
Crustacean Deformities bie
Development of the aa
Limulus polyphemus :
Stomatorhiza of Sacculina carcini
Circulatory Apparatus of Marine Hoinoonthainats Studies on the Bopyride .. paren Ween ee Characters of the Copepoda ..
Development of Cetochilus
Organization of Trilobites
Colour-Sense in Crustacea, §c. ; An
Hairs of the Anterior Antenne of aise
Nervous System and Sense-organs of Spheroma eatin as
Distomum of the Crayfish
Vermes. On Gcistes Janus and Floscularia trifolium, two new Species of Rotifers. (Plates Land If.) .. Development of the Polychetous Annelids .. Ocnerodrilus: a new Genus of Oligocheta . Segmental Organs of Echiurida .. Northern Gephyrea .. Organization and Dedsloonene of the G ordis Nematoid Parasitic in a Bat Excretory Organs of Trematoda and Dastoda
«» Parti2 . Part 3
i ”
.. Part 4 , Part.o
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P Bs aeartio
PAGE
239 447 449 598 730 731 732 885 886
VAG
CONTENTS. XV
PAGE Anatomy of the Liver-Fluke oo eae Ca ae ee ea. Arty lanes Monograph on the Cysticerci —«. ss ve we ee eg 50 Seison .» «+ SERA rica nce. ome Ae are Organization of Holiurus Pallass. BA Pacem este doa ach) arp 245 Nematode Worms in the Urine .. 4. 65 ue ee eg 249 Studtesionithe Cestod@ s. <50 an oe tt ne elgg 249 New Cestoid Worm .. bes ieee AD 250 Loss of Hooks and of the Seatac i im ihe Tesienies Ra WATE This 250 Development of Hermella alveolata .. +. +1 +1 Part 3 456 Anatomy of Sternaspis scutata .. 4. ++ ee ee egy 457 Entozoic Vermes .. .. a 457 Structure of the Cestoda, ape Porecaly of Tetrabothriide and Tetrarhynchide ae 3 458 New Form of Cestode, of the Tie of the Cysticrous yi Arion Se es 460 New Form of Ronen Orit im ie. Tromatods Sean, Be 460 Excretory Apparatus of the Turbellaria .. +1 +e +e yy 460 Observations on the Orthonectida., .. «2 «1 48 28 99 461 Systematic Position of Balanoglossus .. .» «. ++ ++ 462 Organization of Sternaspis scutata .. «1 ++ +e we Part 4 601 Syngamus trachealis of Pheasants .. +» es ve tw 602 Excretory Organs of Trematoda and Cestoda .. -» ++ 55 602 Calom and Nephridia of Platyhelmia.. .. «1 +5 +s 59 604 Anatomy of Distomum clavatum.. 1. 1 ee ee eo 604 Development of Tricuspiduria nodulosa .. +) we te 604 Eye of Planarians.. .. mol sco --s0h 605 On a supposed new Boring Manena: (Plate IX. so bo Leena) p/lley New Annelids from the North Sea «1 ss ne te egg 737 New Lumbricina .. 5 737 Occurrence of Corpses i in 6 Red esate F uid of Chetopods.. .. «. Shia late yp REE ee Heo SAR orp 738 Thalassema neptunt .. Fad ie, heen ep) 738 Organization and iyeueonnent of the Gon Bia MS rear ags 738 Monograph of the Anguillulide .. .. pe alacalekser! sey 739 Formation of the Cyst in Muscular Trichinosts Sy ee ess 740 Development of the Liver-Fluke .. Pinch MeO akan ss 740 Trematoda of Greenland .. boob 741 Excretory Organs of the Dromabaa fe Costoda SANeer © S55 741 Embryonic Development of Tenia... we we we ee gs 742 Germinal Layers of Planarians .. .. «2 +s ee te ogg 743 Organization of Terrestrial Lumbricina .. .. «+ Part 6 887 Action of Worms in the Formation of Mould .. .. 55 888 Prefecundation in Spio BOs) eis)! ON EEN ERG 4 mie anream Ey 890 Northern Gephyrea .. we nn nen ib 890 Hamingia glaciahis Be Sr -biBoie Neck RAD. Laroche peda eee 891 Anatomy of Sipunculus fs Reeemtraad vet dtcert) Wasitey erat tas 892 Development of Tricuspidaria nodulosa .. «- ++ ee 892 Development of the Trematoda .. .. +» +» +4 + 9 892 Distomum of the Crayfish 53 893
Urinary Apparatus and Blood-tymph ‘Space of the WAnEB: bev Boe soc - ec) ace PM hits 893
XVl CONTENTS.
PAGE New Rotifers.. .«. So) (cum SeGHMDUMSoe econ Jet) See Observations on Rotifera (Melicerta) . 894 Echinodermata. Sexual Dimorphism in Echinoderms .. .. .. .. « Partl 451 New Echinoidea .. .. ce vaste Ge ple os) DARA Perivisceral Fluid of the Fichinoidéa Joh <i US 251 Pedicellarie and Muscles of Sea-Urchin .. .. «2 ey 253 New Asteroidea .. .. Pe 254 Structural Feature, hitherto eee “nin Sere mata, found in Deep-sea Ophiurans 39 5a, Jos 5 254 Arctic Echinodermata .. .. Se COm mince Lettie a3 au55: Echinoidea of the * Gazelle’ Bapedition Ro age ose los = 464 Locomotor System of Echinodermata .. . 4, 464 Circulatory and Respiratory Organs of the Opiiuoits 5 466 Stomach and Genital Organs of Astrophytide .. .. . 3 466 Preliminary List of the known Genera and one z Living Ophiuride and Astrophytide .. .. .. Py, 467 Echinoderms from the North Sea =a eel ode es. on) Sane Echinodermata of the Straits of Magellan .. es 605
Nervous System of the Ophiuroidea .. .. 1 oe «2 495 606 Viviparous Chirodota .. .. 5 OA ase 5, 606 Echinodermata of the Gulf of Triest sea" Gio} Kear oay os WR OTLROMMU SY
Revision of the Holothuroida el bos olla hearts “5 743 Observations on the Echinoidea .. .. 2. on oe ws gg 744 Crossaster .. . EMO reD. © 3 745 Echinoidea of the ‘ Ohalenger : apelin. o o bariomege Morphology of the Sur-Anal Plate .. .. 2. 26 =e 4 896 Comatule of the Leyden Museum _ 896 Ccelenterata. Diverse Nervous Susceptibilities of Lower Organisms.. .. Part1 52 Rising and Sinking of Beroe cioeerazem Weer (eeMl coum he ae, 54 Zoantharia of the Gulf of Marseilles .. SSI 55 Structure of Corals and Sea-anemones.. .. «2 «2 2s 62 Structure of Cladocoryne .. «ae ae no op 63 Early Stages of Renilla .. Part 2 255 Development of Campanularia eave és 256
Development of the Ova of Eudendrium .. ww wk lg 256 Nervous System of the Siphonophora .. .. .. .. .. Part3 468 Colouring Matter of Meduse SoA tat W (ots, 6? Seu Sew dine 468 Australian Distichopora .. ape Bots WA sit EAS ee | ee 470 Observations on Hydroid Posen es 470 Formation of Ova in Eudendrium or 4 Organization and Classification of the Measoedaa -. . Part 4 608
The Discomedus@.. .. eri hot) re 609 Origin of the Ovum of the Byareiae as Sel) Yo TP American Acalephe .. . ee) ope VSP eS 746
» 746
Jelly-fishes of Narragansett ce Bt at Coes 149
AGquorea Forskalea
CONTENTS. XVll
PAGE Notes on Limnocodium es ye Egan EPS Meduse and Hydroid Polyps iene in gest Water at | Wachee ben 748 Shortened Development in the Discomeduse Ao nn art G. Sob “< Mouth-arms’” of the Rhizostomide .. .. .. 02 egy 897
Porifera.
Sponges Tone NGPlesiaiscs Mace as scl ss 8 = 3-0 ee art) | aoe New Group of Siliceous Sponges—the Plakinide Teer > 64 Dysideide and Phoriospongie .. comes 66 On a Radiolarian and some iaherochonqile. fr om consi der able
depths in the Atlantic Ocean. (Plate T7I.).. .. .. Part2 173 Sponges of Russia., .. so) ob aeicds eee 256 New Lyssakine emir tke, 56. Ted. ing oo! ep co eeteanas cual Fossil Sponge Spicules.. .. ee 471 On some Remarkable aeenenes of f the Axial Cina oF
Sponge Spicules, and their Causes. (Plates VII. and
VERE aS ee opr ee hoe ons wo) Bcd eeu edt ya anc Bey Observations on Sponges .. SO. 6h 0d ce ath 609 Sexual Characters of Halisarca (ebiadearss #s Sct. -8 53 610 Leucandra aspera and the Canal S vie of Sponges aes; 611
_New Fresh-water Sponges .. .. is eee meat 613 Fiistory and Classification of Goonillan Bt) o.oo. Wea ee AR 614 Sponge spices 4%) Cher ss) as. tech eu {ace co ee) 45 615 Propagation of Sponge by Cuttings .. .. .. .. « Partd 748 Organism which penetrates and excavates cans Sponge-
Spicula .. ee cs SNES . ee Supposed Hateromarehie Zooids oF j Sponge Bab toe ca ce LHD GHEE Hfabits and Structure of Clione .. 1. «2 ee we weg 899 Soft Parts of Eupleetella aspergillum.. .. «1 12 +» 4 899 Spongiophaga in Fresh-water Sponges.. .. -» +» « 4 901 New Genera of Fresh-water Sponges .. .. +2 ee eg 901
Protozoa. Biitschli's ‘ Protozoa’... .. Pee eee care lscignd. “Liy/ Classification of the SSE. ee en Baer eee Kem ue 67 Radtolaria sn, the Tiahan Jasper 59 5 Wes) ae) ee 68 Cycloclypeus and: Orlitoides\.) ==) 23) se eee 2 ss 68 Reproduction of Euglypha alveolata .. .. o 69 On a Radiolarian and some Microspongida from reciente
depths in the Atlantic Ocean. Ce TE ees, ba Park eis Cilia of Infusoria.. .. = HP a Oot ee Bee aes 259 Infusorial Catarrh of Salish Seene eae se mk are See SCARE 376 Biitschli’s ‘ Protozoa’... . Part3 471 Acineta dibdalteria, a New Species of cee Tague
from the Gulf of Genoa .. .. Bel as AB oe 472 Foraminiferous Silt Banks of the ie 9 Ey BURSA VSG ee 473 Production of Amabe . sabe eee, Poa we 473 New Ehizopoda. (Plate LAB Gs 6 ect aA ee anise Sheer oe 474 Kent’s ‘ Manual of the Infusoria’” .. .. .. .. «. Part4 615 Variety of Stentor Jai is gar Scion cS aor ar 616 Infusoria in “‘ Dew” .. .. AGS sar 8 PSN, ee se 617
Synopsis of Fresh-water Hiatt ee cn aio) ee 617 Ser. 2.—Von. I. b
XViii
A.—GENERAL, including Embryology and Histology of the Pbancragentie
CONTENTS.
Rhizopods as Food for Young Fishes .. Rhizopods in Mosses_ .. . Coal sOCee iit Ciel Oe Fission of Euglypha caravan
Observations on the Gregarinide ..
Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa ..
Structure of Unicellular Animals in Gan, a any py tas (CalinaOVeo a Aa Go oe 13 Mnpnm@laken 50 60 oC OD oe
Reticularian Rhizopoda
Protozoa Parasitic in Man and the ees mn sphtah iy give rise 5c
Parasitic Protozoa, -aaresscdle hae of oes
Psorosperms of Fishes ..
Biitschii’s ‘ Protozoa’... BA 8G. OO
Biology of the Inferior Org canta
Infusoria Parasitic in Cephalopods
Flagellata .. oe
Structure of Trichodina steinit :
Fission of Monothalamous Rhizopods ..
BOTANY.
Fertilization of Cobea scandens ..
Multinucleated Cells in the Suspensor apa some ia
Open Communications between Endosperm-cells .
Modification of Palisude-tissue 3
Formation of Healing-tissue and Fall of Te, Leaf
Membrane of Bordered Pits.. .. «6 « «
Underground Stomata .. 30 oom te oo
Sicve-tubes of Dicotyledonous Plants A wom coe ce
Cork-growths on Leaves...
Heliotropism .. oe
Influence of Light on Gen nination ane Bespin “ic
Effect of the Intensity of Light on the Sak (halahol of Carbonic Acid by Plants ..
Decomposition ie Carbonic Acid by vate im ic ii Light
Action of Take 0 on oe Formation of the “Red jaee in Plants
Influence of Annual Tpeanies on onan of evan in Leaves
Variation with Altitude of the Roe Matters of Fie
Breathing of Plants and Animals Boe bxoot 4.00
Morphology of the Ovule 4. 5. as ts
EET OVEN RO; LUPUS, seer ges es ee) alt ere
Embryology of Orchis maculata .. .. 45 ss 06 ve
Course of the Pollen-tube in Angiosperms .. .. «
Nucleus of Vegetable Cells ..
Cell-nucleus in the Secretion-receptacles and Ppamne Cells of the Higher Monocotyledons.. 11 see we
Muiltinucleated Celis 4. +s oe oo 0s ae oe oe
: Part 2 260
PAGE
. Part 4 618
618 618 619 638 751 756 756 759
760 764 766 766 901 902 903 905 905
260 261 262 264
265 266
CONTENTS.
Hypertrophy and Multiplication of Nuclei in the Hyper- trophied Cells of Plants wea, eaters
Histological Structure of Succulent Fr mie wh
Anatomy of Adoxa Moschatellina
Vasa propria of Phalaris nodosa...
Explosive Stamens
Arrangement of Molecules im Tra “ate a Gn ves Gane by Growth .
Morphology and Ponti y a ie igee
Absorptive and Diffusive Power of Leaves ..
Colouring Matters of Flowers 3 ihe
Transformation of Albumen in ere
Chlorophyll which does not assimilate...
Influence of the Intensity of Light on the Chlor Ste am the Assimilating Parenchyma seit GON Be
Feliotropism of the Ivy ay
Pinguicula alpina an Insectivorous aelart a
Asparagin :
Diseases of Fevers
Structure of Protoplasm on of te Caneel
Crystalloids in the Cell-nuclei of Pinguicula and Utricularia
Tegumentary System of Roots in Phanerogams ..
Growth of Cuttings ;
Function of Chlorophyll and its Paianen to Ti ght.
Transpiration : Bry) MdGs1 one Nn
Formation of Benen. rts
Action of Frost on Evergreen Plants .. ;
Insects and the Fertilization of Heterostylous F' (iis
Contrivances for Insect-pollination in Erodium ..
Lime in Plant Life
Phosphorescence in Organic and inorganse Bors
Desens: of the Embryo-sac .. 0
Strasburger’s ‘ Cell-formation and Caleauinon oe
Histology of Stem of Nyctaginee 30 o.
Secreting Intercellular Passages and Cy nstnliins im viene thacee 6
Structure of Stomata ia Glands)
Pilosism in Plants bo 68
Fertilization of Alpine loners eye
Nectaries of Flowers 6
Extra-floral Nectaries
Caltha dionefolia an Gnsecncorone Plant
Power of Movement in Plants
Auaxotonic Movements of Vegetable Grrahants
Movements of Tendrils..
Daily Periodicity in the Growth of eonictenah
Freezing of Plants ..
Development of Heat during the Gennuation of Plants
Inulin... Bos eb — sc Soi Sipee | va
New Botanical Tou :
Development of the Embryo of Ge aSSes
x1x
PAGE
. Part 2 267 e 267
2 267
” 268
a 268
. 268
» 269
- 270
ae 270
ee OA ear
9 271
ye ete
a 273
. 273 SPs 273 mel artrou 410 09 477
Bs 478
x 479
% 479
% 480
ny 481
_ 483
Fr 485
‘ 485
es 486 Part 4 581
55 620
Bs 621
5 622 e622
5 623
Ps 623
3 624
a 626
% 626
ee 626
9 627
re 628
5 629
Bs 629
op 631 632 633
af 634 A Part 5 767
b 2
xx
CONTENTS.
Collenchyma .. . Parti Chemical Nature of the Capnuctous %9 Metastasis in the Vegetable Organism 3 Hydrostatic Tension as a Cause of ier) of the Sap
and of Various Organs .. «+ AO oS Poulsen’s * Botanical Mie Chemistry? : ee Chemical Difference between Living and Dead Papin Part 6 Formation and Growth of the Cell-wall os) MEN Wee a Cell-sap rand Cell-contents® \..* \se) 4s | \ as |) avo) eel ee es Growth of Starch-grains .. «sae 5 Wiructureo, Stomata oo. 2 9 ss) ce) el ee ” Bordered Pits ey Gum-passages in the Ster ous 55 Rosanoff’s Clusters of Crystals ac >; Assimilating Tissue of Few-leaved Plants .. $ Structure of Climbing Plants .. .. ca Monotropa Hypopitys .. *s Influence of Light on Gemnaation ; os Influence of Intermittent Light on the oman of
Chlorophyll Heme oD Decomposition of Nitrates a y Plants im ee red Fs Influence of Gravitation on Plants a Influence of Physical Conditions on the orm of Waser
plants BA ah MOR Oi eC ie, toc ee 8 HS Respiration of Pieris 51 as Colours of Spring Flowers z x Action of Anesthetics on the ene! Organs of Plants oD Albuminoids of the Fig A, USO. Sh 56 “5 Paracholesterin .. . an Sune eaeins Formation of Xanthin in fe ‘Coonan of es or “ Dei Gandolles Re PhyLograpniiinn coe (Mas (uci ee -ii<iyhies iss
B.—CryYPToGaMIA. Rabenhorst’s ‘ Cryptogamic Flora’ or Part 1 Classification of Thallophytes «1 +e we we Part 2 Classification of Thallophytes .. Be eee ee eh Classification of Gleophytes (T' hallophytes) ss) aleben vier Deechae Cryptogamia Vascularia. Prothallium of Lycopodium se s. Partial Germination and Sexual Generation . ms Biase ae? Laniys Development of Sterile Sporangia in Isoetes lacustris -- Part 2 Apical Cell in the Adventitious Buds of Ferns .. .. .. Part 4 Sadebeck’s ‘ Vascular Cryptogams’ .. ean’ s Collateral Vascular Bundles in the Leaves of Forde are oa ri Phyllocladus Be is it Wecls eit ~ Hibernating Prothallia “of nee a As Muscinee.
Structure of Orthotrichum .. «+ «6 «+ oF « «+ Partl
Structure of Orthodontiuvm.. + «+ +
”
PAGE
768 769 770
771 772 906 908 909 909 910 911 911 912 912 913 913 914
914 914 914
915 916 916 917 918 918 918 919
81 82
CONTENTS. xx
PAGE Sphagnum Austini, Sulliv. 1... an on UeEWAR IL fey Shoots from the Pedicels w the + Inflorescne of Mar- Chantianymcen ett. Go 38 Wire hp! iba) poe). tod. dethMR 7K} Geocalycee ., «. ann Monin DUANE moan oe pa alles 276 A new German Sonn Oo, wi Sov m nts wernereton yc Pso. omer 277 HUROOCANEH ON OU C MMs semis tab assit ve Vicon ead ee Batti oe4 SS Rhizopods in Mosses .. . yaeyes art: 4618 Influence of Light on the Ti Talbas of Marchantice bh, “go> Sep 635 JETRO SUES G5. 20. bak eo) eoleb. oon Weal aby Seo sean) “7 PE GOVCATES DLAGIULCCC uate ann tM ss) mn GRE scar fas | 58 773 European Species of Radula $0. 60: (op) json pe’ oad etary GYR SIGMA OP DUOTRAMT HOGS: anc! oo Sha ho. 6G 60) vac ” 923 SERRE HUD OF THORS aes ba) Soo od. tee 0 ob) eee les 974 Characez. NED JN Coins: 65) on. teh Feb 60 ba ee See en EP GenevansChOnacee = rm va) tools nas Mast e een rn ear bro) (ihc: Fungi. Double Fructification of Polyporus applanatus .. .. .. Part1l 82 Alternation of Generations in some Uredinee .. 4... 455 83 ASOD O CORT UERE 56 og be ea. 6a ob. on bo” 83 Maple-parasite, Cercospora acerina .. «1 ss +» oe gg 84 Parasite of Fir-bark, Nectria cucurbitula .. .. .. 6. 4y 84 Nectria ditissima .. .. mi 08 oo 60 ob oh 85 Larch parasite, Peziza Willkommé S6p lod\ ino 'on-- Bol Srp 85 Parasitism of Elaphomyces granulatus «ww wee gy 86 SELON CStLESHOTUUCKODCCCO myst) ctie commu cle mike estou aN e\~ Un ss se 86 Rape-disease: Pleospora Napi .. .. SS 86 Rosellinia (Rhizoctonia) quercina, a Dene of We Root of G0? OW a0 ho go 5. a0 00 gm GM Olpidiopsis, the Par agit of ier fagnia 50. 60 60. D0) CO 87 Organic * Dusts” of the Atmosphere ob Bo edo: || hae 89 Green Bacteriacee and Colourless TNyestivenrer bo G0 & 89 Blue Milk .. «.. Abr DG Noe FEO toc 91 Mitigation of Fowl-Cholera Posen ob 0 es 91 Influence exerted on the Bacterium of Spee ise fy Subjects refractory tott .. .. . “ 92 Further Observations on the Etiology 8 Prevention vf JARED Go| So ees) 94 Intravenous Injection of Symptomatic Wintirca as & means of Immunity .... p 95 Carbon- and Nitrogen- erie as Sones 3 of UNuennent for the Lower Fungi... cei ves iipee kart 2 eli Pathogenous Fungi in the Aenea Ore GUSTO an 66 00 278 Spore-diffusion in the larger Elvellacei 60 St ae 279 Formation and Germination of the Spores of Creer ish 50 ogg 280 New) Entomophihora-forms: .. tee ui oe) se) and se) 55 281 Sclenouian non Lez iz Gi... oe) ili taniene stn -) ee) ial oie) ene 281
Fungus-parasites of Conifer 2.) ss 2. 06 » « 9» 281
XXxil
CONTENTS.
Urocystis) corailoidess 26) we Nee® se") icehy wale! Vive
Species of Hysterium oy i on Gniafene bien, Miele
Chestnut-disease
Plant-diseases caused by F an ote
Germ-theory applied to Fungi parasitic on ‘Pants
Composition of the Protoplasm of Aithalium septicum
Intrusion of a Fungus into the Pulmonary Tissue ioe Peripneumonia .. :
Influence of Antiseptics on Mucor
Tio New Mucorini
New Coloured Bacterium
Cultivation of the Bacterium of oat na
Influence of Concussion on the Growth of Bacteria a
Long Life of Anthrax Germs: their Preservation in Culti- vated Soils :
New Disease due to the Reon of oe Saleon whe a 1 Child oe died from Hydrophobia : ae coc | a5
Nature of Malaria Sgt scee oa ad sd Ys
Animal Nature of Myxomycetes .. .. A 56
Hymenomycete with the Hymenium on the Uniler coer Side
Gymnoascacece 36 :
Gleosporium pétionatian Mi ‘ im Fr ance
Blodgettia, a new Genus of Parasitic Fungi
“ Leaf-brown ” of the Bean Sts Be
CLit/SOmY LA PUNOLILG ecumnts a= ee tee tas) Nan selon Ergot oe Fungeid Diseases of Anite Sous, ee St wii WS
Magnin’s Bacteria
Reproduction of Bacteria
New Coloured Bacterium
Bacillus of Contagious semua oi & 50 Fungus of Ringworm (Trichophyton ents | sie ae fos Absorption of Pigment by Bacteria ao 9 Bacterium decalvans
Mitigation and Renewed Activity of Griaacuad (a Inoculation a means of protecting ed against Charbon ..
Charbon-vaccin .. ac o Use of Smail Quantities of Tose im mitigating Dif of Inoculation... 55 Aa ae
Manufacture of Vinegar bi means of iRacberta oe a6 Grains of Silica and Micrococci of the Atmosphere .. .. Hymenomycete with the Hymenium on the Upper Side .. Superior Hymenium in the Hymenomycetes.. .. .
Structure of the Annulus in Hymenomycetes .. «1 we Supposed Hymenial Glands of Pleurotus glandulosus.. .. NEMGENS DI SDIMETIOCER weet eee es ce oe) ins) lop Fungus Parasite of the oe Aero cy ae a
Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa.. .. oh ed dae”. 55 Mysxomycetes with Aggregated Pilencidan oe) ee, tan FOrMents) es. Ao Lined uiee aee
Fermentation by Sahisoinijanien J WWRL-CHeeiGG th icor, oe
. Parti2
PAGE 281 282
CONTENTS,
Metamorphoses of the Schizomycetes .. .. New Bacteria oo, bo “waa Vee
Bacteria in the Choroid
Réle and Origin of some Microzymes .. Uninized Cultivation of different Bacteria ..
American Gymnosporunyia or * Cedar-apples”
Cancer of Apple Trees .. bc Peziza Fuckeliana and Sclerotiorum Puccinia Lojkajuna : Septoria Castanee, the GHEE Weohse Bacteria liviny at Hiyh Temperatures Bacteria in Diphtheria.
Futal Form of eatacat in He Rabbit, pr saitineet a ae
Subcutaneous Injection of Human Saliva
Action of Compounds inimical to Bacterial Life Action of Ozone on Germs contained in the Air
Nomenclature of Discomycetes
Vegetative Budding of Pistillaria cenit Structure and Germination of Sorosporium New Disease of Birds ..
Chemical Composition of jini, Phenomena of Growth in the Mucorini
Microscopical Organisms in the Intestinal Gonae
Fungi of Diseases of the Teeth Bacillus of Leprosy
Vegetable Ferments and the Achon of One Ponons on
Veyetable Cells ..
Lichenes. Structure and Development of the Cladoniee
Alge. Alge of the Hercules Warm Spring Trichogyne of Hildebrandtia rivularis.. Plurality of Nuclei in the Siphonee Conjugation of Zoospores in Dasycladus Sexual Reproduction of the Bangiacee Cladothriz and Spherotilus .. 1. ss a
Sycamina nigrescens, a Volvocinea destitute of Chlorophyll
Gleocystis
Chromophyton Rosano fis
Norwegian Desmids Baeca:) | Sb Movements of Diatoms. (Figs. 1-3) .. Grammatophora longissima, Petit .. .. Cell-nucleus in Alga Me Formation of Endogenous Shoots i in Algor An Spiral Phyllotazis in Floridee
Sargassum and the Sargasso Sea 06 Spermothamnion torulosuin .. a
Genetic Connection of certain Daneel: Pion eoneces
Xxiii
PAGE
. Part 4 642 Le: » 644 Gt 694
774° Tes 2 77d Bs 717 3 lela, 3 778 es 779 3 779 a4 781 3 781 Part 6 925 = 925 3 925 - 926 5 926 ze 5 927 oe 927 3 927 3 928 Part 3 502 Part1 95 m5 95 ” 96 op 96 ” 97 ” 97 o 97 » 98 i 100 oy 102 4 102 Sas 109 . Part 2 289 5 289 a 290 ip 290 oy 291 op 291
XXIV
CONTENTS. PAGE Crystalloids of Marine Alge an ss we) Part 2 292 The Diatoms of the London Clay. (Plate V. Fig. 1) .. Part 3 381 On a New Species of evils eee vie V. Figs.
2 Gis) are , 3 : “: 424 New Maritime Agee 49 502 Transformation of a Fertile Branch of Pxtracloapennimn
into Prothalliform Branch ..) 1. +s we 4 503 Hauckia, a new Genus of Palmellacee Ar 503 Formation of the Sporangia in Halimeda a 504 Spirogyras of the Environs of Paris .. a 504 Sykidion, a new Genus of Unicellular ea a 505 Chroolepus aureum Ath On ery | eS 505 Arctic Diatomacee : = 506 Classification of Seisonema , a hl ER ORE ie Pe 506 Diatoms in thin Rock Sections. (Figs. 114-15)... «2 2. 507 Movements and Vegetative Reproduction of Diatoms .. x 509 Uses of the Study of Diatoms 512 Diatoms as Test Objects Tah Mi alee GPerorMe feta et ee Mis eae 543 Fructification of Chetopteris plumosa .. .. . « .. Part4 644 Variegation and hobbioata ras in a Species of Entero-
mor pha oye + 645 Fallacious nee im Roast ier Wige os 5 646 Absorptive Organs of Batrachospermum .. «1 +s we 59 646 New Zealand eDesmidice Wasa “se \ a6 0 vee ale Vow) ot ee Us 647 Division of Closterium intermedium 5 648 Schmidt’s Atlas of the Diatomacee 36 90k % 648 Van Heurch’s Synopsis of Belgian iiatenaae, 4 x 648 Delogne’s Belgian Diatoms . . * 648 Peculiar Structure of Isthmia enervis - 648 Motion of Diatoms tk eae RO es 3 649 Fossil Organisms in Meteorites .. .. .» «s «+ «+ Partd 722 Marine Alge of New England 30 ac 782 North American Alge.. .. Sc oF 782 Abnormal Fructification in the Floridee 9» shoe Congenital union of Mase on the Thallus of the Pollex-
fenice A SO eric tae ee te ea 783 Structure of Térprinne .. 56 5 783 Remarkable Vital Phenomenon in ie Adriatic Se op 785 CEZEOTMUOUELOIS cic toot, ek | AMC Evel | Nicie Mere s 785 Strie of the Diatomacee .. .. rH 787 Endophytic Alge .. ; 2 hes 801 Diatoms from Peruvian Gand. ‘(Plate XI. 1) «» « Part 6 865 Algological Notes.. .. * Seats ee) Sexual Reproduction of Piso Sh Be Seles fs 929 Red Colouring Matter of il 5 Aakers patos 5 930 Studies on Vaucheria ts 7H 930 Parasitism of Chlorochytrium .. «- i 9381 New Diatoms “Ep RSE oe. bho SS as eter, + 931 Fossil Diatoms Ro 49 931 Periodical and Massive Avnoartnee 3 Diatonss ay 5 931 Homeocladia and Schizonema «we tee 931
CONTENTS. XXV
MICROSCOPY.
«a Instruments, Accessories, &c.
Bausch and Lomb Optical Company’s “ Professional” and an
“‘ Investigator” Microscopes. (Higs.4-6) .. .. .. Part1 110 Crouch’s Histological Microscope. (Hig. 7) iO bo ao gh 114 Sidle’s New “ Acme” Microscope.. .. DS | Ot! 115 Tolles-Blackham Microscope. (Figs. 8- ~10) so. 00." Go! Sp 115 Reflection from the inside of Body-tubes .. . oh, Oo macy 118 Adaptation of the “* Society” Screw to Draw- oes BO) 1) (Oi ep 118 Dr, Royston-Pigott’s General and Transfer Finder.
(Git 1D) 65 ee 4041 eo WOoe Wad oom nao ney 119 Angular Seetonee Gon ait 60! lod “ipd). go. oo.) 120 Low Powers of Large Aperture .. .. 50 ppl ab = op 120 Gundlach’s Homogeneous-immer sion Objectives ene - 120 Secure Method of Setting the Front Lens of OEE pape
Objectives, (Figs. 12-14) Bo! ic B 121 New Homogeneous-immersion Fluid of 15 iepracioe dee 5 123 Bausch and Lomb Optical Company’s Slide-holder .. .. 5 124 Beck’s Rotating Holder for Rubber-cells. (Hig. 15)... +. 5 124 Wallis’s Calotte Substage. (Fig. 16) A aE eos | aso 125 Centering Nose-piece as a Substage. (Figs. 17 and 18) .. 125 Mayall’s Spiral ena gm Re es Illumination,
(GaGE UD iso Ga | holon Baca Nec io) ab) ao Bes erp 126 High Arapifoations Re filio, (RANT ooh Wiso=s or) ape eco. er 127 Highest Magnifying Powers Ate Piso?) pe. toh edd Son =e 130 Origin of Homogeneous Immersion .. «1 +1 ewe gg 131 The Essence of eee Immersion. (Figs. 20 and
GAD? AN) ude Pete scts at fas wos) yoo ets 131 ‘ The Northern Mior paconIae bc 00 00 134 Holman’s Compressorium and Moist Ghanian “Figs. 25
and 26) .. «. An’ tbo.. 86 ada, $p 142 Holman’s “ Life Slides.” (Figs. 27-29) aM scien sie ees og es 143 Tolles’s Opaque Illuminator for High Powers .. «+ ++ 5 149 The Apertures of Microscope Objectives. (Figs. 31-35).. ae
The Microscopic Limit, and Beyond. (President's Address) Part 2 180 On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope. (Figs. 836-38) 60. 20 203
Griffith Club Microscope. (Figs. 389-41) .. +. «1 +s 293 Swifts Student’s Microscope ( Wale’s ale (Figs. AD Aa) oe a o6 Jo po ep 296
Abbe’s Stereoscopic Tepeces (Fig. 45) AS de pemtons shooe lage 298 Watson's Mechanical and Rotating Stage. (Fig.46) .. 55 300 “ Butterfield” Gauge of Screw for Objectives. (Hig. 47)... 301 Homogeneous-immersion Objective with extra Front Lenses 5 301 Murray and Heath's Polarizing Apparatus. (Figs. 48 and
ete een a Weir RPI EMC ad 206 hull Cie ge RACE POOR gakoc bei airy 302
XXvVi CONTENTS.
PAGE Notes on Aperture, Microscopical Vision, and the Value of wide-angled Immersion Objectives :— I. The Aperture Theories.— Apertur’s exceeding 180° angular in Air.—The true Notation for Aperture Part 2 303 1. The Two Theories of Aperture * 304 2. “Dry” and“ Immersion” Objectives. (Fig. 50) x 305 3. Definition of “ Aperture.” (Figs. 51-53).. _,, 307 4, Increase of Aperture with the Increuse in the Density of the Medium.— Apertures exceed-
ing 180° angular in Air, (Figs.54 and 55) ,, 308 5. The Photometrical Test—Supposed Identity
of the Hemispheres in different Media.
(Figs. 56-62) 50, ot + 311 6. The “ Resolution” te 4 316 7. The ‘‘ Angular Grip” = 318
8. Numerical Aperture, (Figs. 63 nd a) D 321 Il. Angular-Aperture Fallacies a bias ways 326 1. The Hemisphere Puzzles 326
(a) The Convex Hemisphere. (Figs. 65- -67) x, 326
(b) The Concave Hemisphere. (Fig. 68) BS 328 (c) The Hemisphere as a Condenser. (Figs. GIrandvii0) Pech ree woe! ose +s 329 2. Lllumination Fallacies. (Figs. 71-73) 5 330 3. Power of the Plane Siow of a Lens. (Fig. 74) . “ + 332 4. The Diagram Wahaen: "(The Stokes Tunis sion and the Shadbolt Dry ee (figs. 75 and 76) 5 333
5. Fallacies in Practical Cae xh aes 337
6. “ Not Image-forming Rays” (Fig. 77) “5 338
7. “ Only a Question of Nomenclature” oF 340
Ill. Photometrical Questions connected with Aperture.. 4, 341 1. Difference of Radiation in the same Medium.
(Figs. 78-82) .. .. 33 341 2. Increase of Radiation im ita Oil, ho.
(Figs. 83-90) is 343
IV. Microscopical Vision and the Delineating Peto of Objectives 55, peed
1. The Abbe Theory “of Wamorcenical Vision, (Figs. 91-107) .. 5 *~ 348
2. The Lelineating Power of Objectives aie Aperture. (Figs. 108 and109) .. .. oy 356 V. The Value of Wide-angled Immersion Objectives .. 5, 359
* Opaque ” Illumination by the Vertical Iiluminator.. .. 362
Amphipleura pellucida by Reflected and Transmitted Light ,, 363 Fluid for Homogeneous Immersion a 366 Further Remarks on the “ae of Miran Objectives,
(Fig. 110) “rig wee os os eed
On the Estimation of Abiotias in ie ain (Figs. DPI LS iter) 0), cage pecteeesy o>, 00, “Cs Leben
CONTENTS.
Houston’s Botanical Dissecting Microscope. (Fig. 116) ..
Jaubert’s Microscope. (Fig. 117)
Veérick’s Skin Microscope. (Fig. 118)..
Watson’s Microscope-Stand. (Fig. 119) .. Eye-Shade for Monoculars, (Fig. 120) oe tee Diagonal Rack-work and Spiral Pinion. (Fig. oa New Fine Adjustment ..
Oil-immersion Objectives with Cor cut Vance Seiler’s Large Stuge .
Sliding Stage Diaphragms. (Fig. 122) Of Bousfield’s Rotating Diaphragm-plate. (Fig. 123)
Hyde's Illuminator or Oblique . Immersion Condenser.
(Figs. 124 and 125) High Magnifying Power Graham's Compressorium. (fig. 126) Insect Cage. (Fig. 127) 50. GE The Essence of Homogeneous Immersion .. . ae
Abbe’s Apparatus for demonstrating the irene of Radiation in Media of higher Refractive Index than Air.
(Fig. 128) 560) lat Deby’s Improved Gomi’ side, (Faq. 129) Test for Illumination. (Fig. ie Society Standard Screw
XXVll
PAGE
Part 3 513 » 514 » 516 » 516 Ba es ic est: 519 » 520 » 520 » 523 » B24 > «825 » 525 » 526 » 326 » 526 » 527 >» 1 BA 547
Ahrens’s Erecting Binocular Microscope. ncaa 135 ipa 136) Part 4 651
Crossley’s Microscope with Special Arrangement for [llu- minating the Swinging Substage. (Figs. 137 and 1388) ..
Griffith Clib Microscope
Parkes’s Child’s Portable Compound Mi scraseope cc 180)
Silk-Mercer’s LE NRE TE (GiB IAD og) col 55 Sidle’s No. 4 ** Acme” Microscope. (Fig. 141)..
Baker’s Student’s Stephenson's Erecting Binocular Micro-
seg, (Cenp lb). 25 56 90 90 od. 66 Vérick’s Dissecting Microscope. (Fig. 143) .. Gundlach’s “* Periscopic” Eye-pieces .. .. d Nachet’s Objective Carrier. (Figs. 144 and 145) Vérick’s Objective “ Extractor.” Oe 4G) Sse Sliding Objectives .. 90 9, 9) ea ae Smith’s Object Plate and Finder: ‘(Fus. 147 and 148) Wenham’s Disk Illuminator. (Figs. 149 and 150) .. Smith’s * V-shaped Diaphragm.” (Fig. 151)
Value of Swinging Substages Ady ad! “ac Botterill’s Life-slide. (Fig. ae
Botterill’s Life-trough.. ¢
Hardy’s Vivarium. (Fig. 158) ..
Simple Growing-slide ,
Wight’s Growing-slide .. Bo eae jag ts too Net Bartley’s Warm-stage. (Fig. 154) .. .. .. « Hume’s Frog-plate. (Fig. 155) .
Apparatus for Investigating Capillary Blood ee Gn ip
Frog’s Foot). (Figs. ae Rogers's Micrometers .. .. JM Neo ube. OE
» 658
655 » 655 , 656 » 657 » 658 » 659 » 659 By E66t » 662 , | 662 » 663 » 664 » 665 » 666 » 669 » 669 vent (Yl GT? oa PGT oh PGT ” 674 ROIS
XXViil
CONTENTS
PAGE Ideal Series of Objectives for Microscopical Work .. .. Part 4 679 High Amplifications .. .. Poros | 679 Conditions of Microstereoscopic Vision _—* Ponendtion? as 5 680 Abbe’s Stereoscopic Eye-piece .. .«. . = 689
Iilumination for Binocular Microscopes with High Pon (Figs. 160 and 161) et Bes » 690
“ Working Distance and its pean) x Focal ica Ean Aperture” Bs brahy, de cin des alge Nellie tee 692 Invention of the Binneilar Mier oscope oe Derek) We eoieetels Unis 693 Priority of Invention .. .. ca (eee) eerie 3 693 Beck's “ Ideal” Microscope. (Fig. 166) Phi We eBariomsee
Cosson’s “ Dissecting” and ‘ Observing” Microscope. (Fig. 167) edt cee (ay | a QOeem UNG Baek My Bon aes 807 Holmes’s Class Microscope. (Fig.168) .. .. «2 « 4 808 Pocket Microscope. (figs. 169 and 170) .. .. a 809
Swifts “ Challenge” Binocular Micr' beeone 6). (Fig. 171) ig 810 Vérich’s “ Goniometrical Microscope for Mineralogy.”
(Cais WPI ES) Sa + 812 Seibert and Kraft’s Dissecting Miers oscope. Cre 175 and 17 % t 814 The Battle of the Stands. (Fig.177) .. .. «- 5 815 Fine Adjustment by the Eye-piece. (Fig. 178) HAY 5 816
Zeiss’s Camera Lucida with Two Prisms. (Figs. 179 and 180) + 818 Silver Films for Instruments of the Camera Lucida Class.
(Figs. 181-183) .. . Fi b tisk Ms alos 819 Apparatus for Examining Diffraction ieecaina Ho wack on) <p 822 Sorby’s Binocular Spectroscope. (Figs. 184 and 185) .. 5, 822 Fase’s Zoophyte Trough, Live-Box, or Growing Slide,
(aay SS GC ED oo on Yoo) op | A eB! od BG ogy 824 Malassez’s Moist Chamber... Say we ateh kee) oes 825 Mackenzie's Swinging Substage. (Fig. 188) cok Lob op 825
Swift's Radial Traversing Substage Illuminator. (Fig. 189) rp 827 Kelner Eye-piece and Equilateral Prism as a Means of Illu-
mination, (Figs. 190-192) .. .. 5 828 Difference in the Appreciation of the Abpardit Size of
Microscopical Images by different Observers .. .. A 829 Conditions of Aplanatism for ican Poncits.
(tip ISB ao 4a ae An 5 831 Penetrating Power of Ojai Boll) fo, Ata cm Mice cy 831 Penetration .. .. SPIRE carci diols PP ot Wow as 833 Advantage of the Berean 30. «do. Sieh ACME sOL, wc | A 835 Braham’s Lamp .. «. Be 0 ith SACU SCROLL AP 55 854 Descriptions of New Mionbiedoes ; . Part 6 932
Lacaze-Duthiers’ Aquari ium Microscope. (Figs. 203 the 204) 3 932 Nachet’s Petrographical Microscope. (Figs. 205 and 206) ,, 934
Miller’s Microscope with Telescopic Bye-piece .. . oy 935 Salt’s Pocket Microscope (Swift-Brown Pocket Microsone), (Figs. 207-209) .. .. bs) as 936
Sidle’s “ Acme” Lithological Micedeape (Fig. 210) Ses 937 Browning's Platyscopic Lenses... 22 «+ «2 ss 00 95 939 Nachets Ponteoupe. (high Zi) ane.) pnesuie sh woe | en ina 939 Lacaze-Duthiers Porte-loupe, (Hig. 212) My a ehistioeaeruhiaes 939
CONTENTS. XX1X
PAGE Zeiss’s Camera Lucida. (Figs. 213 and 214) .. .. .. Part 6 940 Tighlmann’s Cylinder-Diaphragms for the Vertical Illu- minator. (Figs. 215-218) .... Poa 941 New Homogeneous-Immersion 1-12-inch of fie 43 N. ve 6, et 942 Fluid for Homogeneous Immersion .. ao GO. sf 942 Beck's Glass Friction-stage. (Figs. 219 ee 220) 5 eHiNes sy ctcas 943 Tolles’s Mechanical Stage. (Figs. 221-223) .. .. -.. x 944 Goodwin’s Growing-slide. (Fig.224) .. .. 1. « gy 946 Diaphragms for Axial Condensers. Oe 225) 50 GO fy 947 New Dioptrical Formula... 5 ee bo os 947 Refractive Indices of Optical Cine AMS CCR ScU UN eee eck) 75 949 Standard Gauges for Eye-pieces and ue RO AO. Com wey 975 Stagnation of the Microscope... 6. 80 5 975
New Abbe Apertometer for Hessian very cere Uperiuces D 978
B. Collecting, Mounting and Examining Objects, &c. Dr, Maddox’s Modified Aeroconiscope. (Figs. 22 and 23) Part1 1384
Hlerpell’s Method of Preparing Fungi for the Herbarium... ,, 136 Simple and Speedy Method of Staining Animal and Vege- table Sections .. . OH) wees) | go. Bol! 6a |p do = 137 Staining and Mounting Pollen Boa ree @ opine) Moat oo" ey 137 Dry. Mounts for the Microscope. 2s 2. 00 es sw gg 138 Carbolic Acid in Mounting .. .. .2 6» os oe we ogg 139 Was Cells .. .. 5/60 6 109g of 139 Simple Device for Handing Thin Covers a9 60! GD 0b 140 Mounting, Clipe Higa 2) yee, scr, aeeh leis) ot el aise) ss 141 Arranging) DialOomsy SCu pte et) tia aioe) Wi esaal = ofl sees 141 Mapping with the Micro-spectroscope AC a 145 Tubes for Conveying Moist es Dintomacee, fect G: a IHOSG oh a 30 AD)! 60 soo. bo 145 Glass Gains (Fig. 30) . Yost lesa ys Beers ete te es 146 VAler OSCODCSIaE- l= po. oo. 60.) 65 eo oe ~~ oo ABR) SYST Slip-cleaning nent SS (poe HOLE Se phe Non. ry 362 The late F. A. Nobert . a0 3 364 Method for Colouring Tnfusoria Oe natn Rtements duningElAfe 1) sae see on a ee Aen oT Double and Treble Staining .. .. 12 os 12 egg 528 Preserving Conferve and Desmids ROW We kG | ee 930 . Preserving Marine Alge .. .. Sas Ss Hey ON tee tse 530 Soap for Preparing and Cleaning Dae BOy oO" 50, oy 531
Sullivant’s Mechanical Fingers Saud fe smilie eu tes Mounting with Glycerin-jelly .. «2 2. © 2. oe weg 5384 Mounting Starches pO" 60
Mounting Desmids Semen eon ce Wax for Dry-mounting Onan Objects EAs San eae 536 Waz Cells with White Zine Cement for Fluid cite : How to make Was Cells. (Figs. 130-133) BR Wy od ae 538 Gutta-percha Cells 2, Susie eT pas tad to oat
Apertures in Opaque sg sal co) sad es oa Copal Varnish. i ie, nae, cosh cereals asp OEE Pee 541
Xxx CONTENTS.
PAGE Microscopical Examination of Blood in the Diagnosis of Disease .. 33 An nC ORES ec O lary ay Sue Diatoms as Test Objects BE aC. Wells, a, on.sunbnrodl pect gs 5438 Examination of Metalliferous Clays Bee CL COM ci cr 544 Microscopic Tests for Poisons .. .. «+ se +e 55 544 Fine Rulings bo oo) Ate May cdateay ict les 544 Journal for Physical a iptelegical ienaiens eae oe 545 New Microscopical Journal .. .. Meath - 545 Seiler’s Compendium of Microscopical Technology she Me 546 Smith’s ‘ How to See with the Microscope’... .«. + 546
On a Blue and Scarlet Double Stain, suitable for ore oi many other Animal Tissues .. «6 «. «+ «+ o Part 4 573
Colouring Living Infusoria, Jc. .. +s se oe ee weg 694 Unmixed Cultivation of different Raciene Ao Mae oe ook eh 694 False Appearances produced by Hardening ee oe sp 695 Hailes’s Poly-microtome, (Figs. 162 and 163)... .. .. yy 696 Williams’s Freezing Microtome. (Fig.164) .. .. .« yy 697 Zeiss's Microtome.) (dig. 165)" 2. 2. ese ee eg 699 Preparing Coal Sections... Bop Mock Wie wo apc 700 Simple Method of Making Rock Sections SE Go. PRED Gee a 701 ‘ Tin=fowl CEUs ak | inetd, toe lags eo ole aint “SERS, ERD ine py 702 Wax Cells ..- . Repent Unter aiitec a ntee 703 Wax Gis naciontion of Gaus Ark Mcrew too ce alee oc) 704
Arabin for Mounting .. . as 704 Mounting Diatoms in Gusto of High Refract Trace 9 704
Mounting Marine Alge roe MEAS PMS Saves 705 Mounting Starches... ce Ree es 705 Mounting Opaque Objects with Peta heh SL eee 705 Dry Mounting .. o- Bh dk Lek oon a Ap 706
Semper’s Method for Dry Prepusations Tah ee eo) ees 706 Tale for Cover-glasses with High Powers .. «6 « + 707
Micrometrical Researches on Contracted Muscle.. .. .. 45 707 Prismatic Action of certain Microscopic Objects .. s 707 Carpenter’s ‘ The Microscope and its Revelations’ .. .. 4y 708
The Microscope and the Origin of the Anatomy of Plants + 709 Huberson’s * Journal de Photographie et de Microscopie’ .. ,, 709 “ Société Frangaise de Microscopie” i Wee ene) sires 710 Micrographical Mineralogy . ee Bia RAD igs 710 Stirling’s Practical Histology nid Boel * oy 711 Maddox’s Photomicrographs of Piotdbengiita eaaltoeuns a 715
Apparatus for Pond-life .. . Pere S2)th) es) Hanaman’s Collecting-bottle ve k oD) See dad 25 836 Cleaning Diatoms.. .. Ne pe ase Ry) eae 837
Colouring Bacteria CR ke SSN 3 838 Colouring of Suberized Mente by F uohsin Chinektich keer 6 Sp 839 Nigrosine for Colouring Nuclei a is Celis MANNE ess 839 Staining Nuclei .. .. mY aeolian Aaale: CRaniiibetoe. 5 839 Seiler’s Imbedding ulema ABs -Gneiehe D 840 Strasser’s Method of Imbedding .. brian ee 840 Loewe’s Modification of the Ranvier Mea bcome: (Figs.
195=197) atest rcs) a AMM ne ne wen ee 840
CONTENTS.
Knife for Large Sections. (Fig. 198)
Making Sections very quickly
Cutting Sections of Myxomycetes, Fc...
Dayton’s Cell. (fig. 199) .
Fluid for Mounting inne Alga, Os
Preservative Fluids for Botanical Preparations ..
Chloral Hydrate for Preserving Tissues
Chalon’s Microscopic Finger
Mounting Opaque Objects
Preparing Cuticles of Plants
Mounting Raphides
Preparing Crystals of Metals
BluerGlassipor.hest Objectsts eee eteel lies ee
Armstrong’s Universal Turntable. (Fig. 200) ..
Aylward’s “‘ Concentric” Turntable. (Fig. 291)
Photographing Bacteria .. .
Giinther’s Photographs of arora igen (Fig ig. 202) .
Cohen Gnd Gian s Micnophetographe of Miner ab aaa Rocks A
Examining and Testing Pines artes of “Blood
Microscopical Examination of Handwriting—Detection of Forgeries by the Microscope :
Smoke and Steam under the enscona : as
Microscopical Representation of Physiological Dooeene
Multiple Staining of Animal Tissues with Picro-carmine, Iodine, and Malachite-green Dyes, and of Vegetable Tissues with Atlas-scarlet, Soluble Blue, Iodine, and Malachite-green Dyes 6 og BD 8
Fine Rulings ..
Koch’s New Method of Fame Cultivation if Bacal
Sterilization of Animal and Vegetable Liquids ..
Hardening the Spinal Cord . Eye
Transferring Sections from Alcohol to cftlihicr Fluid.
Imbedding in Paraffin and Freeing the Sections .
Imbedding in Paraffin . So 0 06
Taylor’s Freezing Microtome 5 60 00
Waller’s Section-knife for Large gets (Fig. 226)
Staining of Living Unicellular Organisms .. dt
Klein’s Cochineal Fluid c
Purpurine for Staining Fetal Veneto
Cements and Cementing
Preserving Cover-qlasses. (Fig. 297)
Sidle’s *‘ Congress” Turntable. (Figs. 228 and) 220)
New Process for Preparing the Brain.. pr gat
Action of Concentrated Osmic Acid on iBanyezte 000
Mounting Chick Embryos whole ..
Mounting Echinoderm Larve ..
Mounting Class
Mode of Detecting Adulienatone m “are by the lire: SCODGH sit la elea celia slat et etal cama od bus, ‘60! je
XXxX1
Partie
PAGE
842 843 844 844 845 845 847 847 847 848 849 850 850 850 851 851
853
854 855
856
864 864
962
962
XXX11 CONTENTS.
PAGE Reagent for Small Quantities 4 Oxygen from Living Or ganismstrmes tesco ects tee! wee 2. es | oe eT Micro-photography SoMa eae tne ae 964 EStOlogy nara PMU CHOSCODY Mae) W's) tase 4)" 2 ee) eS 964 Microscopy in 1830-1881 Sree eH hon +5 970 Obituary.—M. Nachet, Sen., and Mr. C. A. Spencer Ss 970 Mounting Objects in Media of os Sue active Indew .. 973 Microscopy in Victoria 3 ME ae ee 977 Fasoldt’s Fine Rulings RSD Mary ices tele Marois tote eet ae 978 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY— December 11,1880 .._ .. oe) Sas |g a ean eee December 8, 1880 (Geientific Bening) a eee Wen PSE ees 3 151 January 12,1881 .. .. Ban RA oe OS Bs 153 February 9, 1881 (Annual Mosting) . . Part2 365 Report of the Council cee to the Raia Meeting yA 5 369 Treasurer's Accounts for 1880.) 9.57 Yee ee ee oe ee "3 371 March9s 188024... 0 eth cid © coh (oe 8A cciel= 1) lols) Stree Sm ison moln os 872 April 13, 18812... .. an ee a a | April 20, 1881 (Conversions). iota ale Mes) Aaja) Mee amore ‘ 551 Many SILAS SSM me tect West) ites rointMaMeler teeter cata Tavs l tere)” Mets a 993 JUNE 6, PSST Te he le LE NL eae iS. Deets Pani ae October 12, ASST +s e.. Mt ae” =. ee! SES TS ee eee November 9G lSSilacen oe nein Wet Uicie f Mell Geiet ll wish les . 976
INDEX He) oak. om obs Dn: Oca eee MDC con) tae cent eirid a 981
(| xxx )
LIST OF PLATES.
Sa TO FACE PLATE PAGE Wi =CL GES SKS, og oo eo oa Go. be da | So ho Ea Il.—Floscularia trifolium Abe oh, 0 nds. ony ¢ 1 TU.—Radiolaria and Mtieroenone tiene a6) Bor sco oo oo. dete 1B} IV.—Dermaleichus heteropus ; py AY V.—Diatoms of the London Clay : eT, ydr osera ct ronnie .- Pari3 381 VI.—Rhizopoda :—Dactylameba as Pelomyza palustris, Longicauda amebina 60) | ogi) inn dm ao. | loc A: VIL-VIII.—Sponge Spicules.. .. oat eda aru taonn IX.—New Boring Annelid Guinerane taorslet 35. py! too. Let), “ZALL2/ X.—New Infusoria .. .. SAME EATS Me AES eile 93 ee OG XI,—Diatoms from Peruvian Guano: es ieee) een ee ATOmSGO
Ser. 2.—Vot. I. Cc
( eave )
LIST OF WOODCUTS.
—~—_-
FIGS. PAPERS AND NOTES ILLUSTRATED. 1-3—Movements of Diatoms 7 6—Bausch and Lomb Optical fompanys Sie ferotessional i aad “ Investigator” Microscopes.. So ce ice ata ners 7—Crouch’s Histological Microscope 8-10—Tolles-Blackham Microscope 11—Dr. Royston-Pigott’s General raster Finder 12-14—Secure Method of Setting the Front Lens of Oil-immersion Objectives a6 15—Beck’s Rotating Fiolder or Enbber Cells 16—Wallis’s Calotte Substage.. : 17-18—Centering Nose-piece as a Substage 19—Mayall’s Spiral Diaphragm for Oblique Tee 20-21—The Essence of Homogeneous Immersion 22-23—Dr. Maddox’s Modified Aeroconiscope 24—Mounting Clip : 25-6—Holman’s Compressorium and Moist Ghamaben 27-9—Holman’s “ Life Slide ” RS CleCiyeuilkireo om te oo dp) 0p ode oor Be) dc 31-3—Mr. Shadbolt’s Paper on “The ee of Microscope Objectives ” cS ‘cg’ eae 34-5—Mr. Crisp’s Paper in Sag i same.. .. 36-8—Prof. Abbe’s Paper on “ The Gondincns of Oxthoseopie aa Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope ”
PAGE
. Part 1 107 » bile 5 a » 116-18 wn © 122-3 waa ae 9 ae » 126 5. lee 5. aes » des ee » 142-8 oles 3) a6 » 156-8 » » lee
Part 2—203, 206, 211 39-41—Griffith Club Microscope... .. nk Part 2 293-5
42-4—Swift’s Student’s Microscope (Wale’ 8 Model) 45—Abbe’s Stereoscopic EKye-piece : 46—Watson’s Mechanical and Rotating Stage 47—* Butterfield ” Gauge of Screw for Objectives 48-9—Murray and Heath’s Polarizing Apparatus .. 50-109—Mr. Crisp’s Paper, ‘‘ Notes on Aperture, Wiaereccoment Vision, and the Value of Wide-angled Immersion Objec- tives,” viz. :— I. The Aperture Theories.—Apertures exceeding 180° angular in Air.—The true Notation for aka (Figs. 50-64) te lI. Angular-Aperture Fallacies (Figs. 65- 71) III. Photometrical Questions connected with Aperture (Figs. 78-90) IV. Microscopical Vision and the Tisiinenting Powes of Objectives (Figs, 91-109)..
» 296-7 > o2ge 800 1 Sot » 802 » 303-26 » 326-41 » sH-7
»» 847-59
LIST OF WOODCUTS. XXXV
FIGS. PAPERS AND NOTES ILLUSTRATED. PAGE 110—Mr. Shadbolt’s Paper, “‘ Further Remarks on the praeie of Microscope Objectives” .. so barti2) 317 111-13—Prof. Abbe’s ee, “On the istiaation of Apertare in the Microscope” .. sue as a. Bart 8392; 397; 422 114-15—Diatoms in Thin Rocke Berioney Bp Lac amore BURNT TERE) WA Part 3 507 116—Houston’s Botanical Dissecting Vaeroscane Deh ered tach ae eet Wee 514 7a aubertiss VUCrOSCOPCh rene sah | Use eis tole Maren! ye Mlle Allee mS 515 MS EVerickrs Sine VUICrOSCOMe sere nteltsout tice) liner tcl ly ried, Arye sih lass 516 NOS —Wisitsones MECTOSCOPE=StaNd ayitss tent sell cs) lee Wee) ileus aay 517 120—Hye Shade for Monoculars Sort gh Pe che Mere eT ae | ens 518 121—Diagonal Rack-work and Spiral Binion’! Pee tN enh BURY tT aD 518 122—Sliding Stage Diaphragms... Pa comin nikon movies St eae Sone 522 123—Bousficld’s Rotating Diaphragm- pine bem a rien iene baleen ke 523 124-5—Hyde’s Illuminator or Oblique Immersion Gendensen, SN 524 12G—-Graham7s!Compressorimmy ya) sen) aor | ater | cies well ateie eet 95 525 127—Insect Cage... ... 3 526 128—Abbe’s Apparatus for demonetmtine the merece of Revdies tion in Media of higher Refractive Index than Air.. .. ,, 527 129—Deby’s Improved Growing-slide .. «. ww we we we gy 527 130 =33——ELOWwetOrmakes Wax ©ells) ws. ce) tscr cee sew wip) ciel (ieee », 039-40 134—Test for Illumination.. .. Hee ech Ov ease Dito 542 135-6—Ahrens’s Erecting Binocular mitenoscone! Acetate barti4eGo2=3 137-8—Crossley’s Microscope with Special rae ee for Illu- minating the Swinging Substage a Sp a Poke Meee) 139—Parkes’s Child’s Portable ae iN croscopae SE. ass 656 140—Silk-Mercer’s Microscope .... Museo cect Meco ra nnt e sa0 FP} 656 141—Sidle’s No. 4 ‘¢ Acme” Microscopes Fahy a6 0 657 142—Baker’s Student’s Stephenson’s Hrecting Binecutes vinonseae , 658 143—Verick’s Dissecting Microscope oh. i. eee nap ao jad). & 659 144-5—Nachet’s Objective Carrier .. .. 2. 2. ee we we gg 661 146——Verickis Objective ixtractor2 —j) girls v-aie etl) Vwi innss 662. 147-8—Smith’s Object Plateand Finder .. .. .. «2 .. «+ 4, 663-4 149=50—Wenham’s Disk [luminator 25 035 Wii eee ae) igs 665 151—Smith’s “ V-shaped Diaphragm” .. .. .. «2 -. 06 99 666 52=—Botterill’ Wite-slide: 2... 22) saqlheem tele Mates a meni eas 670 153—Hardy’s Vivarium fof 06) Gd.) OS) ‘Mob, OW ob) Gae p 671 154—Bartley’s Warm-stage Oe ere ie ono tunciah bse Let inet, 673 155—Hume’s Frog-plate .... 9 674 156-9—Apparatus for Investigating Capitan Blood: mesa cn the Frog’s Foot) .. .. » 675-7 160-1—Tlumination for Binocular Mueroseones siti High Bowers . 691 NG2=3——ElailesmPoly=miCrotome) |)” cn | ecuiMision|inmclone Wels slsjyiMielciil iiss 697 164—Williams’s. Freezing Microtome .. .. .. .. « «=» 4g 698 165—Zeiss’s Microtome .. sis), RSPR ae force aie, Uae ws 700 166—Beck’s “ Ideal ”’ Mijeroscope Bie Bo oo HERING) AXONS 167—Cosson’s “ Dissecting ” and ‘ Ohesatin: e iicroccepe Baal ike) 807 i'G68==Holmes's Class Microscope) 935) as cch vee) ce) eel ain 5s 808 169-70—Pocket Microscope .. . aes » 809-10 171—Swift’s “ Challenge ” Bineculas Micreccope (C) . Bef Ateo ! ig 811
172-4—V évick’s “ Goniometrical Microscope for Mireraloay 2 06 pp ole alg} 175-6—Seibert and Kraft’s Dissecting Microscope .. .. .. «. 45 814
XXXVI LIST OF WOODCUTS.
FIGS. PAPERS AND NOTES ILLUSTRATED. 177—The Battle of the Stands .. ts 178—Fine Adjustment by the Eye-piece.. 179-80—Zeiss’s Camera Lucida with Two Prisms a 181-3—Silver Films for Instruments of the Camera Frcela Class 5 184-5—Sorby’s Binocular Spectroscope 186-7—Fase’s Zoophyte Trough, Live-Box, or Growing Side 188—Mackenzie’s Swinging Substage : Bet Vas 189—Swift’s Radial Traversing Substage iiipnsanioe Ae . 190-2—Kelner Eye-piece and Equilateral Prism as a Means B Illumination .. 193—Conditions of Aplanatizm for Wideaneted Benes 194—Hanaman’s Collecting Bottle .. o : 195-7—Loewe’s Modification of the Ranvier Macwstne 198—Knife for Large Sections .. 199—Dayton’s Cell 3 200—Armstrong’s Universal Teatabile : 201—Aylward’s “ Concentric ” Turntable : 202—Giinther’s Photographs of Pleurosigma damien. ; 203-4—Lacaze-Duthiers’ Aquarium Microscope eg Tank Micro- scope) - 50 205-6—Nachet’s Poleoemshienl Manrasape 207-9—Salt’s Pocket Microscope (Swift-Brown Pocket Miarcerens) 210—Sidle’s “ Acme ” Lithological saa as aa 211—Nachet’s Porte-loupe .. cat Lee - 212—TLacaze-Duthiers’ Porte-loupe .. 213-4—Zeiss’s Camera Lucida 215-8—TighImann’s fester a ae! Vertical Tlu-
minator 219-20—Beck’s Glass Wrickih- tape a 221-3—Tolles’s Mechanical Stage “al Nocatee
224—Goodwin’s Growing-slide .. 225—Diaphragms for Axial Condensers .. 226—Waller’s Section-knife for large Sections 227—Preserving Cover-glasses .. 4556 228-9—Sidle’s ‘‘ Congress” Turntable..
”
”
”
PAGE
> Part 5) wis
817 818 821 823-4 825 826 827
. Part 6 933
934-5 936-7 938 939 940 941
942 943 944-6 947 947 955 958 959
( xxxvii_ )
LIST OF AUTHORS.*
—_—_—+-———_
A.
Appz, E., 131, 131, 203, 298, 366, 388, 526, 526, 545, 680, 689, 690, 831, 832, 835, 942.
Adler, H., 443.
Agassiz, A., 251, 895.
Abrens, C. D., 651.
Allan, T. F., 845.
Ambronn, H., 289, 913.
_ Anderson, 782.
Andree, J., 892. Andrews, R. T., 835. Anthony, J., 520. Apostolides, N., 466, 606. Ardissone, F., 291, 782. Arloing, 95.
Armstrong & Co., 850,
Askenasy, E., 268.
Asper. G., 583.
Atwood, H. F., 893.
Atwood, M., 544.
Aylward, H. P., 851.
B.
Bachmann, E., 74.
Bainier. G.. 284.
Baker, C., 658.
Balfour, F. M., 876.
Baranetzky, J., 629.
Bardeen, F. L., 538.
Barrois, J., 30, 727-
Barthélemy, A., 771.
Bartley, E. H., 672.
Bary, A. de, 273.
Bassett, C. H., 123.
Batalin, A., 76.
Batelli, A., 430.
Bausch and Lomb Optical Company, 110, 124.
Bavaria, Duke C. of, 644.
Beale, L. §., 180.
Béchamp, A., 644.
Beck & Co., 124, 805, 943.
Beck, G., 78.
Beddard, F. E., 253.
Behrens, W. J., 69, 626, 709, 915.
Bell, F. J., 605, 744, 749, 896.
Bellonci, G., 886. Beneden, E. van, 727, 742, 893. Bennett, A. W., 916. Benvist, L., 952.
Bergh, R., 28. Bergonzini, C., 284, 495. Bernstein, T., 578. Berthold, G., 96, 97, 929. Bertrand, C. E., 634. Blackham, G. E., 115, 665. Blanc, H., 447. Blochmann, F., 877. Blomfield, J. E., 738. Boas, J. EH. V., 450. Bodaszewsky, L. J., 864. Bokorny, T., 906.
Boll, F., 579.
Bollinger, O., 492. Bonnier, G., 77, 626, 633. Borbas, V., 267.
Born, G., 874.
Bornet, E., 929.
Borodin, J., 916.
Borzi, A., 503.
Botterill, C., 669, 670. Boulay, 82.
Bouley, 499.
Bourne, A. G., 738. Bousfield, E. C., 523. Boussingault, 914. Brady, H. B., 759. Bragdon, A. A., 120, 520. Braham, 854.
Brandt, E., 234.
Brandt, K., 956.
Braun, M., 217, 575, 610. Breitenbach, W., 39. Bretfeld, H. F. v., 71, 86. Brittan, W. C., 701. Brogniart, C., 884. Brooks, W. K., 7, 42. Brown, G. T., 937. Brownell, J. T., 137. Browning, J., 939.
Buccich, 749. Busk, G., 30, 880. Biitschli, O., 67, 471, 619, 760, 764,
76
766. Butterfield, 301.
* This list includes the names of the authors of the papers printed in the Transactions and noted in the * Summary,” and also those of the designers of
any instruments and apparatus described under the head of “ Microscopy.”
XXXVili LIST OF AUTHORS.
C. Dobson, G. E., 46, Cadiat, O., 217. Domenico, M., 496. Campbell, F. M., 40, 41. Douglas, J. C., 140, 141, 819. Candolle, A. de, 919. Drasche, R. v., 45. Carpenter, P. H., 896. Duclaux, H., 642. Carpenter, W. B., 708, 814, 853. Dunean, P. M., ifi5% 463, BET le Carter, H. J., 614, 901. Du Plessis, G., 964. Castracane, F., 785, 787, 930, 931. Dybowsky, W., 256. Cattaneo, A., 962. Cattie, J. T., 445. ae Certes, A., 527, 694. Eaton, 782. Chalon, J., 847. Editorial (this Journal), 118, 127, 364, Chamberland, 286, 286, 498, 499, 499. 519, 526, 526, 666, 693, 693, 708, 710, Chambers, V. T., 455. 809, 815, 831, 831, 833, 932, 947, 962, Chappuis, E., 781. 964, 970, 970. Chatin, J., 740. Eidam, E., 489. Chauveau, A., 92, 500. Hisen, G., 44. Cheeseman, E. L., 954. Elfving, F., 914. ; Chester, A. H., 702, 847, 850. Engelmann, T. W., 221, 259, 707, 962. Chun, C., 468. Ercolani, G. B., 892. Cisow, A., 429. Errera, 839. Claus, C., 244, 733, 747. Ewart, J. C., 464. Cleve, P. T., 506. Eyferth, B., 97.
Cohen, E., 854. Cohn, F., 486, 494.
Cooke, M. C., 288, 536. BF. Cornevin, 95. Fairfield, F. G., 525. Cornu, M., 83, 281, 283, 636, 845. Falkenberg, P., 783. Cosson, 807. Famintzin, A., 75, 76. Cox, J. D., 649, 679. Farlow, W. G., 774, 782. Crisp, F., 150, 161, 303, 365, 377. Fase, H. J., 824. Crossley, E., 653. Fasoldt, C., 949. Crouch, H., 114, 668. Faxon, W., 599. Cugini, C., 917. Fewkes, J. W., 746. Cunningham, D. D., 927. Fileti, 580. Cunningham, K. M., 837. Fischer, A., 88. Curties, T., 665. Fitz, A., 641. Curtis, L., 858. Flemming, W., 11, 16. Curtman, C. O., 721. Foettinger, A., 902. Cutter, E., 376. Fol, H., 756. D eae! 8. A., 618.
: ouqué, F., 710. D., A. J., 936. Fraipont, J., 47, 256, 602, 741. D., J. D., 737. Fraisse, P., 724. Dall, W. H., 587. Francotte, 460. Dalmer, M., 262. Frank, B., 273. Danielssen, D. C., 45, 605, 890. Frédéricq "L.. 728. Darwin, a 627, 888. French, KF, 706. Darwin, F., 479. ; Davis, G. H., 154, 146, 844. Hee te a
AiG :
Dayton, R., 844. Debove, M., 952. G Deby, J., 141, 145, 527, 541, 817. : Dehnecke, C., 225, 271. G.,.C. W., 786: Delage, Y., 242, 453, 732. Gabriel, B., 67. Delogne, C. H., 648. Gazagnaire, J., 446. Demeter, K., 912. Geddes, P., 251, 253, 645. Denison, C. H., 862. Geyler, T., 922. Denissenko, G., 18. Giard, A., 587, 592, 890. Detmer, W., 770. Gibelli, G., 282. Detmer, 928. Giesbrecht, W., 953.
Dippel, L., 543. Gilbert, W. HL, 703.
LIST OF AUTHORS. KXXK1X
Giltay, E., 768. Girod, P., 227, 586, 876, 877. Gobi, C., 920. Goebel, K., 269. Goethe, R., 775. Goldstein, J. R. Y., 881. Goodwin, W., 946. Gottsche, C. M., 276. Graette, E., 743. Graham, W., 525. Eten Brown, J., 674. Grassi, B., 764. Grawitz, P., 278. Green, J., 473. Gregg, R. R., 779. Grenacher, H., 38, 839. Griffith, E. H., 298, 533, 655. Grimm, J., 854. Grobben, C., 734. Groenland, J., 845. Gruber, A., 69, 618, 905. Grunow, A., 506. Guignard, L., 69.
Gundlach, E., 120, 519, 659, 692.
Giinther, C., 853.
H.
Haberlandt, G., 70, 921. Haeckel, H., 582, 608, 609, 896. Hagen, H. A., 729, 730. Hahn, O., 722.
Hailes, W., 696.
Haller, G., 449.
Hallez, J. J., 977.
Hallier, E., 509.
Hamann, O., 897.
Hamlet, W. M., 781. Hampe, E., 277. Hanaman, C. E., 836, 957, 958. Hanks, H. G., 785. Hansen, G. A., 737. Hardy, J. D., 671.
Hartig, R., 84, 85, 87, 282. Hartmann, R., 437. Harvey, R. J., 956, 957. Haswell, W. A., 241, 439. Hauser, G., 33.
Hayem, G., 542. Haycraft, J. B., 965. Heckel, H., 623, 637. Helmholtz, EH. L. F., 580. Henneguy, L. F., 42.
Herdman, W. A., 29, 438, 583, 589,
726. Herman, W. D., 146. Herpell, G., 136. Hertwig, O., 575, 873. Hertwig, R., 595, 605. Heurck, H. Van, 648. Hickson, S. J., 230. Hinde, G. J., 471. His, W., 11, 964.
Hitcheock, R., 617. Hoek, P. P. C., 432, 886. Hofmann, H., 77. Hohnfeldt, R., 71. Holman, D. S., 142, 143. Holmes, O. W., 808. Horst, R., 432, 456, 891. Houston, D., 513. Huberson, G., 709, 845. Hubrecht, A. A. W., 28, 432. Hudson, C. T., 1. Hume, A., 673. Hunter, E., 705. Hyde, 524.
I.
Ihering, H. v., 23. Ingpen, J., 817, 822.
J.
Jack, J. B., 928.
Jamieson, J., 77.
Jaubert, 514.
Jaworowsky, A., 35. Jentinck, F. A., 432. Johow, F'., 265.
Joliet, L., 233, 438, 593, 894. Jones, C. J., 530. Jonkmann, H. F., 79. Jourdain, S., 241, 601, 886. Jourdan, E., 55, 604. Joyeux-Laftine, J., 229, 230.
- Julin, C., 590, 726.
Jung, 732. K.
Kamienski, F., 913.
Karsch, F., 37.
Kaschka, K. L., 851.
Keller, C., 64.
Kellermann, C., 486. Kellner, C., 226.
Kent, W. S., 288, 615, 617, 638, 648, 707. Kiliani, H., 633.
King, J. D., 705.
Kitton, F., 385, 533, 800, 848. Klebs, G., 801.
Klein, J., 272, 276, 292, 477. Kleinenberg, N., 256.
Koch, 950.
Koch, G. v., 62.
Kolliker, A. v., 706. Kolrausch, E., 37.
Konike, F., 731.
Koren, J., 45, 605, 890. Korotneff, A., 474. Kossmann, R., 733.
Kramer, P., 885.
Krancher, O., 34, 729. Kraus, 631.
Kraus, C., 272.
Kraus, G., 909.
Koester, 926.
x] LIST OF AUTHORS.
Korting, 699.
Krukenberg, C. F. W., 19, 52, 54. Kiinckel, J., 446.
Kiinstler, J., 903.
Kunize, O., 290.
L
Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, 242, 843, 932, $75).
Lankester, E. R., 604, 738, 747, 950.
Lanzi, M., 512.
Latzel, R., 38.
Laulanié, 226.
Leboucq, H., 8.
Ledig, B., 911.
Leidy, J., 616, 618.
Leitgeb, H., 923.
Leslie, G., 583.
Leuckart, R., 760.
Levinsen, G. M. R., 741.
Levy, A. M., 710.
Leydig, F., 578.
Licopoli, G., 623.
Livoro, C., 433.
Loew, O., 906.
Loewe, L., 840, 842.
Loos, P. A., 577.
Lubbock, J., 597, 882, 970.
Ludwig, H., 606, 743.
Ludwig, F., 485.
Lyman, T., 254, 466, 467.
M. M., J. J., 145. M‘Cook, H., 444. Macdonald, J. D., 46. Macé, E., 460. MacGillivray, R. H., 593. Mackenzie, J., 515, 825. MacLeod, J., 39, 485, 576. Macloskie, G., 729. M‘Kendrick, 468. M‘Murtrie, Rev. J., 583. Maddox, R. L., 134, 361, 715. Magnin, A., 493. Magnus, P., 636. Malassez, L., 825. Malerba, 918. Maquenne, P., 270. Marenzeller, E. v., 748. Marey, 864. Marshall, W., 66. Martin, K., 68. Maschke, 707. Masius, M., 17. Maskell, W. M., 647. Mason, J. J., 224. Matthews, J., 555. Mauler, E., 850. Maurice, C., 730. Mayall, J., jun., 126. Mayer, P., 41.
Mégnin, P., 250, 602, 604, 892.
Mellink, J. F. A., 620. Menzbier, A., 236. Mer, E., 275. Mereschkowsky, C., 10 Merriman, C. C., 540.
Meunier, F., 273. Michael, A. D., 212. Mika, K., 95, 925. Mikosch, C., 911. Miller, F., 935. Mills, L. G., 865. Milne-Edwards, A., 24 Minot, C. S., 961. Miquel, P., 952. Moeller, J., 71. Moll, J. W., 483.
Moniez, R., 50, 249, 457.
Montéverde, M., 261. Montigny, C., 829. Moore, A. Y., 130, 703 Morland, H., 705. Miiller, C., 772.
2, 756.
Metschnikoftf, E., 461, 462.
0, 430, 449.
a ‘
Miiller, F., 36, 239, 452.
Miiller, H., 624, 884. Miller, J., 774. Miiller, O., 783.
Miiller-Thurgau, H., 631.
Munson, W. W., 847. Murray, R. C., 302.
N.
Nachet & Co., 661, 934 Naegeli, C., 277. Nassonow, N., 899. Nebeski, O., 453. Neelsen, F., 91. Neisser, 927.
Nelson, E. M., 125. Nicholson, H. A., 233.
, 939.
Noman, D. van H., 432.
Nordstedt, O., 930. Norner, C., 767. Nunn, 473.
O.
Oerley, L., 737, 739. Olivier, L., 478, 839. Orth, J., 137. Ottmer, J., 82. Owen, R., 586.
lige
Packard, A. S., jun., 600.
Pantanelli, D., 68. Parkes & Co., 655, 662 Parona, C., 472. Pasquale, G. A., 268. Passerini, J., 86, 777.
Pasteur, L., 91, 94, 286, 286, 498, 499,
499.
Pauchon, A., 75. Pennock, E., 518. Perrier, K., 254, 887. Petersen, O. G., 622.
Petit, P., 95, 109, 504, 530.
Pfitzner, W., 218. Phillips, F. W., 894. Phin, J., 129, 540, 679. Phipson, T. L., 502. Piccone, A., 777.
Pick, H., 912.
Pintner, T., 458.
Piper, R. U., 862. Pirotta, R., 775, 925. Plateau, F., 41. Plowright, C. B., 279. Poincaré, 283.
Potts, H., 613, 901.
’ Poulsen, V. A., 626, 772. Powell, T., 363, 942. Powell and Lealand, 301. Power, D’A., 641. Prantl, K., 282. Prillieux, E., 267, 280. Pringsheim, N., 479. Prinz, W., 507. Pritchard, U., 875.
R.
Rabenhorst, L., 78. Rabl, C., 25, 27. Rabl-Riickhard, H., 9. Radziszewski, B., 581. Ranvier, L., 816. Rauber, A., 7. Raumer, E. v., 486. Rawitz, B., 16. Reddots, C., 129. Reess, M., 86, 582. Regéczy, EH. N. v., 16.
Reinke, J., 283, 286, 918.
Reinsch, P. F., 700. Remouchamps, E., 17. Renner, A., 492.
Richardson, B. W., 573, 868.
Richardson, J. G., 855. Richet, 225.
Richet, C., 20.
Richter, P., 98, 291, 931. Rietsch, M., 457, 601. Rivet, G., 845.
Robin, C., 751. Rodewald, H., 918. Rogers, W. A., 678. Roller, C. F. W., 18.
Romanes, G. J., 464, 748.
Roper, H. J., 536. Rosenthal, J., 582. Roser, K., 901.
Ross & Co., 815, 932. Rossbach, 544.
Ser. 2.—Vot. I.
AUTHORS.
| Rostafinski, J., 930.
Rostrup, E., 281.
Rotch, W. D., 63. Rougemont, P. de, 441. Rouget, C., 720. Roumeguére, C., 491.
Roux, 286, 286, 498, 499, 499. Roy, C.8., 674.
Royston-Pigott, G. W., 119, 445.
Riige, G., 575. Russow, 622.
S. Sabatier, A., 239. Sadebeck, R., 921. Salensky, W., 18, 720. Salomon, G., 918. Salomonsen, K. J., 694 Salt & Co., 936. Sanio, C., 488. Savage, G. H., 695. Schaarschmidt, 648, 931. Scheiber, S. H., 249. Schimkevitsch, W., 598. Schimper, A. F. W., 481, 909. Schmidt, 648. Schmidt, O., 64. Schmidtlein, R., 20, 22. Schmitz, F., 289, 475, 504, 908. Schnetzler, J. B., 270, 505. Schulze, H., 271. Schulze, F. E., 64, 609, 899. Schulzer, S., 82, 488, 636, 637. Schwendener, S., 268, 290. Schwirkus, G., 545. Scott, W. B., 425. Scudder, S. H., 236, 598. Seaman, W. H., 534. Searle, A., 362. Seguenza, G., 594. Seibert & Co., 814. Seiler, C., 520, 541. 546, 840. Selenka, E., 582, 743. Semper, 706.
Shadbolt, G., 147, 150, 154, 376.
Shrubsole, W. H., 381, 882. Sidle & Co., 115, 657, 937, 959. Sieber, N., 926.
Simroth, H., 27, 878. Sirodot, 8., 503, 646. Sladen, W. P., 463, 961. Smith, H. L., 531, 704. Smith, J., 663, 828.
Smith, J. E., 362, 546, 665. Sockaczewer, D., 24. Sollas, W. J., 471, 615. Sommer, F’., 47.
Sorauer, P., 480.
Sorby, H. C., 822. Spaulding, J., 442. Spengel, J. W., 245, 583.
xli
sii
Stahl, E., 271. Stebler, 914.
LIST OF AUTHORS.
{
Stephenson, J. W., 364, 669, 693, 714,
832.
Sternberg, G. M., 493, 779, 852.
Stewart, C., 717, 974. Stilling, J., 18. Stirling, W., 528, 711. Stodder, C., 149. Stohr, P., 220.
Stokes, A. C., 672. Stolterfoth, H., 424.
Stowell, C. H. and L. R., 535,
Strasburger, E., 260, 266, 621 Strasser, H., 840.
Stricker, 722.
Studer, T., 51 464. Sullivant, J., 533.
Swift & Co., 296, 518, 656, 810, 827,
937. eh Tang], E., 70.
Taranek, K. J., 931. Taylor, T., 954.
545. |
Tenison- Woods, J. E., 439, £70.
Thin, G., 496-8.
Thomas, 95.
Thomas, A. P., 740. Thiimen, F. V., 281, 492, 638. Thuret, G., 929.
Tieghem, P. van, 89, 97, 267, 639,
778. Tighlmann, 941. Tizzoni, G., 580. Todaro, A., 229. Tolles, R. B., 115, 120, 944. Tomaschek, A., 922. Tommasi-Crudeli, C., 287. Témosvary, E., 38. Tourneux, F., 960. Toussaint, H., 285. Treub, M., 264, 620. Tschirsch, A., 910.
U. Uljanin, B., 599, 879.
W. Valle, A., 456. Varenne, A. de, 746. Vayssiere, A., 596. Vejdovsky, F., 905. Velenovsky, J., 260. Venturi, 772. Venturi, G., 80.
Varick, C., 516, 659, 662, 802.
Verrill, A. E., 586, 587, 724. Vigelius, W. J., 22.
Villianes, H., 250, 445. Villot, A., 46, 250, 460, 738. Vine, G. R., $82.
Vorce, C. M., 139, 833, 899. Vosmaer, G. C. J., 611. Vries, H. de, 628, 629.
Wy: Waddington, H. J., 704. Wainio, E., 502. Walcott. C. D., 736. Waller, B. C., 954. Wallis, G., 125.
| Walmsley, W. H., 538.
Walsingham, Lord, 227. Ward, R. H., 545, 856. Warnstoff, C., 82, 773. Waters, A. W., 138, 440. Watson & Co., 300, 516. Webb, 8. A., 849. Weigert, C., 838.
Weil, A., 927. Weismann, A., 470, 470. Weissflog, E., 704, 705. Wenhan, F. H., 121, 664, 695. Wenkiewicz, B., 284. Westermaier, 913. White, T. C., 671. Wiesner, J., 74, 914. Wight, W. H., 672. Wilhelm, K., 72. Wille, N., 102.
| Williams, J., 697.
Wilson, A., 428.
Wilson, E. B., 43, 255, 730. Winter, G., 281, 493, 925. Wolle, F., 646.
Wollny, R., 503, 644. Woodward, A. L., 115. Woodward, J. J., 693. Woronin, M., 100. Wortmann, J., 926, Wright, E. P., 491, 505, 899. Wurm, E., 501. Wiirtemberger, L., 228. Wythe, J. H., 859, 862.
y. Yung, E., 89, 879.
Z. Zacharias, E., 769. Zaddach, G., 893. Zenger, C. V., 947. Zeiss, C., 699, 818, 940. Zimmermann, O., 37. Zimmermann, 635, 639. Zopf, 642.
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(55 JOURNAL
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ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. Ser. 2.—VOL. I.
CONTENTS.
—oo-o0e—— TRANSACTIONS OF THE SocreTy—
L—On Cictsrus Janus AND FLOSOULARIA TRIFOLIUM, TWO NEW SPECIES. or Rotirrers. By C. T. Hudson, M.A, BE D., F.R.MS. (Plates I. and II.) = :
(THe APERTURES OF Rate. ‘ae By G. “Shadbolt, F.R.MS. ste
Summary or Current RESEARCHES RELATING TO Zooboey AND : Botany (PRINCIPALLY INVERTEBRATA AND CryprogamiA), Mroro-—
scopy, &¢., INCLUDING ORIGINAL CoMMUNICATIONS FROM FELLOWS Sra
AND OTHERS _ .. 0 i ee os ws
ZOOLOGY.
Rhyfhimieal Character of Segmentation ..
Secondary Yolk in the Germinal Vesicle of Mammalia. Notochord of Mammals... 4s es Embryology of Selachians ..° +6* s+. Tail in the Human Embryo... «s Structure and Life of Cells
Formation of Epithelial Cells and Nuclei Gastric Epithelium 1.0 ~ se oee ee ed a os Cells of Spinal Ganglia 20 6s ee ee nee Decompound Gastric Glands 4.0 +. ue ws Regeneration of Spinal Cord .. a
Spinal Root of Optic Nerve...
Retinal Vessels of Fishes .. .. «.
True Origin of the Acoustic Nerve ..
oe
Auditory Ossicles of Mammals . wiese Krukenberg’s Studies in Comparative Phusiology «. ¥ Secondary Muscle-wave ~ .. ee Pees Marine Organisms in Captivity PSS neae te et ph
Pelagic Animals . Se pee Ie SOS - Mutual Affinities of the Cuttle-fishes ne! HES See Affinities of the Cephalopoda... PN el cscths of Terrestrial Pulmonate Castrpa (9) 6} "op, oe #f = ef parent: of Paludinide - Set tapi eee reeh Pedal Nervous System of eric OE Se nae Sh
New Nudibranch.. +. «+ stg ee eee New Archaic Mollusc .. % c ie * en Tunicata of the ‘ Challenger? Eipaiton” Pee a Nor eh boweret RE SRT oo ee oo Ft 2 in etamorphosis of the Bryozoa .. — Sagi (oes Olfactory Organs of Insects .. SR so Pere Structure of the Stigmata of Insects. eons
Wings of the Hymenoptera we se ee
- Development of the Dorsal Vessel of- ‘Chironomus ee _ Paltosoma torrentium, a Fly with phous Female
_ Dorsal Blood-vessel oe some masses de a ae
; C827 MARY or Current RuskARcHES, &o.—continued.
FEesays.on Myriapods.. <0 00 1s te te ee tw ew ae ee OT Eyes. of Myriapods 23. ei ee Fae 08 oy ee a ee ee te oe 88
Poison-glands of Spiders .. 39 Supposed Stridulating-Organs of Steatoda guttuta, Wider., and. Linyphia tenebricola, Wider. — .« HY nective co AO
Glands in the Maxillee of Tegeneria ‘domestica, Blackwall... ae ag - Heart of Decapod Crustaceans . Pant auer Bu voc eget eee Sp: 3 | - Development of Fresh-water Mera. 20 oe ae air tart a Nauplius Form of Leucifer .. EC ee il eae iw eo be gin eke Ae BO Polar Globules in the Ovum of the Crustacea. PMR re PE ft ny Development of the Polychztous Annelids 6. +s +s oe ae we we Ocnerodrilus: anew Genus of Oligocheta 4. a, ss ae us te te SA
Segmental Organs of Hchiurida . e< oe se sete gee Northern Gephyrea .. DET iireaight dete eS apa BE 45 Organization and Development of Me Cards ne ae es 46
Nematoid Parasiticin.a Bat .. Rochiran onl ags = coe ae eee eee Excretory Organs of Trematoda and ‘Cestoda . ee ap REN Ve (aw Meee t Oe Anatomy of-the Diver HUudse. 2) vu be! on pes 0s se ee ne ee oe AD Monograph onthe Cysticerct 4s 20 es ne we oe oe we te 80
Sexual Dimorphism in Echinoderms ee Re) igi ace icra be AOE Diverse Nervous Susceptibilities of Toner Organisms nap mupededyess @ cpus went) aes Rising. and Sinking of Beroe .. - Nahe cena Ca IS eth e Tcrek es taee j eae Oe
Zoantharia of the Gulf of. Marseilles. Soe Une IM St At tp Maly pears ere ya) _ Structure of Corals and Sea-anemones s+ ss +s ou ee oe ae we GD BiNUCUTE, GF CLUAVCOTYNG 3 sao isles we) ches jek ew eat et. 1 een ee OS
‘Sponges from Naples .. CP eer me Facies apd be 3 New Group of Siliccous Sponges — the Platine « PP ase AERO aaaP yaaa: eee f: 2 Dysideide and Phoriospongiz .. a i ee rae See a peta oe ats Biitschli's * Protozoa’ : SE pata It Og Ne WE Tae ged eg oe NE: Classification of the Gregarinidce We ptarihee Rn MA eee pris St mpaee este peo yA Oy Radiolaria inthe Italian Jaspers. 68 50 ee ee a ee 2 a 08 ~ Oycloclypeus and Orbitoides .. SOA ese las Roam etree 6 TAN feb AO tae oO = BE, of Pugiyphi glucdlala £7 cate pre hoe cee use 68 ; Borany. Fertilization of Cobzea scandens ee ooo saa is ene eats OP
_ Multinucleated Cells in the Suspensor of some ‘Leguminosee 1 ee os CR OOD “Open Communication between Endosperm-cells +s - se ee ++ oe ss =~ 0
Modification of Palisade-tissue .. ee ie higls” i ieatede pat es FUP Formation of Healing-tissue and Fall ps ‘the Leaf, at alae ola ag aera ag or A Membrane-of Bordered Pits... Wis mat pala We a A ' Underground Stomata ; apap see Set a epee pera Meee gL »
Sieve-tubes of Dicotyledonous Bintan Seo ee ees reat y- Cork-growttiacon: Le0Ues <5 ie0 ie: Sgn de a ein 2 Se law. Pee Bank wh oe AE
Heliotropism ae BRS R pO tapein ileal carpe A Influence of Light on Germination and Respiration a 15 rs Effect of the Intensity of Light on the Decomposition of Carbonic Acid by : LTE pe ae ee of fe Decomposition of Carbonic “Acid ‘by Plants in ‘Artificial Light ie goed EO
~ Action of Light on the. Formation of the Red Pigments in Plants eee an ee . Influence of Annual Temperature on Change of Colour in Leaves .. .. 77 Variation with Altitude of the Colouring Matters of Flowers 15 voy TT i dreaming of, Plants tate Animale: ceil ce selene pine sed ste tape Od Shabenhorste: © Cryptogamie Plord? toy et ne as ae ay gk Ne OE
Prothallium.of Lycopodium. .. preg ends 7 tEge EES
“Germination and Sexual Generation ‘of the Maratliaces SME Boor AAO 4, PMOL’ Of OFEOUHUM co AN ee Oa ga loa care ep Poe ee OOM
So perucbire of. Orthodontl units. X92 0 ett De se UN eaas yen ane Slee cee het Oey
~ Sphagnum Austini, Sulliv. SE ak agai wall ioy aes rama pte eae Samad A cece eee Se
New Fossil Chara... - BPE eee Sone
-.. Double Fruetification of Polyporus applanatus ee yi aa pple 3 Ae eR ae tape «0 -.. Alternation of Generations in some Uredinem Ris asp. thee Leto sep i oath, eb ee AOE
-. #Peidium columnare .. ~.. Mire MR Tes Ne I See ee) Maple-parasite, Cercospora acerina . Sees RTE CL ee OP ANar Areca nS af 5 Parasite of Fir-bark, Nectria cucurbitula REPORT. eye er fe ee mae -. Nectria ditissima as Fa ea OR ORONO Spa aa ha FOR RESET POD Larch-parasite, Peziza Willkommi s,s. se Wes ey, Seb AP eed” Six RO
i rere of pele. granulatus sce ee ea ty 86
Summary or Current Resraroues, &c.—continued.
_ Procaspines OF ‘Socumtx (igs, B18). ESS : :
( 4)
Parasites on Tobacco...» SLA ene pM POR er PEE I I Rape-disease : Pleospora Napi.. ie Sean Rosellinia (Rhizoctonia) quercina, a “Disease of the Boot ‘asi the Oak . Spas :
Olpidiopsis, the Parasite of Saprolegnia..,. 1... pee Sc ee
Organic “* Dusts”’ of the Atmosphere... WARS ORE SE Serio so 89 Green Bacteriacex and Colourless Phyeochromacee PT ke S eG Blue Milk .. Pater ne pr Lene:
Mitigation of Foul-Cholera Poison . Influence exerted on the Bacterium of Splenic Fever by Subjects eae to it Further Observations on the Etiology and Prevention of Anthrax _ Intravenous Injection of Symptomatic Anthrax as a means of Limannity Algz of the Hereules Warm Spring... 1. s+ 4s ows Sa Steen ae Trichogyne of Hildebrandtia pipulirts “cece Sit ees Eee Suet Plurality of Nuclei in the Siphonezx SB BS OF aa See be ox es Conjugation of Zoospores in Dasycladus.. -. eee ee ee we ee Sexual Reproduction of the Bangiacew 1 +. ss es ee ee we
Cladothrix and Sphzrotilus— .. A Pe Sycamina nigreseens, a Pasiliees destitute of Clilorophyi. Sie noe Gleocystis .. a ae PRN Ta Oe Chromophyton Rosanofiit eels ARAL CBN Toke ee TTS een Se PE I ‘Norwegian Desmids .. ETT Bie OUR MEE ates ee et Os
Movements of Diatoms (Figs. 1-8) «. Pier Pe Ma Th PTS an gat NM ryt 7 eye Grammatophora longissima, Petit VES as lee thnebk aban ween
Microscopy, &e. ae =4 Bausch and Lomb Optical Company's “ bay sro ” and “ Ineetigator” res Microscopes (Figs. 4-6) .. : OP acy a Sh Sa Crouch’s Histological Microscope (Fig. 7) ade cae. Gee imal! Cae weds we Sidle’s New “ Acme” Microscope .. Bee ES ee oe Lae ee pegs
Tolles-Blackham Microscope (Figs 8-10) Sek oat eke Ke poe oly ae eraee 3 Reflection from the Inside of Body-tubes 072 Se Sad es gh ER ete Nac
Aduptation of the ‘‘ Society” Screw to Draw-tubes.. —.. Sots ae tag ae Dr. Royston-Pigott’s General and Transfer Finder feed 0) joa rite nde Angular Aperture—a Correction.» ss RA Re Low Powers of Large Aperture .. oe See Ree er need
Gundlach’s Homogencous-immersion Objectives
Secure erie of Being the Front Lens of Oil-immersion Objectives (Figs. eer WTA) oF 1 ORV aa igh wae New Homogeneous-immersion Fluid of 1°5 Refractive ‘Index. ee Ser Bausch and. Lomb Optical Company's Slide-holder. au ae np a we DE Beck’s Rotating Holder for Rubber Cells (Fig. 15) - Be era Tes
‘Wallis’s Calotte Substage (Fig. 16)... gal Og tage oe ae _ Centering Nose-piece as a Substage (Figs. 17 ‘and 48)... Pee RS Mayall’s Spiral Diaphragm for gohane Illumination (Fig. “i9) 2 PRES Eee Lees 2). High Amplifications... —.. +. ag a PRAT aay BOER mes Highest Magnifying Pinar oso CaS ae ea iB Saoe ©): _ Origin of Homogeneous Immersion .. +s ak eee tah - The Essence of Homogeneous Immersion Figs 20 and 21). ee Ae
‘The Northern Microscopist’ .. Mie tg eo eee ee Dr. Maddox's modified. ‘Aeroconiscope (Figs. 22 aa 23) ae tgs : NG
~ Herpell’s Method of Preparing Fungi for the Herbarium... —. Simple and Speedy Method of Staining Anne aM Vegetable Sections Staining and Mounting Pollen,. -.. «- sarees Dry Mounts for. the- Microscope {ea hing wd dine. ike ou ee
Carbolic eu in Mounting © ihe Rh ar cg ani we SS aa tie
Wax Cells. Vibe gat Naas yee
~ Simple Device for Handling Thin. Covers RTA eT os - Mounting Clip (Fig. 24) ny ne ee oe ag ts LS Rat Arranging Diatoms, &e. 1+ Holman’s Comupressorium heated Moist ‘Chamber igs 25 and 26) Holinaw’s “ Life-Slides” (Figs.:27-29) 12° se as ate Bae Mapping with the Micro-spectroscope : a eee Tubes for Conneying Moist ecare: Diatomacea, &e., iy? Poa
_ Glass Crystals (Fig, 30) - paie o%
Aopal Atlicroscopical Society.
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JOURN.R.MICR.SOC.SER.T. VOL 1. PL ;
un
—$——
NOT
G@ecistes Janus.
~
JOURN .R .MICR.SOC.SER.II.VOLT.PI,.
-
Floscularia trifolium,
JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
FEBRUARY 1881.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY.
ee
I.—On Cecistes Janus and Floscularia trifoliwm, two new species of Rotifers. By C. T. Hupson, M.A., LL.D., F.R.MS.
(Read 8th December, 1880.)
Puates I. ann II.
(cistes Janus.
THe new tube-making rotifer, Gicistes Janus, was discovered by Mr. J. Hood, of Dundee, in Loch Lundie, in September of this year (1880). It appears to prefer deep water as its habitat, and is found in the greatest number and best condition, Mr. Hood tells me, at a depth varying from 6 to 10 feet. At first sight it was naturally supposed to be a specimen of CH. pilula, which, so far as its tube is concerned, it very closely resembles ; but the unfolding of its trochal disk at once showed Mr. Hood that he had secured a prize.
i. Janus is a most striking addition to the Melicertide, for it
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. anp II.
Gcistes Janus. Fic. 1.—Female in tube, antoral view, expanded.
Bide » out of tube, nearly oral view, expanded. Sy kos . S side view, expanded. os closed.
0 ” ” 3 ).—Trochal disk ; showing its thickenings. », 6.—Extremity of chin. » 7.—An antenna. Floscularia trifolium., Fic. 1—Three females, from different points of view. » 2.—Side view of the body. 3.—Back view of trochal disk ; showing the two rows of sete down one side of a lobe. In all the figures :—a, horseshoe row of small cilia; }, longitudinal muscles; c, antenna; d, crop; e, tube from mouth into crop; f, mastax: g, ovary; A, stomach ; £, its lower division; 7, vent; m, transverse muscle; 2, gastric gland; 0, ganglion; p, thickening of trochal disk; 7, curved bristles; s, knob-covering gland ; t, ciliated chin.
Ser. 2.—Vo.. I. B
»
2 Transactions of the Society.
forms a connecting link between the two genera Cicistes and Melicerta ; the upper half of its trochal disk being that of the latter, while the lower half is that of the former. Seen from the oral surface as in Fig. 2, no one would suppose it to be other than a true Melicerta, living in a tube of fecal pellets; but viewed from . the antoral surface as in Plate I., Fig. 1, its relationship to Cicistes is at once apparent, for though the upper half of the trochal disk is deeply cleft into two lobes (just as in Melicerta), the lower half is almost a single lobe, there being the slightest possible hint of a notch at the lowest point.
It would seem then, at first, as if this new species ought to decide the point as to whether the five genera, Ciczstes, Limnzas, Tubicoluria, Melicerta, and Cephalosiphon should be reduced to one, as Gosse proposed nearly twenty years ago; for as the form of the trochal disk is one of the main differences between these genera, the existence of a species possessing half the trochal disk of one genus and half of another, shows, one would say, that the separation of the genera cannot easily be maintained. Gosse thought that the differences of the trochal disks, &¢., were not sufficient to warrant the formation of five genera of such similar creatures, especially when, as was the case when he wrote, each _ genus contained but one species.
At the date of Gosse’s paper, the five genera were repre- sented only by Cicistes erystallinus, Limnias ceratophylli, Tubt- colaria natas, Melicerta ringens, Cephalosiphon Limiias ; but the list now is extended as follows: Cicistes erystallinus, Ai. longi- cornis (H. Davis, 1857), Gt. intermedius (H. Davis, 1867), CH. pilula (J. G. Tatem, 1868), Ci. wmbella (F. Oxley, 1879), CH. Janus (J. Hood, 1880); Limnias ceratophylli, L. annulatus (Bailey) ; Melicerta ringens, M. tubicolaria (= Tubicolaria naias = M. Tyro); Cephalosiphon Limnias.
The only genus with a single species now is the very well- marked one Cephalostphon, and Mr. Hood tells me that he has seen a new species of this genus on the weed from Loch Lundie.
While admitting, then, the close connection of these genera, I still think it would be inexpedient to reduce them all to one. With the single exception of Gi. Janus (and in its case only from one point of view), the old genera are at once recognizable by their trochal disks, and generally by their tubes.
The new rotifer is, I think, an Gec7stes rather than a Melicerta. It is true that Mr. Cubitt named Mr. Tatem’s very similar rotifer Melicerta pilula ; but that was because he was avowedly adopting Mr. Gosse’s suggestion of reducing the five genera to one: M. pilula is a true Cicistes.
No one who has watched Gi. Janus open its trochal disk could mistake it for a Melicerta. Like CH. wmbella, and indeed like all
-
On icistes Janus, de. By C. T. Hudson. 3
members of this genus, the disk is in many places very thin and transparent, while across it run stout thickenings, Fig. 5, between which the thinner portions are folded when the disk is closed, and which serve both to open the disk and to keep it extended in various degrees—acting indeed somewhat like the ribs of an umbrella. These stout ribs protrude in a squarish bundle when the creature begins to open its disk, and give the head a most characteristic outline, which I have drawn in the case of @. umbella in this Journal, vol. u. (1879), p. 1. The contrast between the thinner and thicker portions of the disk is well seen im a side view, as in Fig. 3, especially with dark field illumination, under which the ribs, p, p, stand out distinctly, while the sub- stance of the disk between becomes nearly invisible, its edge being marked out by the two parallel curves of cilia.
~ CH. Janus is a large rotifer, and the cilia of its trochal disk are unusually fine, while the groove that lies between the primary and secondary rows of cilia, is both broad and deep. Should the motion of the larger cilia be checked by contact with the side of the cell in which it has been placed, they may be easily counted, while their whip-like mode of action becomes plainly visible. Hyen in the case of the finer secondary row, individual cilia may be occasionally seen, while the combined effect of the whole does not admit of question. Asin all the Melicertidz, the action of the larger cilia draws a current of water at right angles to the trochal disk, and atoms floating in the current impinge on the disk, slide over its surface, and then slip over the edge between the bases of the larger cilia into the groove between the two rows, along which they are driven by the smaller cilia to the mouth. Above the mouth the groove ends in two ciliated knobs, which are constantly approaching to or receding from each other as they regulate the supply ; and beneath them again, but above the mastax, a pair of lips, if I may use the term, are often seen to spring up to seize or reject some morsel. The greater part of the current from the groove passes beyond the mouth along a ciliated trough, ending in what Mr, Gosse terms the “chin.” In Gi. Janus this “chin,” Fig. 6, is peculiar in shape, being divided into two peaks. Below the divided chin is a pair of thin walls, looking exactly like the supports of a bracket—the chin being the bracket itself. The chin above, the walls on each side, and the concave surface of the body which they enclose, together make something very like Melicerta’s ciliated cup; but I have not been able to detect any cilia, while in i. pilula there is a distinct ciliated tract lying beneath the chin. Below this cup-like spot is a knob, Figs. 2, 3, which is rather more. prominent than in some of the tube-makers, and just above I could now and then see two or more curved bristles which are peculiar to di. Janus.
B 2
‘4 Transactions of the Society.
Mr. Hood had not only noticed them, but he had the good fortune, which I have not had, to see how they were used, and to watch the rotifer building his tube. As is the case in all the tube- makers, there is an inner gelatinous tube generally of considerable thickness, and this is secreted by the rotifer itself. The outer case is formed by feecal pellets, which are laid one by one in spiral curves round the inner one; a mode of fortifying the tube, which is adopted also by Ci. pilula. The pellets adhere pretty firmly together, and must make a very efficient protection for the timid and delicate creature within, for I watched an annelid doing its best to pull a tube to pieces, and though the worm nibbled at the pellets, and roughly pushed the tube backwards and forwards for a considerable time, it seemed quite baffled by its toughness and elasticity, and went away at last leaving the rotifer, who was hauled down close at the bottom of the tube, unharmed within.
In building its tube, Mr. Hood says that “the animal does not appropriate every feecal pellet as it is voided, but only one now and then as occasion requires. It generally stoops to emit a pellet, and having done so allows the pellet to float away, but when it means to use it for the tube,.it takes an erect position and seizes the pellet by the bristles, Fig. 3, 7, above the knob, and retires with it a short distance into its tube ; it then stoops its head and places the pellet on the edge of the tube, pushing it off the bristles by the help of the knob.”
Mz. Hood also informs me that he has seen the male, and that it much resembles that of Melicerta tubicolaria. Of the young female, he says that it takes four days after it is hatched to acquire its perfect form, and ten days to acquire its full growth. ‘This seems a slow rate of growth for so minute a creature, but some of the rotifers take longer still; for instance, I once had the oppor- tunity of watching the growth of a young Cephalosiphon Limnias, and it took quite twelve days to attain to half the size of the full-grown animal.
Floscularia trifolium.
Mr. Hood has algo discovered another striking novelty in Loch Lundie, viz. a very large Floscule, having only three lobes, and of great transparency and beauty; indeed, as its discoverer well says, “the belle of the rotifers.” At first sight I thought it was I. trilobata, described by Dr. Collins in ‘Science-Gossip,’ January 1872; but the differences between Dr. Collins’ descrip- tion and Mr. Hood’s rotifer are great.
F. trilobata is said to have much shorter sete than other Floscules have, to have its dorsal lobe generally much larger than the other two, and to have a very long cloaca running up the side of the body opposite to the dorsal lobe, and ending between
On Cheistes Janus, &c. By C. T. Hudson. 5
the two smaller lobes on the level of their basis ; and although said to be one of the “largest of the Floscules,” its “total length” is given at ', of an inch.
Now £. trifolium has sete of about the usual length, its dorsal lobe is only slightly larger than the other two, its total length is ~, of an inch, and its cloaca and vent (as in all other Floscules I am acquainted with) are on the side of the dorsal lobe. It is possible that the two animals are the same, for there must, I think, be at least one grave error in Dr. Collins’ description, viz. that as to the cloaca; but as I have to choose between the possible error of describing two different rotifers under the same name, or the same rotifer under two different names, I have thought the best course to be to call Mr. Hood’s Floscule trifoliwm, and give trilobata a chance of putting in an appearance on some other occasion.
Dr. Collins also states that LF’. trilobata has its sete arranged in an unusual manner, “ being placed between their lobes as well as on their summits, forming a kind of unbroken fringe along the entire margin of the disk.”
Now in Ff. trifolium the sete are also set along the entire margin of the disk, but the arrangement is not novel, for it is exactly the same in I’. campanulata. The fact is that the sete in these Floscules are so. placed that it is impossible to see all those on one lobe at once. No three of them are in the same plane. While those on the top of the lobe point forwards from the body, those at the bottom of the lobe actually point backwards towards the foot, and as they pass down the margin of the lobe from its highest to its lowest point, their inclination constantly changes so as gradually to alter from the first of these directions to the latter. The consequence is that, look at the lobe from what point of view you will, many of the setze must be invisible, as they are actually pointing right up the Microscope. Then again, although really very long, they often look short from their curvature taking their upper portions right out of focus. Ff. trifolium has, however, a second smaller row of sete, much shorter, and running round each lobe parallel to the larger fringe, and curved inwards. This arrangement is shown in Plate II, Fig. 3, and is, I believe, peculiar ; at least I have never noticed it in any other Floscule. If any small floating atom attempts to escape from the meshes of the living net formed by the interlacing sete, a swift wave of motion is seen to run all along the smaller row, and it is often caught and thrown back into the hollow globe formed by the three lobes.
The first thing that strikes the observer on watching the furled head protrude from its tube is the great size of the rotifer, and the curiously shrivelled appearance that the lobes of the trochal disk
6 Transactions of the Society.
have as they emerge from the opening head. In a few seconds the lobes gently expand, the many folds and creases slowly disappear, till at last the eye is gratified with the sight of a lovely diaphanous tulip, the rim of which is fringed all round with delicate and motionless hairs.
Neither pen nor pencil can do justice to the exquisite grace of this beautiful creature. From every point of view the flowing curves of the trochal disk are charming, and its great transparency permits of the whole outline of the rim being seen at once. One of the lobes (that usually termed the dorsal one) is rather larger than the others, and it is slightly curved over the mouth; across each lobe run delicate muscular threads for furling it. The expansion of the lobes is doubtless produced by the transverse muscles of the body, which, by compressing it, force fluid upwards between the two membranes of which the lobes are composed. This can be readily seen in F’. campanulata, in which the fluid carries along with it numbers of granules, whose rush upwards to the lobes, as the Floscule expands, is easily visible under dark field illumination.
It was for a long time a moot point how the vortex was caused which, setting down between the lobes, drew its prey to the Floscule’s mouth; and at last it was made out that a horseshoe- shaped row of very fine cilia (Figs. 1 and 2, a) lay at the bottom of the lobes where they join the neck. If F. trifoliwm had been a common rotifer, there would have been no difficulty about the matter, for this row of small cilia can be easily seen in almost any position, owing to the animal’s great size and transparency. It is unnecessary to describe in detail its other organs, as so far as I have observed they are in no respect different from those of the other Floscules.
I will conclude, therefore, by hoping that Mr. Hood will not leave Loch Lundie unvisited next summer, and that the skill and perseverance which he showed when he fished up GZ. Janus from a depth of ten feet, will often be turned to good account in that admirable hunting-ground..
SUMMARY
OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
Va Onl O- GXe--AGN: D. -B.O T. Ac NX
(principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia),
MICROSCOPY, &c.,
INCLUDING ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM FELLOWS AND OTHERS.*
ZOOLOGY.
A. GENERAL, including Embryology and Histology of the Vertebrata.
Rhythmical Character of Segmentation.t—Mr. W. K. Brooks directs attention in a brief note to the fact that a number of observers have lately observed this phenomenon. Dr. Clarke has seen it in the amphibian Amblystoma, Mr. Brooks in the egg of an unknown fish, and Wilson in Polycheta and Oligocheta ; so too it has been seen in the Arthropod Leucifer. The ova of these forms do not by any means exhibit the same method of segmentation. Mr. Brooks is inclined to find an explanation in the alternation of rest with activity, and to ascribe the change in shape during the resting periods to the physical properties of the egg (its elasticity tending to render it spherical). “Tn most eggs the yolk is not sufficiently elastic to allow any great change of form, but careful time-records show that the process of segmentation is rhythmical.’ It is to be hoped that the attention of observers will be directed to this phenomenon.
Secondary Yolk in the Germinal Vesicle of Mammalia.j— Prof. A. Rauber has a note on this subject, induced by his discovery in the yolk-sac of the embryos of young guinea-pigs, at the time of the first circulation, of a number of formed elements. Inspection of sections led to the view that they arose from the germinal vesicle. The spheres of the yolk-sac agree in all essential points with the elements of the yellow yolk (as e.g. of birds). It seems, therefore, to be certain that, like them, they are used for the nourishment of the embryo. Some of this yolk, at any rate, owes its origin to the epithelium of the yolk-sac.
* The Society are not to be considered as responsible for the views of the authors of the papers referred to, nor for the manner in which those views may be expressed, the object of this part of the Journal being to present a summary of the papers as actually published, so as to provide the Fellows with a guide to the additions made from time to time to the Library. Objections and corrections should therefore, for the most part, be addressed to the authors. (The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial ‘‘ we.”)
+ Amer. Journ. Sci., xx. (1880) p. 293.
} Zocl. Anzeig., ili. (1880) pp. 591-4.
8 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
Notochord of Mammals.*— Prof. H. Leboucq has examined embryos of man, ruminants (lambs and calves), rodents (rats, mice, guinea-pigs, but especially rabbits), and the mole, afterwards compar- ing these with a few observations on the chick, for the purpose of studying the retrograde metamorphosis of the notochord among the higher vertebrates. The results of his predecessors are very briefly noted. He strongly recommends the method of decalcification by picric or nitric acid, indicated by Busch,} to all who have to deal with osseous pieces of large extent.
The mammalian notochord exhibits at least three phases of retro- gression. During the first it is still continuous, its fusiform inter- vertebral enlargements alternating with much narrower vertebral portions. The former consist of two kinds of nucleated cells, central and peripheral. The central cells are loosely united, with intervening lacune. These lacunze cause the appearance of the lumen noted by His.t{ The peripheral cells are closely approximated, as in an epithelium. Cells of one kind only make up the vertebral portions ; they are like the central cells of the intervertebre. The skeleto- genous tissue nearest the chorda shows also a certain alternation of structure, and may be said to constitute a series of sheaths for its vertebral (but not for its intervertebral) portions. The chorda dis- played the structure just mentioned in a human embryo (of the eighth week) 2°5 cm., and in one embryo of the cow 3 cm. long. Ina younger embryo of the cow, from 1 to 2 em., Dursy found the intervertebral constituents of the chord alternating with fusiform vertebral enlarge- ments, and directed attention to the curiously changed proportions which the two kinds of segments afterwards present.
In the second stage the chorda is broken up. It now consists of distinct intervertebral and vertebral segments. These last are best seen in sections across the bodies of the young vertebra. Hach appears as a nucleated reticulum with very little protoplasm, and is surrounded by a perichordal sheath finely striated longitudinally. Outside this is a layer of cartilaginous cells ; next comes the ossifying tissue. Towards either end of the newly forming bone, as we find by making a number of transverse sections, the chord vanishes; but the radiating disposition of the cartilaginous cells remains to indicate the fact of its disappearance. The more conspicuous intervertebral seg- ments are now further vacuolated, shortened, and stretched in diameter. This increase is mainly due to the encroachment and blending of the perichordal tissue. A simultaneous formation of giant (multinucleated) cells takes place. By this invasion and dissociation, already begun in the preceding phase, the segments lose their fusiform figure, becoming irregular in shape while they increase in volume. The hypothesis of Léwe, admitted by Kolliker, that the intervertebral segments with- draw by a sort of attraction the rest of the chordal substance into themselves—is inconsistent with the presence of vertebral segments during this stage.
* Arch. de Biol., i. (1880) pp. 718-736 (1 pl.). + Arch. Mikr. Anat., xiv. p. 480. ¢ The author’s reference should be to p. 48, not to p. 68, of the work of His.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 9
The third stage is marked by the complete absence of all traces of the vertebral segments; these, however, gradually disappear. The intervertebral segments become still more completely dissociated, in a manner for the right understanding of which figures are necessary. In the human fcetus after birth indications of these segments may yet be seen. The “pulpy nucleus” of each segment is chiefly formed by the perichordal tissue.
A comparison of mammalian embryos with those of the chick demonstrates modifications of detail, in accordance with the particular forms eventually assumed by the articulating ends of the vertebral bodies.
Embryology of Selachians.*—Well-preserved embryos of Acan- thias from Heligoland were examined by Dr. H. Rabl-Riickhard, of the Berlin Museum, with a view to determine (I.) the cephalic ending of the chorda dorsalis, in its relations towards the hypophysis cerebri and the so-called middle trabecula, and (II.) the origin of the pineal
land.
4 I. Since the publication of Balfour’s monograph, Reichert has described the embryo of an Acanthias whose notochord he believed could be traced through the cranial floor in front of and below the hypophysis. Dr. Rabl-Riickhard has been fortunate enough to find an embryo of the same stage of development as Reichert’s, corresponding to that which Balfour indicates by the letter K. The appearances presented by dorso-ventral sections of the head in this and in older embryos are described and figured. Other figures, chiefly showing transverse sections of various embryos, are given. And there is a dorso-ventral section of an embryo of Mustelus vulgaris. From a comparison of several preparations Dr. Rabl-Riickhard concludes that —.
(1) At no period of its development has the embryo of Acanthias a notochord with its apex projecting beyond that part of the base of the skull which subsequently becomes the dorsum sellz ;
(2) The hypophysis arises immediately in front of the apex of the notochord in the basal portion of that deposit of connective tissue which is termed the middle cranial trabecula;
(3) The summit of this rudiment (Reichert’s processus sell turcicze) does not pass into the later sella turcica, but becomes the adventitia of the basilar artery.
On the whole, the author confirms, against Reichert, the previous conclusions of W. Miller, Baifour, and Parker. But though it is certain that the notochord stops short of the hypophysis and lies behind (not beneath) it, this is not irreconcilable with Reichert’s other statement (by him injudiciously confounded with his first) that the chorda of young sharks at a certain period of development reaches to the frontal wall (Stirnwand). The cephalic flexure shows us that such a state of things is quite possible.
The minute structure of the notochord, as seen in sections, is described with its axial string of large, clear, vesicular cells, forming
* Morph. Jahrb. (Gegenbaur), vi. (1880) pp. 535-70 (2 pls.).
10 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
a single row at its most anterior extremity, invested by a layer of smaller cells which are richer in protoplasm, the whole contained within a structureless envelope (primitive or chordal sheath of Gegen- baur). Beyond this cuticle we encounter successively (a) Gegenbaur’s skeletogenous sheath, (b) its limitans externa, (c) the outlying basilar cartilage, and (d) the perichondrium. The changes in shape and size which the notochord displays as we proceed from before backwards are of much interest, but could not be profitably explained without the figures.
Dr. Rabl-Riickhard has not traced the actual origin of the hypo- physis, but a comparison of his sections confirms the accuracy of Balfour’s observations. The early development of this structure in Selachians agrees with its beginning in birds, as since seen by Mihalkowicz and others. The hypophysis may be assumed to occupy the same position in all the Craniata.
As to the middle trabecula of Rathke, neither can this name nor that subsequently proposed for the same part by Reichert be con- sidered appropriate. Posteriorly, it passes continuously into the connective tissue occupying the floor of the vertebral canal and insinuating itself between the surface of the medulla and the cartila- ginous investment of the notochord, to constitute at a later stage the membranes of the great nervous centres. The connection between these membranes and the middle trabecula demonstrates that the latter is at first nothing more than a specially developed vascular extension of the pia mater.
II. It is manifestly important to fix the data for exact comparison of the brains of the higher vertebrates with those of the lower. It would be an advantage if these data were beyond the reach of con- troversy, since young anatomists are puzzled when they find that so high an authority as Gegenbaur has wavered between the interpreta- tion of the fish’s brain promulgated by Miklucho-Maclay and the more orthodox (and usual) view which has found its chief modern supporter in Stieda. More recently, the copious and original work of Fritsch, while containing valuable additions of detail, has further involved the whole subject in much perplexity.
The pineal gland, although functionally of no interest, here affords a valuable landmark. By ascertaining its true position, we advance towards the solution of the problem now before us. In all the higher vertebrates, as Stieda insists, it lies dorsally between structures which correspond to the primary first and second cerebral vesicles. But Fritsch asserts that such a position must be ascribed to secondary displacement, and supports this opinion by an appeal to horizontal sections of the brains of the eel and frog. In accordance with these, he maintains that the parts immediately behind the pineal gland in fishes and batrachians belong, not to the middle, but to derivatives from the first primary cerebral vesicle. He thus errs both as to logic and matters of fact. For if the pineal gland really shift in this way, its utility to the morphologist becomes questionable. However, Balfour and Ehlers have demonstrated that in elasmo- branch fishes the pineal gland is developed just as among the higher
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 1]
vertebrates. Gé6tte has proved that a like origin obtains in the case of Bombinator. The method of vertical sections used by these investi- gators yields, in the present inquiry, views more trustworthy than that of Fritsch. Also, it is plain that the distal extension of the pineal gland, cursorily noted, may easily mislead as to its proximal origin. Besides indicating these sources of error, Dr. Rabl-Riickhard, by positive observations, confirms the results of Balfour, and leads us to expect further original contributions to our knowledge of the development of the cerebral centres among the other vertebrates.
Tail in the Human Embryo.*—M. His ina paper on this question disputes the assertion that has been made that at a certain stage in its development the human embryo has a true tail, which is afterwards absorbed. As to the definition of a tail, M. His considers that the caudiform or tail-like prolongation is a true tail when, extending beyond the cloaca, it contains a number, greater or less, of super- numerary vertebre. Without this condition there is merely a caudi- form appendage. The author knows of no well-authenticated case of supernumerary vertebre in the human embryo, and pathological observation he believes to coincide with embryological knowledge in
- justifying the assertion that in man the normal number of thirty-four vertebrae is never exceeded.
Structure and Life of Cells.t—Professor W. Flemming continues his researches on cells and nuclei, this second Part comprising three sections, with an introduction on terminology, and a short appendix on technical methods.
Almost the whole of the present part is devoted to the nucleus, and especially to a critical study of its changes during division. In its resting state, that stage which is most remote from division, the
- nucleus consists of (1) an intertrabecalar substance, traversed by the (2) intranuclear plexus, with its (3) nodes, (4) nucleoli, and (5) nuclear membrane. These parts bear the following synonyms :— 1, intermediate substance (Zwischensubstanz) ; 2, intranuclear struc- ture (Flemming’s own translation of Kerngeriist or Kernnetz) = “framework ” of Klein; 3 (Netzknoten) ; 4 (Kernkirperchen) ; 5 (Kern- membran oder Wand). Flemming would no longer, as in Part L., resolve the whole nucleus into Kernsubstanz and Kernsaft; since under the former we should then include the membrane and plexus, together with the nucleoli. But these are of different nature. Again, the Kernsaft, as Klein rightly urges, is not liquid. Kern- substanz is better opposed in meaning to Zellsubstanz, that is, to the extranuclear protoplasm. That chemical component of the nucleus which is not affected by staining reagents, is now termed achromatin, in contrast to chromatin (by Flemming hitherto called “stainable nuclear substance”), a word used without prejudice to future re- searches touching the uniformity of the constituent thus designated
* Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., iv. (1880) pp. 414-6. ft Arch. Mikr. Anat., xviii. (1880) pp. 151-259 (3 pls. and 5 figs.). For a notice of Part I. see this Journal, ii. (1879) p. 137.
12 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
in diverse cells. The chromatin is diffused through the whole resting nucleus ; though found chiefly in the nucleoli, plexus and membrane, it also exists in the intertrabecular substance. The adjectives chromatic and achromatic explain themselves. Division of nuclei is indirect wherever accompanied by metamorphosis of the nuclear mass into filaments; it is direct if there be no such metamorphosis. Both these terms are provisional. Flemming proposes to drop them as superfluous, should it at length be shown that but one (indirect) mode of division occurs. He would extend the expression karyokinesis, introduced by Schleicher and adopted by Strasburger, to all movements or changes of position undergone by the nuclear filaments during division. Schleicher accepts this extended meaning. Flemming objects, however, to Schleicher’s occasional use of “ amceboid” as a synonym for karyokinetic. The latter word is preferable, as indicating the mere occurrence, and not also the supposed cause, of the nuclear movements ; as to which cause, we cannot say whether it be intrinsic, extrinsic, or mixed. ‘ Ameoeboid,” like “contractile,” is rightly ap- plicable to those changes of form whose proximate cause lies in the cell itself. Moreover, the irregularity of amceboid movements strikingly contrasts with the almost isochronous and much more definite trans- formations of the nuclear filaments. Nuclear figure, and not “ karyo- kinetic figure,” is Flemming’s term for all phases which the nucleus assumes during division. Strasburger, accepting the same phrase, has applied it to the middle stages (spindle or barrel figures) only. The terms coil (Knduel, also Korb or basket), star, and equatorial plate indicate the principal phases of division, respectively.
That such definite phases appear and recur with much regularity, although not always manifested in the same distinct manner, among various animal and vegetable cells, is now probable. Such is the thesis maintained by Flemming in his first Section, along with the proposition that indirect division has been proved to be of very general occurrence. Moreover, in appreciating these truths, their physiological no less than their morphological significance must be considered. This being so, we are able to avail ourselves of the ready means of demonstration which the large and more easily examined cells of batrachians (amphibians) present, in comparison with cells whose smaller nuclei need the use of higher powers, and afford, save under unusually favourable circumstances, but occasional glimpses of the phases we seek. The new objects which are here reviewed and figured are chiefly taken from the tegumentary and testicular epithelium of the Salamander; but ten figures are added from plants (endosperm of Nothoscorodon fragrans and epidermis of pistil in Alliwm odorum), affording data for a discussion of some of the results of Strasburger, besides a few others from the oral epithelium of the tadpole, the omentum of the kitten, and the ova of a sea-urchin (these last after preparations by H. Fol). In the same connection Flemming notices those writers who support or partly contradict his views, and cites several in addition to those mentioned in his former papers.*
* Part L., and in Virchow’s Arch., Ixxvii., March 1879.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 13
A supplement to the first Section sustains the observations of Treub, who in multinucleate vegetable cells saw all the nuclei dividing at the same time. Flemming further holds that a like simultaneity extends to the several phases of division. Cells from the testis and binucleate cells from the gills of Salamandra showed this phenomenon.
Having advocated the approximate universality of indirect division, and the normal repetition of correspondingly similar phases, Flemming in his second section gives a revised account of (1) the successive phases which appear in well-observed cases, (2) the transitions from one to the other, (3) the subsidiary phenomena which may attend the principal changes, and (4) certain exceptional modifications of the phases themselves or their intervening stages. Finally, he points out (5) the directions in which we must look for a choice among what seem the only possible hypotheses capable of explaining the still wholly obscure conditions whereby rejuvenescence of the nucleus is _ determined. The two extremes (the starting-point and the goal) in the course of a complete division are the resting phases of (a) the parent nucleus and of (b) the two daughter-nuclei eventually produced therefrom. Half-way between these extremes lies the equatorial plate, that phase which comes just before the very act of division, and to which all the other phases are preparatory or consequent. Stras- burger’s “nuclear plate” not only designates this phase, but also that which follows; he further employs in the same sense the words “nuclear barrel,” or “nuclear spindle,’ which Flemming would apply more definitely only to nuclei already advanced in division. From the equatorial plate we pass on to the stellate figures, for which are used Fol’s terms monaster (parent phase) and diaster (daughter phase), extended by Klein from the nuclei of eggs to those of cells in general. Between the stellate and resting phases come the coiled figures. Thus every cycle involves two series of changes—the first progressive, from the parent resting phase to the equatorial plate, the second regressive, from the equatorial plate to the final assump- tion of the resting phase by each of the two daughter-nuclei. The two series have like phases, but in reversed sequence. When the parent nuclear plexus begins to change, it gradually takes up the whole of the chromatin, while its filaments, growing thicker, become disposed at nearly equal distances, and at length the coiled figure results. Segmentation of the coil introduces the figure of the monaster ; but the coil may assume the transitional form of a chaplet (Kranzform), with little or no discontinuity. Every segment is a loop (Schleife) shaped somewhat like the letter V, with a more or less open, usually rounded, corner, and equal, or nearly equal, straight or twisted legs. [By a curious coincidence, Flemming’s own diagram exhibiting the double series of nuclear phases has the same general loop-like figure as each one of the visible elements of which the dividing nucleus is itself composed.] In the constitution of the stellate figures, and their passage to and from the phase of the equatorial plate, the loops undergo very noteworthy alternate changes of orientation. By these diastoles and systoles each loop is displaced
14 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
and finally redisposed according to its original bearings, as if guided by an unseen magnet ; most of the loops, subject to slight irregularities, being turned round in the same general direction. The free ends of the legs of the loops at first point peripherally; as the monaster changes into the equatorial plate, this position is reversed. But again, in the daughter-nuclei, the loops have their corners directed towards the centres of the nascent cells. The regressive stellate figures lead to the formation of coils by coalescence of the ends of the segments; the coil becomes denser; the chromatin and achromatin are reblended, and the resting phase of the completed daughter- nucleus results.
The most striking attendant (if it be not an essential) pheno- menon of division is the longitudinal splitting of the nuclear fila- ments. This splitting may occur both previous to and during the phase of the progressive stellate figure; in the corresponding regressive phase the filaments are reduced in number, as if longi- tudinal coalescence of the split fragments of the nuclei had taken place. A few daughter-cells, with two stars, offered apparent excep- tions to this law. How to distinguish between the more essential and less general phenomena of nuclear change, is a question which extended researches are required to answer. Some equatorial plates, previous to the diaster-phase, exhibit union of the loops, then arranged in two apposed groups. Flemming regards such union as secondary. The continuity, believed to be general and primitive, noticed by some observers in the filaments of nuclear spindles, hence originally so termed, obtains only as to the pale achromatic threads (Strasburger’s “ cell-threads,” a phrase which Flemming would retain). Of these achromatic figures, because of optical difficulties, very little is known. It so happens that they are exceptionally con- spicuous in certain vegetable cells, copiously and carefully studied by Strasburger, and in the ova of various animals, subjects of the earlier investigations of Biitschli, Fol, and Hertwig. On these researches were based views of the constitution of dividing nuclei, which have since received notable modifications, both from their authors and others. If, with Flemming (and Klein), we deny that coloured nuclear filaments ever arise from the growth of granules, we may also conclude that the chromatic elements always lie outside, and nowise in the course of, the achromatic threads. The two series of figures, chromatic and achromatic, are quite distinct. Their varying pro- portions in each nucleus may be one of the most important sources of difference between different cells. The achromatic figure is no less significant than the chromatic. Its filaments are doubtless connected with other pale threads, traversing the extra-nuclear protoplasm. That forces, seated in the achromatic component of the nucleus, are the real initiators and directors of division, Flemming regards as more likely to be true than any other hypothesis we can formulate. The function of the nucleoli has in this respect been greatly mis- taken. Better methods may show that they are not even morpho- logical constituents, but mere thickenings or deposits (Ablagerwngen = sequestrata, or things put aside). Flemming’s bold conjecture, that
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 15
the most obvious phenomena of division, which he himself so care- fully discriminates, have in all probability the least significance, has the merit of promoting further inquiry. Equally poetic and scientific is his conception, that the wonderfully striking series of shiftings and transformations, displayed as in a panorama by the coloured filaments, may be ascribed to the influence of pale, almost invisible structures, whose presence, like that of presiding demons, is made known by their works.
The third Section is occupied by the more special topic of spermatogenesis in Salamandra. He corroborates v. la Valette’s account of the production of spermatocytes from multinuclear sper- matocysts, and adds descriptive details as to the indirect division of the nucleus. The head of the spermatozoon les at first within the nuclear membrane; it is not formed from the whole nucleus, but from the chromatin only. Flemming is not certain as to the mode of development of the middle segment.
In his remarks on technical methods, Flemming cautions us against some sources of disappointment and error, especially as touching the misuse of chromic and picric acids. He recommends slow and careful staining with hematoxylin, whenever the finest results are needed. He chiefly employs such preparations, made in great number ; in a few cases he has worked with living structures.
Flemming continues to cite the principal contemporary writers on cell-division, and gives a further list of others, both old and new, whom he refers to in his Section on the development of spermatozoa. He selects for more detailed comment those memoirs of Klein, Peremeschko, Schleicher, and Strasburger, which he has seen sub- sequent to the printing of his first Part. Klein’s independent researches very powerfully support most of Flemming’s conclusions. Notably is this the case as to the determination of the phases which constitute the regressive series. These have been overlooked, if not as merely existent, in regard to their true connection and derivation, by all other observers, including the acute and painstaking Stras- burger. On but one important physiological point do Klein and Flemming differ. Klein believes in the occasional occurrence of direct division among fixed cells. Flemming, otherwise interpreting what Klein has seen (pp. 159-162), considers that such direct division has in no case been hitherto demonstrated, though its possible display by amceboid cells cannot yet be categorically denied. Flemming (p. 169) lays more stress than Klein on the equatorial plate as con- stituting a definite phase. This phase Klein is inclined to ignore, jumping rather too suddenly from the parent monaster to the re- eressive stellate figure [but why should not precocious develop- ment, i.e. abbreviation, here take place in some instances?]. In describing the monaster of Triton, Klein makes no mention of longitudinal splitting. © Peremeschko, however, has seen the cleft filaments, without recognizing their full significance. Pere- meschko, like Schleicher and Strasburger, errs in deriving some or all of the nuclear filaments from grown granules. He makes other mistakes (pp. 164-9), both of omission and commission, not rightly
16 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
understanding certain questions at issue between himself and Flemming. More recently, as Flemming shows, Peremeschko appears to have made two very interesting discoveries. He has seen the division of nerve-nuclei, and has also observed the indirect division of white blood-corpuscles. It would now seem that Schleicher (p. 175) has abandoned the points of difference (here concisely summed up by Flemming) between these two investigators. Flemming dwells at much length (pp. 176-184) on the many details, trifling as well as important, wherein he and Strasburger differ. These we cannot now notice. Strasburger and Flemming, nevertheless, essentially agree touching the probability of one general law of cell-development for all animal and vegetable structures.
A third Part is promised in continuation of the present, with an account of the development of the ovarian egg, and references toa valuable paper by Arnold on the cells of tumours.* Already (p. 245) the author compares cell-division to a process of asexual propagation, and uses the researches of Mayzel and Eberth on cell-development in pathological subjects (chiefly the inflamed cornea of the rabbit).
It is scarcely possible to epitomize this long paper, which is at once critical and original, descriptive and speculative, which comes in the middle of a series of current investigations, contains a revision and extension of previous researches, and abounds in necessary repetitions and digressious. Flemming’s merits are manifest, both as a critic and independent investigator. On so far-reaching a topic, affecting almost every department of living nature, his work well deserves to be studied in eawtenso with the same carefulness which has guided its preparation.
Formation of Epithelial Cells and Nuclei.j—Flemming criticizes an essay by Dr. Otto Drasch,{ on the physiological regeneration of the ciliate epithelium of the trachea, and takes this opportunity of showing how so intelligent and praiseworthy an observer has been led astray in his efforts to re-establish erroneous opinions touching the free-formation of nuclei. Flemming further points out how effects due to reagents had in like manner previously deceived both Lott and W. Krause. With Klein and Strasburger, he is prepared to maintain the doctrine—omnis nucleus e nucleo,—until the contrary has been expressly demonstrated, and lays just stress on Strasburger’s brilliant rejection of the occurrence of “free cell-formation” in the embryo-sacs of phenogams, an exposé which tends strongly to support the belief in one general law of division for all nuclei.
Gastric Epithelium.§—Dr. E. N. v. Regéczy gives a woodcut and description of ciliated cells from the frog’s stomach, which resemble the characteristic cells of the duodenum.
Cells of Spinal Ganglia.||—Dr. B. Rawitz recapitulates some of his predecessors’ studies of spinal ganglia, and dwells on the danger of
* Virchow’s Archiv, Ixxviii.
+ Arch. Mikr. Anat., xviii. (1880) pp. 347-364. { Wien. Sitzb., Oct. 1879. § Arch. Mikr. Anat., xviii (1880) pp. 408-11 (1 fig.).
|| Ibid., pp. 283-301 (1 pl.).
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETO. Li
concluding from what has been seen in one class of vertebrates as to their structure in another. He figures and re-describes the cells of the spinal ganglia in the torpedo, frog, guinea-pig, and dog ; those of
the gasserian ganglion in the pike, frog, triton, and dog. Bipolar ' cells were seen in fishes only, unipolar cells in batrachians and mam- mals; reptiles and birds were not investigated. Arnold’s spiral fibre is an optic phenomenon due to folding of the sheath. There is still no proof that the cells of the same ganglion are in any way mutually connected, Apolar cells are more common than is supposed, occurring less often in old or higher than in young or lower verte- brates; they are never isolated, but each rests in one sheath with a unipolar cell. The “polar nucleus” of Courvoisier belongs not to the proper ganglionic corpuscle, but to the same category as the other (connective-tissue) nuclei of its sheath, whose endothelium Fraentzel * has already described.
Decompound Gastric Glands.{—Leydig has described the peculiar aggregated gastric glands of the beaver and southern manatee. In the latter, especially, they show an exquisite structure, figured by him in his admirable ‘Lehrbuch.’ These “decompound” glands, so rare among mammals, are known to be very common in birds. They pre- sent various degrees of aggregation, and in this respect are most highly modified in the Rheas, as already stated by Professor Owen.
The huge gastric gland of the American Rhea is now adequately described and figured by M. E. Remouchamps. He resolves it into primary, secondary, and tertiary utriculi, the arrangement of which varies in different parts of the gland, and recalls the structure of diverse glandular types among other vertebrates. The secondary utriculi are further distinguished according to the presence, absence, or incomplete development of a canal. The naked epithelial cells of the primary (or ultimate) utriculi, forming a single layer, are all of the same structure. Towards the proximal ends of these utricles, the accumulation of their secretion, including debris of the cells, gives rise to appearances the nature of which M. Remouchamps discusses.
Finally, with the aid of diagrams, he explains and extends the classifi- ' cation of the gastric glands of birds proposed by Bergmann in 1862 (‘ Reichert und Du-Bois-Reymond’s Archiv’).
Regeneration of Spinal Cord.t— Prof. M. Masius replies to various criticisms of his previous researches, in conjunction with Van- lair, on repair of the mutilated spinal cord in the frog. He has since extended these investigations to dogs, and compares his results with those of other workers, more particularly Hichhorst and Naunyn.
Puppies between three and four months old had a segment of the _ cord about four millimetres long completely removed in the region of the fifth lumbar vertebra. In dogs thus treated the hinder limbs are useful as before, but the sphincters lose their power, so that the urine and feces cannot be retained, and the tail also is quite paralyzed. Amendment of these symptoms began six weeks after the operation.
* Virchow’s Archiv, xxxviii. p. 554. + Arch. de Biol., i, (1880) pp. 583-94 (1 pl.). + Ibid., pp. 696-717 (1 pl.). Ser. 2.—Vou. I. Cc
18 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
It gradually progressed, and in eight months defecation and mictu- rition were accomplished as in healthy adults. Fourteen months after being injured, these dogs were killed and examined. The several portions of the cord were found united by copious cicatricial con- nective tissue, within which numerous nervous fibres appeared. No ganglionic corpuscles could be seen.
It is further notable that in such injured dogs, as well as in frogs, the return of motility precedes that of sensibility.
Spinal Root of Optic Nerve.*—Dr. J. Stilling recommends his method of teasing asunder nervous strands (Zerfaserungsmethode), which comes greatly in aid of transverse sections. By this method he has demonstrated, macroscopically, the presence of a descending optic tract, one of whose bundles he traces back as far as the decussa- tion of the pyramids. Through this path its spinal course must follow.
Thus the views of Goltz, arrived at by way of experiment, are supported. Many details as to the human optic chiasma and its con- nections are given. The whole will be published elsewhere at greater length.
Retinal Vessels of Fishes.j—How are we to explain the contra- dictory statements about the presence of vessels in the retina of fishes? H. Miller, J. Hyrtl, and Max Schultze denied the existence of such vessels. W. Krause and, more briefly, W. Miiller described them in the eel. Most of the other authorities are silent on this subject.
Dr. G. Denissenko now shows how vessels are distributed in the retina of the carp. They occur not only in the innermost layers, but also in the outer granular layer. A figure, from a design by Dr. Heitzman, representing a section through the retina of a young carp, is appended to this paper.
In the adult carp the vessels are insignificant, and might very easily be passed over. In old eels Dr. Denissenko could not see any vessels. He thus corroborates the opinion of W. Krause, that with age these vessels usually disappear, in consequence of the growth of the eye forwards and sidewards, and the simultaneous extension of the optic nerve. In this way the vessels become compressed; their lumen is reduced, and finally obliterated.
True Origin of the Acoustic Nerve.j—Herr C. F. W. Roller describes the course of ascending spinal fibres for the auditory nerve. On the same subject we have also a short notice by R. Wiedersheim.§ Herr Roller promises further details.
Auditory Ossicles of Mammals.||—One of the most pressing questions in comparative craniology is what are the true homologies of the small ear-bones of mammals? Professor W. Salensky, from
* Arch. Mikr. Anat., xviii. (1880) pp. 468-80, figs. 1-4 of a pl.
+ Ibid., pp. 480-85 (1 fig. of a pl.). t Ibid., pp. 403-8 (1 pl.). § Zool. Anzeig., iii. (1880) pp. 495-6 (1 fig.).
|| Morph. Jahrb, (Gegenbaur), vi. (1880) pp. 415-32 (1 pl.).
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 19
his studies of young lambs and pigs, more particularly of the former, which yielded a pretty complete series of preparations, comes to the following conclusions. He started from embryos 1:5 cm. long, which as yet showed no traces of cartilage in the visceral arches or about the labyrinth.
A. 1. The proximal segment, at an early period separated from the cartilage of the first visceral arch, becomes the rudimentary incus (the second visceral, Reichert’s, cartilage here plays no part), 2. The distal moiety of the same cartilage gives rise to Meckel’s cartilage (s. str.), together with the rudiment of the malleus.
B. 1. The stapes is formed independently of the other auditory ossicles. 2. It begins as an accumulation of cells around the man- dibular artery, acquiring afterwards the form of a trapezoidal plate, which then becomes pentagonal, and finally bell-shaped. 3. From its first appearance the stapes is a perforate and not a solid plate, though wrongly taken for the latter by all embryologists. 4. The course of the mandibulary artery, and the way in which the stapes arises round it, strikingly influences the shape of the stapedial rudi- ment. The artery conditions the perforation of the stapes, also the annular excavation of the anterior stapedial crus. The rédle thus played by the mandibular artery is but provisional. Eventually the artery vanishes, exceptionally persisting in a few vertebrates.
Salensky, accordingly, reverts to the views of Reichert. On these problems the minds of English anatomists have been much exercised by the well-known researches of Professors Huxley and W. K. Parker. Huxley * at first supported Reichert, and subsequently both he and Parker derived the incus from the hyoid cartilage. In certain details, affecting the transformations of this proximal segment of the hyoid among the batrachians (amphibians), Huxley and Parker differ. _Gruber’s studies of mammals agree in essentials with those of Parker. Ko6lliker, in the second edition of his ‘ Entwicklungs- geschichte, delivered an undecided judgment on this question; he could not, however, confirm the results of Reichert.
New investigations are therefore imperatively demanded to settle data which involve such important issues.
Krukenberg’s Studies in Comparative Physiology. — Want of space prevents our doing more than suggest to our readers to study for themselves Dr. C. F. W. Krukenberg’s valuable essays on a number of physiological topics, including: the mechanism of the chamzeleon’s changes of colour, the respiratory phenomena of various inverte- brates,{ the effects of curaré and strychnine on the lower Meduse.§ the action of the heart in Salpa,|| the pendulum-like movements of the foot in Carinaria,{ and the relation between the pigment of the liver and the colouring matters of the blood among invertebrate animals (with a plate of absorption-spectra).** There are also two interesting notices on Ctenophora, to which we refer under Ceelenterata, infra, pp. 52-55.
* Croonian Lecture, 1858.
+ ‘Vergleichend-physiologische Studien,’ Part 3 (8vo. Heidelberg, 1880) pp. 23-65. } Ibid., pp. 66-123. § Ibid., pp. 124-46. || Ibid., pp. 151-76. Ibid., pp. 177-80. ** Tbid., pp. sen : Cc
20 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
Secondary Muscle-wave.*—M. C. Richet describes the phenomena associated with the fact that after each muscular contraction the fibres are in such a condition that they can, without any fresh stimulus, contract a second time. This phenomenon is masked by the fact that, the muscle being then very feeble, slight weights are sufficient to prevent its being apparent.
If we take a very fresh muscle of a crayfish and attach to it a slight weight (say 4 grammes), and stimulate it for one or two seconds by a repetition of strong induction currents, the muscle relaxes as soon as the stimulus ceases; but, a few seconds afterwards, it con- tracts afresh, and returns more or less to its tetanic condition. This second contraction is effected by successive rhythmical waves, but it is not to be demonstrated if the stimulation is feeble, or if the muscle is weak, or if the weight is too great; in no case was the secondary wave seen when the weight attached was greater than 10 grammes. The author, however, thinks it probable that there is such a wave even in cases where it is impossible to demonstrate it, and he is of opinion that to its existence we owe the remarkable phenomenon of a number of apparently inefficacious stimuli finally making the muscle much more sensitive to such effects.
B. INVERTEBRATA.
Marine Organisms in Captivity.t—Some interesting particulars as to the habits of various marine animals and plants are given by Herr R. Schmidtlein, of the Zoological Station at Naples.
Among animals breeding in the aquarium, none are so easily observed as the larger crustaceans and molluscs, which pair repeat- edly and lay great clusters of eggs. Two species of Maia (squinado and verrucosa), pairing from January to July, are good examples of their class. Copulation is most frequent in spring. After many fruitless attempts, the long, awkward legs of each apposed couple duly adjust themselves, and the two animals become firmly inter- locked, their sterna being mutually approximated, while the post- abdomen of one is closely pushed against that of the other. The male is underneath ; with his huge chela he clutches the orbital margins of his consort. The process may last over an hour, and when completed the female resumes her usual position; the male sits upon her, and defends her with his nippers against rival gallants. Zocee of these crabs could not, however, be bred, though swarms of Phyllosoma were got from Palinurus in the same tank. Lobsters, notwithstand- ing their salacity, rarely produced eggs in captivity.
Of Mollusca, the best breeders are species of Loligo, Sepia, Aplysia, and Doris. Loligo lays its eggs, a few days after being captured, on Posidonia and rocks. The males of Sepia, when sexually most active, display very brilliant colours. Aplysia surpasses all other inhabitants of the aquarium in its abundant oviposition; during brief intervals from the work of reproduction, these animals devoured with
* Comptes Rendus, xci. (1880) pp. 828-9. + MT. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii. (1880) pp. 162-75.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 21
astonishing rapidity the Ulva around them. Though many nudi- branchs lay freely, their eggs never come to maturity,
Not a few of the lower animals and sea-weeds, without any care whatever, thrive and multiply wonderfully. Some succeed but too well, and timely removal is needed to check their excessive encroach- ment. The physiognomy of the aquarium is indeed notably deter- mined by the rapid growth of (what Humboldt would have called) social organisms ; within its bounds, as in the “great and wide sea,’ nature’s operations overwhelm those of art. The struggle for life is here instructively displayed under modified circumstances. The actors are the same ; the theatre is new.
Compound Tunicata take the lead among these “spontaneous” productions. The graceful Botryllide exuberate in both the northern and southern tanks. A transparent species, Pseudodidemnum crystal- linum, at present predominates above all others. During the previous winter its abundant gelatinous masses stifled numbers of sponges and anthozoans. Of simple ascidians, Ciona intestinalis reproduces most copiously ; as one generation dies, its place is re-occupied by its suc- cessor. Compared with ascidians, Bryozoa are not very generally distributed. Bugula is now the commonest, especially in the compart- ment for eels, where it flourishes along with Zoanthus and Hydractinia. Mullet and some other fishes, hurtful to various low growths, soon scour the rocks tenanted by ascidians.
In luxuriance of growth the diatoms exceed all other plants. They clothe not only the sides and floors of the tanks, but also their less active inhabitants. Many zoophytes in this way become fatally invested. The larger crustaceans, hypnotized by the unwonted cold of last winter, were often covered with these Algw. Next in abun- dance to diatoms come the Oscillariz.
Few of the higher Algz thrive in the aquarium. Least delicate seem the firmer species of Sargassum and Cystoseira, and two species of Codium (bursa and elongatum). Most Floridez are evanescent in captivity. Dr. Berthold has recently observed fruiting forms of Chylocladia and Callithamnion.
The tank allotted to Annelids affords a spectacle of great beauty and variety; in short, it is a perfect microcosm. Of its inhabitants, we can only note the young of a species of Spirorbis, a well-known commensal of Palinurus. This annelid multiplies so fast that much trouble is spent in removing its tubes, shaped like a post-horn, which soon cement themselves with obstinate firmness to the glass windows of the aquarium.
Fishes, if we except Selachians, do not breed well in the aquarium. Otherwise they are flourishing prisoners; the conditions unfavourable to their propagation have not yet been thoroughly ascertained. A work by Costa, published in 1871, records the natural spawning season of numerous fishes in the Gulf of Naples.
Utilizing his own researches and those of others, Herr Schmidtlein has drawn up a serviceable table, with notes on the reproduction and development of several Neapolitan marine animals. The original observer, in every case, is cited.
oP, SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
Pelagic Animals.* — R. Schmidtlein gives a tabular list of pelagic animals, with the numbers of each seen near Naples during the twelve months of 1879 respectively. As to time of appearance, the pelagic fauna of Naples includes animals found—
(A.) From October to May. By far the most extensive category. Accordingly, a division of the year into two seasons, term and vaca- tion, seems easy and natural. Here belong most pelagic Mollusca, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa, excepting the higher Meduse.
(B.) From June to October. This period is characterized by the predominance of Meduse Phanerocarpi. Siphonophora and Hydro- meduse are rare. Swarms of Salpe and of Eucharis, with other animals belonging to the next category, also appear.
(C.) All the year round.
(D.) After prevailing storms. Velella especially may be ex- pected with certainty after severe south-east and south-west gales. Porpita is rarer, seldom occurring in fleets. The very much scarcer Physalia suddenly became numerous during the spring. With the fleets of Velella, such visitors as Janthina, Lepas fascicularis, and pelagic cephalopods likewise showed themselves.
(E.) At unforeseen epochs. Pyrosoma, rare in 1875 and 1879, was frequent in June 1877. Pterotrachea, common during the spring of 1879, scarcely presented itself the following year. Charybdea, of which previously but isolated individuals had been seen, became more abundant in November 1879. Next month, for the first time, swarmed Oceania pileata. A beautiful Afquorea likewise abounded in July and August of the same year.
Mollusca.
Mutual Affinities of the Cuttle-fishes.j— The most useful summary of our knowledge of the Cephalopoda, with due reference both to systematic and zootomical details, is still that of Keferstein in Bronn’s ‘Thier-reich, 1865. A modification of Keferstein’s arrangement has lately been proposed by Dr. Brock.t The same observer identified with Troschel’s Thysanoteuthis rhombus a female cuttle-fish caught in the Gulf of Naples during the winter of 1879-80. This specimen, nearly halfa metre in length, has been dissected by Dr. W. J. Vigelius, whose views as to its affinities agree in the main with those of Keferstein.
Thysanoteuthis is plainly an annectant form, related both to Oigopside and Myopside. It is most like Ommastrephes in the former group. But it resembles the Myopside, and particularly Loligo, in such characters as the shape and structure of the arterial heart, the habitus and mode of branching of the abdominal aorta, and the forma- tion of the ovarium. Its ganglia stellata have no transverse com- missure. Moreover, the conspicuously developed papille of its peaaty sac are without known representatives in the other Oigop- side.
* See reference under “ Marine Organisms in Captivity.”
+ MT. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii. (1880) pp. 150-61 (8 figs.). } See this Journal, iii. (1880) p. 601.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 23
Yet we must not rashly conclude that the two principal groups of decapod dibranchiate cephalopods have diverged from Thysanoteuthis. The structure of the recent Oigopside is too imperfectly known to justify so easy a resolution of their phylogeny.
Affinities of the Cephalopoda.*—Dr. H. von Ihering, after a review of the opinions held by his predecessors, points out that hitherto the questions of their organization have been settled chiefly, if not altogether, by a reference to the Pteropoda; he now expresses his belief that the Lamellibranchs, Dentalium and the lowest Arthro- cochlides, stand nearer to the Cephalopoda than do the forms just before mentioned. It is scarcely possible to compare the renal or generative organs of the Pteropoda with those of the Cephalopoda. This point is discussed and illustrated in considerable detail; and, after it, the question of the relation of the Dibranchiate to the Tetra-
branchiate Cephalopoda. Here the author advances a proposition which is altogether in opposition to the current views on the subject. This is that we must regard the Tetrabranchiata as being derived from the Dibranchiata, and not the latter from the former. He is of opinion that there is no indication at all of the presence in the Dibranchiate forms of any rudiment of a second pair of gills; so, again, the arms of the Nautilus are, as is well known, formed on altogether a different arrangement to those of the Dibranchiata; they would, indeed, seem to have no direct relation to one another. The unpaired oviduct of the Nautilus affords support to the proposition ; and the fact that in some points Nautilus exhibits characters of a less high degree of differentiation must not be taken as the sole criterion of the genetic affinities of the two groups under discussion. Dr. Ihering regards the Octopoda as presenting us with the best idea of the characters of the organization of the most ancient Cephalopoda; lowly points are especially exhibited in the arrangement of their nervous system, where the suprapharyngeal ganglion is still united with the cerebral, and not widely separated from it, as it is in the Decapoda. The author’s views are here sup- ported by the embryological investigations of Dobretzky, who has observed that in Loligo the ganglia only become separated in the course of development. So, again, Brock’s observations on the gene- rative organs show that the Octopoda, as compared with the Deca- poda, still show the least modification ; their oviducts, for example, being constantly double. The same remark will apply to Vigelius’s account of the renal system of these two groups.
Turning to the other line of argument—the palzeontological—the author submits that the Ammonites, and their predecessors, the Gonia- lites, were dibranchiate forms; the results which have led him to this view have been elsewhere discussed by the author. Here he brings into prominence the fact that microscopical investigation shows that, in structure, that curious organ of the Ammonites, the aptychus, is a partially calcified cartilage, which would correspond to the neck- cartilage of the living Decapoda. This point is entered into very
* Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., xxxv. (1880) pp. 1-22 (1 fig.).
24 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
fully, and he concludes by pointing out that two tissues, one fibrous and one hyaline cartilage, are to be made out in the neck-car- tilage ; the former gives rise to an internal meshwork, such as is again to be detected in the aptychus. A supporting mass of calcified tissue contains a hard body which has taken the place of the macerated hyaline cartilage, comparable to that found by Hasse in the fossil vertebre of Squatina, where calcified layers of cartilage alternate with the hyaline form.
Olfactory Organ of Terrestrial Pulmonate Gastropoda.*—The first object of Dr. D. Sochaczewer seems to be to decide between the claims of the tentacles, the organ of Semper, and the pedal gland, to be regarded as the olfactory organ of these Gastropods. The first of these parts contains a large ganglion each, whence five fibres radiate into the investing epithelium and give rise to terminal knobs, endowed, apparently, with a sensory function. It is not, however, the opinion of all naturalists that these nervous parts are olfactory organs, for some, like Linneeus, have regarded them as having a tactile function ; and this view would appear to be supported by the rapidity with which these processes contract when they come in contact with any foreign body.
The original experiments performed by the author in order to arrive at a determination of the question were of the following cha- racter :—An example of Helix pomatia had its tentacles cut off, and, after the healing process was completed, the snail was placed in the centre of a flat plate, the edge of which was smeared with oil of tur- pentine. The movements of the snail were very slow and uncertain. When it approached the edge of the plate it behaved itself exactly as did a snail in which the tentacles were completely uninjured, returning at last to the middle of the plate and withdrawing itself into its shell. This and similar experiments seem to show that the tentacles are not the seat of the olfactory sense.
The second organ—the organ of Semper—is next considered. This structure has received its name from the fact that it was dis- covered by Professor Semper (1856). Small in Helix, Arion, and Lymneus, it is especially well developed in Limaaz. Here it has the form of four or five glandular lobate processes, which are set at the sides of the mouth. Each lobe is notched on its margin, and from this notch there sometimes extends a shallow groove over the whole of the lobe. The lobe itself has, owing to the presence of a number of slits, the appearance of a three or four-toothed comb, connected together by the complete marginal portion. Semper reported that this organ was very richly supplied with nerves, and, consequently, regarded it as a sensory organ. Dr. Sochaczewer found four fine fibres, of which the two median were recognized to be muscular in character, while the lateral branches are the proper nervi labiales, which only give off on either side a fine nerve-branch to the glandular masses of Semper’s organ. The cells of the constituent lobes resemble, as Semper him- self pointed out, the glandular cells of the salivary organs, and still
* Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., xxxy. (1880) pp. 30-46 (1 pl:).
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 25
more the secreting cells of the foot-gland. The constituent cells are surrounded by membrane, and lie in a network of connective tissue. It would seem probable that the investing membrane is continuous with the walls of an efferent duct. Histological investigation does not, therefore, speak in favour of this organ having a sensory func- tion, and it does point very distinctly to its glandular nature.
The third organ in dispute—the foot-gland—is looked upon by the author as being the olfactory organ. It is well supplied with nerves, and is of some size. It consists of oval cells, set in the spaces formed by the crossings of muscular fibres, and is placed in the middle line of the foot. The gland is surrounded by two or three circular vessels. The cells are arranged in groups and imbedded in a net- work of connective tissue fibres. They vary in form, have granular contents, and the nucleus has an eccentric nucleolus. There is an efferent duct for the gland, and the intermediate duct has its walls _ formed by epithelial cells of two kinds. Most are flattened and cylindrical, and when placed near the cleft in the gland are provided with cilia. The deeper layers contain oval cells, which give off near their surface a delicate rod, which enlarges at its free end into a short ciliated knob, so that they have a close resemblance to the neural cells detected by Flemming in his investigations into the sensory organs of the Mollusca. It results from this that we find in the interior of the body a glandular body communicating with the exterior, in which there are to be detected cells which resemble the sensory cells found in the integument of the Mollusca, and to which, therefore, we should ascribe a sensory function. To determine the function of an organ thus situated would be a matter, perhaps, impossible, and certainly of very great difficulty. That that function is sensory is spoken to by the following considerations :—The three necessary factors of an olfactory organ—the presence of a layer of sensory cells, the entrance of air, and the addition of a secretion from a glandular organ—are here all present ; the orifice at the anterior margin allows the air to enter; the olfactive matters contained in it are mixed with the secretion, and so come into contact with the peripheral nerve-cells. The author con- cludes by pointing out that the sensory arrangements which obtain in the Invertebrata are not to be compared too critically or hastily with those which are seen in the Vertebrata.
Embryo of Planorbis.*—The publication of Fol’s researches { induced Herr C. Rabl to repeat his former observations on the embryo- geny of Planorbis.£ As touching all points mooted between himself and Fol, Rabl would maintain his previous statements in their entirety. He desires, however, to extend and correct his earlier re- sults on two matters of detail, not in dispute between himself and the Genevese observer.
1. The first of these concerns Lankester’s assertion that the orifice of invagination “closes up, and the pedicle so formed becomes the rectum.” This had already been disputed by Rabl, who now
* Morph. Jahrb. (Gegenbaur), vi. (1880) pp. 571-80 (1 pl.). f See this Journal, iii. (1880) p. 605. t Ibid., p. 255.
26 RECORD OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
further criticizes Lankester’s descriptions and figures, and describes what may be seen in preparations specially made to solve this pro- blem. He appends copies from nature of four selected transverse sections, with a schematic figure combining in longitudinal section the views thus obtained. We cite his own concluding summary :—
“In the stage preceding invagination the entoderm consists of ten cells, four small and six large. All these cells divide, and the ento- derm invaginates in a sagittal direction. The derivatives of the six large cells, and perhaps also of some of the four small, incept albumen and become albumen-celis. A number of the derivatives of the small cells do not, however, undergo this metamorphosis, but retain their abundant granules. Since, now, the entodermal tract is not limited posteriorly by elements which have become albumen-cells, the small richly granular cells must form after complete invagination a plate or string, not only bounding the cavity of the gut behind but also reach- ing as far as the skin [ectoderm]. That the string in question is on either side bounded by albumen-cells and at first possesses no lumen —further supports this interpretation.
I am still, therefore, of my former opinion that one ought not to speak of a ‘pedicle of invagination.’ Yet a string or plate exists, which gives rise not only to the wall of the rectum, but also to the cylinder-cells of the middle-gut.”
2. The precise mode in which the middle layer makes its ap- pearance is the subject of the second topic discussed in Rabl’s short but important paper, As soon as the stage of twenty-four cells is reached, one of the four large vegetative cells, behind the transverse furrow now becoming shorter, gives rise to a small daughter-cell which comes to lie in or upon the furrow, and is with difficulty visible. There are now, therefore, twenty-five cells, and the large residual vegetative-cell just mentioned is the first cell of the mesoderm.
Between this cell and the two contiguous endodermal cells a pair of small cells (one on each side) appears. These are formed by the intrusive elongation and fission of two cells from the adjacent ectoderm.
Each of the three large endodermal cells, companion-cells of the mother-cell of the mesoderm, now becomes pear-shaped. The nar- rower end, pushed towards the vegetal pole, is segmented off like a bud. At the animal pole, likewise, further segmentation sets in, inaugurated by the division of the four ectodermic cells, which are richer in granules than their fellows. But at this stage the vegetal pole is the seat of more significant changes.
The entire number of vegetal cells has, therefore, increased to eight, or seven endodermal and one mesodermal. Next, the latter divides into a pair of cells. Division of the three larger endodermal cells follows. Then the two mesodermal cells are thrust back into the cleavage cavity.
Finally, Rabl compares this young of Planorbis having twelve vegetal cells (ten endodermal and two mesodermal) with the embryo of the rabbit, as represented by E. van Beneden. Multiply by eight the cells of the former; it would then have ninety-six vegetal cells, no longer disposed in one but in two or three layers, just as in the
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 27
rabbit. In both, the endodermal cells change their character sooner than the mesodermal. The latter (according to hypothesis, sixteen instead of two) scarcely yet show a bilaterally symmetrical arrange- ment. Such an arrangement would first become manifest when each moiety of eight cells further proliferated, and the whole mesoderm assumed the shape of a horseshoe or crescent with its concavity directed forwards. This stage corresponds to H. van Beneden’s ninth, or to Planorbis in Fig. 19 of Rabl’s former paper. We thus trace the initial resemblances among developing bilateral animals, vertebrate or invertebrate.
Five stages of the egg during segmentation, as seen from the vegetal pole, are figured. All the figures are taken from P. mar- ginatus, which, like P. carinatus, would seem to have smaller endo- dermal cells (less crowded with yolk-granules) than P. corneus.
Development of Paludinid#.—In a note to his previous paper, ‘Herr Rabl adverts briefly to the development of Bithynia, the study of which he began during the spring of 1880. In both genera the primitive renal organs arise in the same way, each being produced by the excavation of a large specialized mesodermal cell. Bobretzky has mistaken for primitive kidneys parts of young prosobranchs which are homologous with the lateral vacuolated regions of the velum of Planorbis.
The supra-cesophageal ganglion of Bithynia also originates just as in Planorbis.
The cells of the entoderm divide into cylinder-cells, albumen- cells, and yolk-cells.
Pedal Nervous System of Paludina vivipara.*—Dr. H. Simroth, already known by his interesting researches into the mode of locomo- tion of the Mollusca, here deals with an important factor of the phenomena he has already described. The massive retractor pedis of the mollusc in question can be easily divided into two lateral halves. The removal of these retractors can be effected without any re- moval of the nerves—a certain proof that the nerves in question expressly supply the foot itself. This foot is also rich in blood- lacune. Between the median one and the lateral there is a thick branch of the pedal nerve, which diminishes in size as it passes back- wards. Four commissures connect together the trunks which are given off from the pedal ganglion, and of these the second is the widest ; and it also is seen under the Microscope to give off nerve- branches. The branches given off from the pedal nerves follow one another with great regularity, and they can be separated into an in- ternal and an external series. The first of the inner set has an inter- esting course. After passing a little backwards and downwards, it turns round and goes forward to supply one-half of the anterior edge of the foot. It early divides into two branches, one of which has a lateral course and is stronger than the median one, which runs almost directly forwards; these two branches are connected by anastomosing
ramules. * Zeitschr, wiss. Zool., xxxv. (1880) pp. 141-50 (1 fig.).
28 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
The morphological interest of these and other observations of — Dr. Simroth’s lies in the fact that von Ihering has divided the class of Gastropoda into two phyla. One, that of the Arthrocochlides, he derives from the Gephyrean-like forms (Amphineura) Choetoderma and Neomenia ; the other he calls the Platycochlides, and for these he finds ancestors in the Dendrocwlous Turbellaria. The central ganglion of the first order (Protocochlides) of the Platycochlides is by that author regarded as consisting of a single dorsal mass, from which arise two pedal nerves, not connected one with the other. On the other hand, the Placophora or Chitons, which are regarded as being intermediate between the Amphineura and the Arthrocochlides, have the brain con- sisting of an obscurely differentiated cesophageal ring. To this ring there are attached, among others, two well-developed pedal nerve- trunks, which are connected with one another by numerous transverse commissures, his step-ladder system is obviously enough to be re- cognized, as Simroth shows, in the Paludina, and it consequently follows that this creature is one of the Arthrocochlides, were it not possible that it had been obtained independently, and in consequence of an adaptation. This latter view is supported by the comparatively small number of commissures which are found in this Pulmonate ; but to this it may be answered that there has been a fusion of the commis- sures. Difficulties such as these are insisted on by the author, who comes to the conclusion that questions, but no answers, are suggested by the study of the nervous system of this animal. Some answers must, however, be found, and it is possible that great assistance may be gained by an investigation of the anatomy of Neritina and Valvata, for specimens of which the author makes an appeal.
New Nudibranch.*—Dr. R. Bergh, our great authority on this group, describes a beautiful nudibranch from the Mediterranean under the name of Peltodoris atromaculata Bgh. P. crucis (Oersted), from the Antilles, formerly placed by Bergh in Discodoris, is now transferred to the “new” genus. Both species share with diverse Dorids and a few other molluscs the curious property of parting with fragments which break away from the margin of the mantle.
Peltodoris Bgh. comes nearest to Discodoris. It has similar ten- tacles and gills, a large prostate, an unarmed penis, and other charac- ters of this genus, from which its smooth lip, destitute of armature, at once distinguishes it. It is also of firmer consistence.
But one specimen was available for dissection. Dr. Bergh figures the entire animal (coloured in profile), its cephalic ganglia, ear-sac with otocones, dental armature, and accessory genital apparatus.
New Archaic Molluse.t—Dr. A. A. W. Hubrecht describes a new genus, to which he gives the name of Proneomenia (Sluiteri), and which, he says, closely resembles Neomenia carinata in many of its anatomical details. In external form it iscylindrical ; the anterior is thicker than the posterior end ; the mouth and anus are on the ventral surface, and the latter is continuous with the delicate ventro-median groove. The
* MT. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii. (1880) pp. 222-32 (1 pl.). t Zool, Anzeig,, iii. (1880) pp. 589-90.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 29
calcareous spicules of the epidermis are imbedded in a cuticle of great strength, and chitinous in character. The spines are in all cases obtusely acicular. In the ventral wall of the pharynx. there is a small slit-shaped orifice, which leads into a short saccule, and in this there is formed a small but very distinct radula. This organ, just as much as the salivary glands, which are found in this new genus, is absent from Neomenia.
There are distinct signs of the presence of an organ of Bojanus in the formation, near the anus, of a glandular body, which is traversed by ciliated canals, and is found to contain black concretions. Some of these canals appear to have, in addition, internal orifices. To the right and left of the anus there is yet another glandular organ, which is enclosed in a quantity of muscle. Masses of fine fibres, which appear to be secreted by this double gland, lead to the hypothesis that we have here the representation of the byssus-gland.
Dr. Hubrecht promises further details as to this creature, of which two specimens were dredged by Dr. Sluiter in Barents Sea. They measure respectively 105 and 148 mm.
Molluscoida.
Tunicata of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition.*—The Tunicata of this expedition have been confided to Dr. Herdmann, whose preliminary report is now issued. He states that the entire collection contains from 150 to 200 species, the majority of which are new to science.
Dealing first with the Ascidiade, or simple Ascidians, in which (1) the body is sessile and attached, (2) the branchial aperture eight- and the atrial aperture six-lobed, (3) the test gelatinous or cartilaginous, (4) the branchial sac ordinarily papillated, and (5) with unbranched filiform tentacles. He finds that of the already known genera two (Rhopalcea and Rhodosoma) are not represented. On the other hand, there is a new genus, Abyssascidia, and a new sub-genus (of Ascidia), Pachychlena.
Abyssascidia has about twelve lobes to the branchial and eight to the atrial aperture. The branchial sac is not longitudinally plicated ; the viscera are on the right side of the branchial sac ; the intestine is small, the stomach short and wide. Only one species is as yet known —A, Wyvillii—which was taken ata depth of 2600 fathoms in the seas south of Australia. Dr. Herdmann is of opinion that this new form has relations to Ascidia and to Corella. The sub-genus Pachychlena has a very thick and solid test. The species ranged under it are P. oblonga, P. obesa, P. gigantea. 'The other new species described in this paper are Ciona Flemingti, Ascidia meridionalis, A. vasculosa, A. translucida, A. tenera, A. pyriformis, A. falcigera, and Corella japonica. A table indicating the affinities and characters of the known species is given.
In a second communication + Dr. Herdmann describes Ascidia cylindracea, A. despecta, and A. placenta as new species, and then pro- ceeds to an account of the Clavelinide, which family, like many of the
* Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1879-80, p. 458. + Ibid., p. 714.
30 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
older naturalists, he places under the Ascidie simplices. He discusses their proper systematic position, and, as against those who would look on them as being intermediate between the simple and the compound Ascidians, he points out that the power of reproducing by gemmation has a more apparent than real importance. “The buds on the stolons of the Clavelinide are developed from the ends of the blood-vessels, and are at first merely slight enlargements similar to and comparable with the knobs on the end-twigs of the vessels in the test of an Ascidia, these last vessels being comparable with those in the stolons of the Clavelina.” In fact, the simple Ascidians have been observed to form stolons, though gemmation is not known to occur. In fine, the author forms a family—the Clavelinide—to contain those simple Ascidians which reproduce by gemmation and form colonies. In addition to Clavelina, Perophora, and, possibly, Rhopalea, this family contains a new genus, Hcieinascidia. Like Ciona and Rhopalea, it has well- marked internal longitudinal bars, but, unlike them, it has no papillee to its branchial sac. Three species are placed in this genus, all of which are new—JZH. crassa, EH. fusca, and E. turbinata. Clavelina oblonga is a new species, as is also C. enormis. Of the latter the author notes a specimen which is evidently “ pathological ”—two individuals being in adhesion, and having an irregular stem-like base, which seems to owe its development to the irregular surface to which the colony was attached.
North Polar Polyzoa.*—The number of species of Polyzoa brought home from the North Polar Expedition is not large, as the present list only consists of fifteen species, of which Mr. G. Busk considers three new ; the remainder are all known, and mostly com- mon in the Northern Seas.
The new species are named Flustra serrulata, Eschara perpusilla, Farella sp.
Metamorphosis of the Bryozoa.{—M. J. Barrois gives a detailed account of the different stages of the development of the Escharine group of the Bryozoa, in which he is enabled to connect them better than was done in his own well-known previous memoir and those of other investigators,
Stage 1. Blastula.—Consists of eight rows of five cells each, running parallel to the long axis of the ovum, to the poles of which the two lateral rows alone extend, and round which they form a ciliated zone. Stage 2. Gastrula.—Formed by the invagination of four large cells on the oral surface. The aboral series of cells become transversely segmented ; those of the ciliated zone longitudinally so; the median cells of the aboral face elongate, producing a cross. Stage 3. Rounded Embryo.—Has the same general shape, viz. rounded oblong, with the long axis at right-angles to the invagination-orifice, as in the last stage. The four invaginated cells form eight or nine cells by segmentation; of these, a central raised mass, in which the individual cells are difficult to distinguish, becomes free from the
* Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xv. p. 231 (1 pl.). t Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), ix. (1880) Article No. 7, 67 pp. (4 pls.)
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 31
rest and from the walls of the cavity, forming the endoderm; the remainder form two lateral masses adhering to the outer wall (ectoderm), constituting the mesoderm, with somewhat the characters of a “ germinal streak.” ‘The endoderm and mesoderm re-unite to act as a nutritive vitellus. Stage 4. Cylindrical Embryo.—The cells of the zone increase greatly in height, and form most of the sides of the embryo, which is now almost globular. A cap consisting of radiating cells, is formed from the ectoderm beneath the epidermis at the aboral pole. At the posterior side of the oral extremity an invagina- tion is formed, and forces its way into the interior, becoming a very large organ, the sac (stomach of the author's former memoir); in front a rounded organ of doubtful origin appears, at first unattached ; this is the “ glandular organ.” Stage 5. Oblique Embryo.—The form is elongated from the oral to the aboral end; by the superior growth of the posterior cells of the ciliated zone, as compared with the _front ones, the hind face becomes much longer than the front face ; the latter is, therefore, thrown to the side, and the shape of the embryo becomes oblique and asymmetrical. The sac, now very large, still opens at the oral pole, while the glandular organ faces towards the oblique part of the hinder pole, and henceforth forms a part of the ciliated zone. At the aboral pole a lateral invagination (formerly termed the rudiment of the sucker) forms the pallial cavity, and extends as far as the ciliated zone. The front part of the central region of the oral face consists of large flat cells, the peripheral portion of small cylindrical cells; the space between is pushed inwards, to form the ciliated aperture ; a group of cells which radiate from its anterior part carries the plumule. The glandular organ unites with those cells and with the ciliated aperture to form the pyriform organ. From the lower part of the ciliated aperture two small lobes become marked off. The vitelline mass now becomes degenerated into a number of globules scattered in the general cavity.
Metamorphosis :—Stage 1. Half-open Larva.—The sac is evagi- nated through the orifice by which it was invaginated, and forms a quadrangular base for the fixation of the embryo. The peripheral part of the oral face is forced into the interior below the ciliated zone, which closes over it all, with the exception of the two small lobes. The ciliated zone also covers the whole aboral aspect, which now consists of long cells and spreads out and becomes thin in pro- portion as the pallial cavity increases in size.
Stage 2. Umbrella-snaped Larva.—The zone, fixed at the central part of the oral face, is turned back, thus causing the disappearance of the pallial cavity; and the surface of the aboral face grows out- wards, and extends an umbrella-like sheet of substance over the inverted zone; this curves over towards the base and then comes into contact with the quadrangular plate of fixation, and forms the interior wall of a cap whose exterior is formed by the aboral sus- pension. The central part of the oral face becomes a short connect- ing tube.
Stage 3. Lozenge-shaped Larva.—lt is the sac which gives the embryo this shape when seen from the aboral end, owing to two
32 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
lateral folds which project from it. A slight posterior indentation marks the anterior end of the future cell, which thus faces in an opposite direction to that in which the embryo faces.
Stage 4. Rounded Pentagon.—The two angular folds become narrow and turn towards the top. The aboral face becomes united by its edge with the quadrangular base; its lower edge becomes severed from the rest, and remains attached to the base, forming the skin or wall which constitutes the future cell. The rest of the plate still remains in contact with the ciliated zone, and forms a broad ring, occupying, with the intestine, all the interior of the embryo. A thickening appears internally, corresponding in position to the cap on the outside, and forms the internal epithelial layer. The two small lobes which originated from the ciliated aperture unite with the pyriform organ, forming a thickening which is the origin of the external muscular layer of the polype.
Stage 5. Rectangular Oval.—Besides changing its shape, the embryo has the cap and the internal epithelial rudiment pushed into the interior; the internal ring formed by the ciliated zone, &c., de- generates, commencing with its internal part; the pyriform organ also degenerates, The external part of the internal ring assumes a horse- shoe shape, and its protoplasm becomes granular. This, with the epithelial and muscular rudiments, which come into contact by growth, constitute the whole internal organization.
Stage 6. Square Embryo.—The cells of the skin become distinct, and secrete a cuticular envelope. The anterior part becomes divided into two lobes by the union with the invagination-opening of the indentation which forms the cell.
Stage 7. Polypide with Primitive Peduncle.—The muscular has entirely enveloped the epithelial rudiment. The polype-rudiment extends from the orifice of invagination to the base of the horseshoe. The horseshoe is entirely composed of globules. The primitive cell- cavity begins to disappear, and that end of the body in which it lies becomes rounded.
Stage 8. Stage of complete Degeneration—The polype-rudiment loses its connection with the horseshoe, and contracts into a round mass suspended from the body-wall; the invagination orifice closes. The globules composing the horseshoe become scattered. The dis- tinction between the orifice and lower surfaces of the cell becomes more marked.
Summing up the main deductions from these facts, the author considers that Grant’s theory of retrograde development, as applied to this case, must be abandoned. The development of the body and its organs is uninterrupted from the egg to the adult, but its regu- larity is disturbed by the loss of organs which occur in the larva, but are not preserved in the adult.
In its main features the development is meroblastic, although the earliest period presents in the Escharines a truly holoblastic condition. The intestine, as a coherent organ, is entirely wanting in the embryos of Ectoprocta, by which point, as well as by the possession of a mantle, they differ from the Entoprocta, A true mantle is represented
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 33
by the membrane which lines the pallial cavity and, therefore, exists in Chilostomata as well as in Cyclostomata; in the Lophopoda, the vestibule and the annular fold which forms it represent the pallial chamber and the mantle respectively. The most striking feature of the development is the fixation of the embryo by the oral end. With this is connected the inversion of the mantle towards the point of fixation, the inverse of what takes place in the Brachiopoda. The fate of the chief parts of the larva is as follows:—The aboral face forms the wall of the cell, or a considerable part of it, and also, by invagination, the epithelial layer of the polypide. The ciliated zone entirely disappears. Much of the oral face disappears, but forms part of the wall of the cell, together with the rudiment of the internal muscular layer. Arthropoda.
a. Insecta.
Olfactory Organs of Insects.*—The. chief results of G. Hauser’s histological investigations into the structure of these organs may be thus summed up :—
In all Orthoptera, Pseudoneuroptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, as well as in many Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Coleoptera, a strong nerve arising from the cerebral ganglion passes into the antenna; there is a sensory terminal organ, formed by bacillar cells developed from the hypodermis, with which the nerve-fibres are connected. In addition to these parts there are supporting and accessory organs formed by the pits or cones which are filled with fluid, ard which are invaginations or processes of the epidermis. If we select the Orthopterous Calopterus italicus for a more detailed study, we find that the antenne are setiform, but rather wider at their middle than at the base; they are made up of twenty-two joints, the surface of which is divided by grooves into a number of small, somewhat elevated areas, rhomboidal in form. On the basal and a few succeeding joints stiff tactile setee may be detected ; on the eighth or ninth we find, in addition to these sete, rounded, irregularly shaped orifices, covered over by a delicate membrane and surrounded by a chitinous - wall; these may be arranged singly, by pairs or in groups, and as many as fifty pits may be found in one joint; within the pits we find serous fluid. The bacillar cell already mentioned is connected with a pretty strong nerve-fibre. Among the Coleoptera we find that Melolontha vulgaris (male) has 39,000 of these pits, and the female 35,000 ; in Dytiscus marginalis they are said to be very distinct.
The functions of the organs were investigated by a series of ex- periments. The antenne having been extirpated, the insects, which had previously been tested in the presence of such highly odorous bodies as turpentine, carbolic acid, and so on, were again tried, and exhibited no repugnance at all in the presence of these compounds. It was also found that when the antenne were removed the insects did not rush to food. Observations on the value of the antenne to the males in seeking out the females were not completely satisfactory.
* Zeitschr. wiss. Zool,, xxxiv. (1880) pp. 367-403 (3 pls.). Ser. 2.—Von. I.
34 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO
The bearings of the characters on the doctrines of natural and sexual selection are discussed in the concluding portions of the paper. It is interesting to note that the Libellulide, and especially the larger species, are forms in which the optic organs appear to be re- markably well developed, while their olfactory pits are proportion- ately small in number as compared with other Orthoptera ; so again the plant-eating Hymenoptera require less assistance than the saw- flies, and we find consequently, Ichneuwmon with 5000 pits on each antenna, and Lyda with only 600. In the sexual relations we find similar evidence; the nocturnal Lepidoptera have the antenne so de- veloped as to form a secondary sexual character, and very much the same obtains in those cases in which the females lead a retired life. One example will suffice—the male of the Hymenopterous Lophyrus
is distinguished from its female by the development of its antenna, —
and the female is heavy and inactive.
Structure of the Stigmata of Insects.* — Dr. O. Krancher, in a preliminary communication, points out that these organs may be grouped under five types of structure :—
I.—Stigmata without lips.
(a.) The simplest stigma is represented by a cleft, which is kept constantly open by a chitinous ring (abdominal stigmata of Diptera, &c.).